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第117行：
第117行： − + 第125行：
第125行： − 目前，人口的增加及其活动对环境的影响，例如温室气体的增加，可能导致环境中的负反馈成为正反馈。洛夫洛克表示，这可能会极大地加速全球变暖，但他后来又表示，这种影响可能会发生得更慢。+ 第143行：
第143行： − 有人批评盖亚假说似乎需要不切实际的群体选择和有机体之间的合作，为了回应这种批评，James Lovelock 和 Andrew Watson建立了一个数学模型---- 雏菊世界，其中生态竞争支撑着地。+ 第151行：
第151行： − 《雏菊世界》调查了一个星球的能量预算，这个星球上生长着两种不同的植物，黑色雏菊和白色雏菊，这两种植物被认为占据了星球表面的很大一部分。雏菊的颜色影响了地球的反照率，黑色的雏菊吸收更多的光线，使地球变暖，而白色的雏菊则反射更多的光线，使地球变冷。人们认为黑色雏菊在较低的温度下生长和繁殖最好，而白色雏菊则被认为在较高的温度下生长最好。当温度上升到接近白色雏菊所喜欢的温度时，白色雏菊伸展出黑色雏菊，导致更大比例的白色表面，更多的阳光被反射，减少热量输入，最终使地球降温。相反，随着气温的下降，黑色雏菊长出了白色雏菊，吸收了更多的阳光，使地球变暖。因此，温度会收敛到与植物繁殖率相等的值。+ 第159行：
第159行： − 洛夫洛克和沃森指出，在有限的条件下，如果太阳的能量输出发生变化，由于竞争而产生的负反馈可以将地球温度稳定在支持生命的数值上，而没有生命的地球则会表现出巨大的温度波动。白色和黑色雏菊的百分比会不断变化，以保持植物繁殖率相等的温度值，使两种生命形式都能茁壮成长。+ 第177行：
第177行： − + 第196行：
第196行： − 盖亚假说认为，地球的大气组成是由于生命的存在而保持在动态稳定的状态。大气成分提供了现代生活已经适应的条件。大气中除惰性气体以外的所有大气气体，要么是由生物体产生的，要么是由生物体加工的。+ 第204行：
第204行： − 地球大气层的稳定性不是化学平衡的结果。氧是一种活性化合物，最终会与地球大气层和地壳中的气体和矿物质结合。在大氧化事件空间站开始之前，大约5000万年左右，氧气才开始在大气中少量地持续存在。自寒武纪以来，大气中氧浓度一直在大气体积的15% 至35% 之间波动。微量的甲烷(每年产生100,000吨)不应该存在，因为甲烷在氧气氛中是可燃的。+ 第212行：
第212行： − + − Daisyworld研究了[[地球的能源预算|能源预算]]的[[地球的能源预算]]居住着两种不同类型的植物，黑色的[[菊科的雏菊]]和白色的雏菊，这两种植物被认为占据了地表的很大一部分。雏菊的颜色影响着这个星球的[反照率]，因此黑色雏菊吸收更多的光并温暖地球，而白色雏菊则反射更多的光并使地球降温。黑雏菊在较低温度下生长繁殖最好，而白雏菊在较高温度下生长繁殖最好。当温度上升到接近白色雏菊的数值时，白色雏菊的繁殖能力超过了黑色雏菊，导致白色表面的比例增大，更多的阳光被反射，减少了热量输入，最终使地球变冷。相反，随着温度的下降，黑雏菊的繁殖能力超过了白雏菊，吸收了更多的阳光，使地球变暖。因此，温度将收敛到植物繁殖率相等的值。 + − + − 盖亚假说的科学家们把生物体参与碳循环看作是维持适合生命条件的复杂过程之一。火山活动是大气中二氧化碳的唯一重要自然来源，而碳酸盐岩的沉淀是大气中二氧化碳唯一重要的去除途径。碳沉淀、溶解和固定受到土壤中细菌和植物根系的影响，这些细菌和植物根系可以改善气体循环，或者在珊瑚礁中，碳酸钙以固体的形式沉积在海底。碳酸钙被活的有机体用来制造含碳的试验和外壳。一旦死亡，生物体的外壳就会沉到海底，在那里它们产生白垩和石灰石的沉淀物。+ 第233行：
第233行： − 其中一种是赫氏圆石藻，这是一种数量丰富的颗石藻类，也参与了云的形成。CO < sub > 2 </sub > 过量通过增加球石氟化物的寿命来补偿，增加了锁定在海底的 CO < sub > 2 </sub > 的数量。球石粉会增加云量，从而控制地表温度，有助于降低整个地球的温度，有利于地球上植物所必需的降水。近年来，大气中 CO < < sub > 2 </sub > 浓度有所增加，有证据表明，海洋藻华的浓度也在增加。+ 第241行：
第241行： − 地衣和其他生物加速了岩石表面的风化，而岩石在土壤中的分解也加快了，这要归功于根、真菌、细菌和地下动物的活动。因此，二氧化碳从大气层流向土壤的过程是在生物的帮助下进行调节的。当大气中 CO2水平升高时，温度升高，植物生长。这种生长会增加植物对二氧化碳的消耗，植物会将二氧化碳处理到土壤中，从大气中排出。+ − +
无编辑摘要
The CLAW hypothesis, inspired by the Gaia hypothesis, proposes a feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate. The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive to variations in climate forcing, and that these responses lead to a negative feedback loop that acts to stabilise the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere.
The CLAW hypothesis, inspired by the Gaia hypothesis, proposes a feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate. The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive to variations in climate forcing, and that these responses lead to a negative feedback loop that acts to stabilise the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere.
受盖亚假说的启发，CLAW 假说提出了一个在海洋生态系统和地球气候之间运行的反馈回路。该假说特别提出，产生二甲硫醚的浮游植物对气候强迫的变化有反应，这些反应导致了一个负反馈循环，稳定了地球大气的温度。
受盖亚假说的启发，CLAW 假说提出了一个在海洋生态系统和地球气候之间运行的反馈回路。该假说特别提出，产生二甲硫醚的浮游植物对气候变化有反应，这些反应导致了一个负反馈循环，稳定了地球大气的温度。
===Regulation of global surface temperature地球表面温度的调控===
===Regulation of global surface temperature地球表面温度的调控===
Currently the increase in human population and the environmental impact of their activities, such as the multiplication of greenhouse gases may cause negative feedbacks in the environment to become positive feedback. Lovelock has stated that this could bring an extremely accelerated global warming, but he has since stated the effects will likely occur more slowly.
Currently the increase in human population and the environmental impact of their activities, such as the multiplication of greenhouse gases may cause negative feedbacks in the environment to become positive feedback. Lovelock has stated that this could bring an extremely accelerated global warming, but he has since stated the effects will likely occur more slowly.
目前，人口的增加及其活动对环境的影响，例如温室气体的增加，可能导致环境中的负反馈成为正反馈。洛夫洛克表示，这可能会极大地加速全球变暖，但他后来又表示，这种影响也可能发生得更慢。
{{See also|Paleoclimatology}}
{{See also|Paleoclimatology}}
In response to the criticism that the Gaia hypothesis seemingly required unrealistic group selection and cooperation between organisms, James Lovelock and Andrew Watson developed a mathematical model, Daisyworld, in which ecological competition underpinned planetary temperature regulation.
In response to the criticism that the Gaia hypothesis seemingly required unrealistic group selection and cooperation between organisms, James Lovelock and Andrew Watson developed a mathematical model, Daisyworld, in which ecological competition underpinned planetary temperature regulation.
有人批评盖亚假说似乎需要有机体之间不切实际的群体选择与合作，为了回应这种批评，James Lovelock 和 Andrew Watson建立了一个数学模型---- 雏菊世界，其中生态竞争支撑着地。
The [[CLAW hypothesis]], inspired by the Gaia hypothesis, proposes a [[feedback|feedback loop]] that operates between [[ocean]] [[ecosystem]]s and the [[Earth]]'s [[climate]].<ref name="CLAW87">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/326655a0 |author=[[Robert Jay Charlson|Charlson, R. J.]], [[James Lovelock|Lovelock, J. E]], Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. |title=Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate |journal=Nature |volume=326 |issue=6114 |pages=655–661 |date=1987 |bibcode=1987Natur.326..655C |ref=harv }}</ref> The [[hypothesis]] specifically proposes that particular [[phytoplankton]] that produce [[dimethyl sulfide]] are responsive to variations in [[climate forcing]], and that these responses lead to a [[negative feedback|negative feedback loop]] that acts to stabilise the [[temperature]] of the [[Earth's atmosphere]].
The [[CLAW hypothesis]], inspired by the Gaia hypothesis, proposes a [[feedback|feedback loop]] that operates between [[ocean]] [[ecosystem]]s and the [[Earth]]'s [[climate]].<ref name="CLAW87">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/326655a0 |author=[[Robert Jay Charlson|Charlson, R. J.]], [[James Lovelock|Lovelock, J. E]], Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. |title=Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate |journal=Nature |volume=326 |issue=6114 |pages=655–661 |date=1987 |bibcode=1987Natur.326..655C |ref=harv }}</ref> The [[hypothesis]] specifically proposes that particular [[phytoplankton]] that produce [[dimethyl sulfide]] are responsive to variations in [[climate forcing]], and that these responses lead to a [[negative feedback|negative feedback loop]] that acts to stabilise the [[temperature]] of the [[Earth's atmosphere]].
Daisyworld examines the energy budget of a planet populated by two different types of plants, black daisies and white daisies, which are assumed to occupy a significant portion of the surface. The colour of the daisies influences the albedo of the planet such that black daisies absorb more light and warm the planet, while white daisies reflect more light and cool the planet. The black daisies are assumed to grow and reproduce best at a lower temperature, while the white daisies are assumed to thrive best at a higher temperature. As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet. Conversely, as the temperature falls, the black daisies outreproduce the white daisies, absorbing more sunlight and warming the planet. The temperature will thus converge to the value at which the reproductive rates of the plants are equal.
Daisyworld examines the energy budget of a planet populated by two different types of plants, black daisies and white daisies, which are assumed to occupy a significant portion of the surface. The colour of the daisies influences the albedo of the planet such that black daisies absorb more light and warm the planet, while white daisies reflect more light and cool the planet. The black daisies are assumed to grow and reproduce best at a lower temperature, while the white daisies are assumed to thrive best at a higher temperature. As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet. Conversely, as the temperature falls, the black daisies outreproduce the white daisies, absorbing more sunlight and warming the planet. The temperature will thus converge to the value at which the reproductive rates of the plants are equal.
《雏菊世界》调查了一个星球的能量预算，这个星球上生长着两种不同的植物，黑色雏菊和白色雏菊，这两种植物占据了星球表面的很大一部分。雏菊的颜色影响了地球的反照率，黑色的雏菊吸收更多的光线，使地球变暖，而白色的雏菊则反射更多的光线，使地球变冷。人们认为黑色雏菊在较低的温度下生长和繁殖最好，而白色雏菊则被认为在较高的温度下生长最好。当温度上升到接近白色雏菊所喜欢的温度时，白色雏菊繁殖率高于黑色雏菊，导致更大比例的白色表面，更多的阳光被反射，减少热量输入，最终使地球降温。相反，随着气温的下降，黑色雏菊繁殖率高于白色雏菊，吸收了更多的阳光，使地球变暖。因此，温度会收敛于两种植物繁殖率相等时对应温度的值。
Currently the increase in human population and the environmental impact of their activities, such as the multiplication of [[greenhouse gases]] may cause [[negative feedback]]s in the environment to become [[positive feedback]]. Lovelock has stated that this could bring an [[James Lovelock#The revenge of Gaia|extremely accelerated global warming]],<ref>Lovelock, James. ''The Vanishing Face of Gaia''. Basic Books, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-465-01549-8}}</ref> but he has since stated the effects will likely occur more slowly.<ref>Lovelock J., NBC News. [http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/23/11144098-gaia-scientist-james-lovelock-i-was-alarmist-about-climate-change?lite Link] Published 23 April 2012, accessed 22 August 2012. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913163635/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/23/11144098-gaia-scientist-james-lovelock-i-was-alarmist-about-climate-change?lite |date=13 September 2012 }}</ref>
Currently the increase in human population and the environmental impact of their activities, such as the multiplication of [[greenhouse gases]] may cause [[negative feedback]]s in the environment to become [[positive feedback]]. Lovelock has stated that this could bring an [[James Lovelock#The revenge of Gaia|extremely accelerated global warming]],<ref>Lovelock, James. ''The Vanishing Face of Gaia''. Basic Books, 2009, {{ISBN|978-0-465-01549-8}}</ref> but he has since stated the effects will likely occur more slowly.<ref>Lovelock J., NBC News. [http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/23/11144098-gaia-scientist-james-lovelock-i-was-alarmist-about-climate-change?lite Link] Published 23 April 2012, accessed 22 August 2012. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913163635/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/04/23/11144098-gaia-scientist-james-lovelock-i-was-alarmist-about-climate-change?lite |date=13 September 2012 }}</ref>
Lovelock and Watson showed that, over a limited range of conditions, this negative feedback due to competition can stabilize the planet's temperature at a value which supports life, if the energy output of the Sun changes, while a planet without life would show wide temperature swings. The percentage of white and black daisies will continually change to keep the temperature at the value at which the plants' reproductive rates are equal, allowing both life forms to thrive.
Lovelock and Watson showed that, over a limited range of conditions, this negative feedback due to competition can stabilize the planet's temperature at a value which supports life, if the energy output of the Sun changes, while a planet without life would show wide temperature swings. The percentage of white and black daisies will continually change to keep the temperature at the value at which the plants' reproductive rates are equal, allowing both life forms to thrive.
洛夫洛克和沃森指出，在有限的条件下，如果太阳的能量输出发生变化，由于竞争产生的负反馈可以将地球温度稳定在支持生命存在的范围内，而没有生命的地球则会表现出巨大的温度波动。白色和黑色雏菊的百分比会不断变化，以保持植物繁殖率相等的温度值，使两种生命形式都能茁壮成长。
====Daisyworld simulations雏菊世界模拟====
====Daisyworld simulations雏菊世界模拟====
Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time. Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested that salinity may also be strongly influenced by seawater circulation through hot basaltic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on mid-ocean ridges. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.
Ocean salinity has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time. Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested that salinity may also be strongly influenced by seawater circulation through hot basaltic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on mid-ocean ridges. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.
长期以来，海洋盐度一直保持在3.5% 左右。海洋环境中盐度的稳定性很重要，因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度，一般不能容忍超过5% 的盐度值。恒定的海洋盐度是一个长期存在的秘密，因为没有任何方法可以抵消来自河流的盐的流入。最近有人提出，盐度也可能受到穿过炽热玄武岩的海水循环的强烈影响，并在洋中脊上出现热水喷口。然而，海水的组成离平衡还很远，如果没有有机过程的影响，很难解释这一事实。有一种解释认为，地球历史上盐原的形成是原因之一。据推测，这些是由细菌菌落产生的，它们在生命过程中固定离子和重金属。
长期以来，海洋盐度一直保持在3.5% 左右。海洋环境中盐度的稳定性很重要，因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度，一般不能耐受超过5% 的盐度值。海洋盐度为何恒定是一个长期的奥秘，因为没有任何方法可以抵消来自河流的流入盐。最近有人提出，盐分也会洋中脊的热水喷口排出，因此盐度可能受到穿过炽热玄武岩的海水循环的强烈影响。然而，海水的组成离平衡还很远，如果没有有机过程的影响，很难解释这一事实。有一种解释认为，地球历史上盐滩的形成是盐度平衡的原因之一。据推测，这些盐滩是由细菌菌落产生的，它们在生命过程中固定离子和重金属。
|title = Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld
|title = Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld
The Gaia hypothesis states that the Earth's atmospheric composition is kept at a dynamically steady state by the presence of life. The atmospheric composition provides the conditions that contemporary life has adapted to. All the atmospheric gases other than noble gases present in the atmosphere are either made by organisms or processed by them.
The Gaia hypothesis states that the Earth's atmospheric composition is kept at a dynamically steady state by the presence of life. The atmospheric composition provides the conditions that contemporary life has adapted to. All the atmospheric gases other than noble gases present in the atmosphere are either made by organisms or processed by them.
盖亚假说认为，地球的大气组成是由于生命的存在而保持在动态稳定的状态。大气成分提供了支持现代生命的条件。大气中除惰性气体以外的所有大气气体，要么是由生物体产生的，要么是由生物体加工的。
|last1 = Watson | first1= A.J. | last2= Lovelock | first2= J.E
|last1 = Watson | first1= A.J. | last2= Lovelock | first2= J.E
The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium. Oxygen is a reactive compound, and should eventually combine with gases and minerals of the Earth's atmosphere and crust. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event. Since the start of the Cambrian period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume. Traces of methane (at an amount of 100,000 tonnes produced per year) should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere.
The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium. Oxygen is a reactive compound, and should eventually combine with gases and minerals of the Earth's atmosphere and crust. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event. Since the start of the Cambrian period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume. Traces of methane (at an amount of 100,000 tonnes produced per year) should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere.
地球大气层的稳定性不是化学平衡的结果。氧是一种活性化合物，最终会与地球大气层和地壳中的气体和矿物质结合。在大氧化事件开始之前，大约5000万年前，氧气才开始在大气中持续少量存在。自寒武纪以来，大气中氧浓度一直在大气体积的15% 至35% 之间波动。微量的甲烷(每年产生100,000吨)不适合存在，因为甲烷在氧气氛中是可燃的。
|ref = harv
|ref = harv
Dry air in the atmosphere of Earth contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases including methane. Lovelock originally speculated that concentrations of oxygen above about 25% would increase the frequency of wildfires and conflagration of forests. Recent work on the findings of fire-caused charcoal in Carboniferous and Cretaceous coal measures, in geologic periods when O<sub>2</sub> did exceed 25%, has supported Lovelock's contention.
Dry air in the atmosphere of Earth contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases including methane. Lovelock originally speculated that concentrations of oxygen above about 25% would increase the frequency of wildfires and conflagration of forests. Recent work on the findings of fire-caused charcoal in Carboniferous and Cretaceous coal measures, in geologic periods when O<sub>2</sub> did exceed 25%, has supported Lovelock's contention.
地球大气层中的干燥空气大致(按体积计算)含有78.09% 的氮气、20.95% 的氧气、0.93% 的氩气、0.039% 的二氧化碳以及少量的其他气体，包括甲烷。洛夫洛克最初推测，高于25% 的氧气浓度会增加森林大火和森林大火的发生频率。最近在石炭纪和白垩纪煤系地质时期，当O2确实超过了25%时，火成木炭的研究结果支持了 Lovelock 的论点。
地球大气层中的干燥空气大致(按体积计算)含有78.09% 的氮气、20.95% 的氧气、0.93% 的氩气、0.039% 的二氧化碳以及少量的其他气体，包括甲烷。洛夫洛克最初推测，高于25% 的氧气浓度会增加森林大火和森林大火的发生频率。石炭纪和白垩纪煤系地质时期O2浓度确实超过了25%时，正是这一时期形成了火成木炭。这一结果支持了 Lovelock 的论点。
Daisyworld examines the [[Earth's energy budget|energy budget]] of a [[planet]] populated by two different types of plants, black [[Asteraceae|daisies]] and white daisies, which are assumed to occupy a significant portion of the surface. The colour of the daisies influences the [[albedo]] of the planet such that black daisies absorb more light and warm the planet, while white daisies reflect more light and cool the planet. The black daisies are assumed to grow and reproduce best at a lower temperature, while the white daisies are assumed to thrive best at a higher temperature. As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet. Conversely, as the temperature falls, the black daisies outreproduce the white daisies, absorbing more sunlight and warming the planet. The temperature will thus converge to the value at which the reproductive rates of the plants are equal.
Daisyworld examines the [[Earth's energy budget|energy budget]] of a [[planet]] populated by two different types of plants, black [[Asteraceae|daisies]] and white daisies, which are assumed to occupy a significant portion of the surface. The colour of the daisies influences the [[albedo]] of the planet such that black daisies absorb more light and warm the planet, while white daisies reflect more light and cool the planet. The black daisies are assumed to grow and reproduce best at a lower temperature, while the white daisies are assumed to thrive best at a higher temperature. As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet. Conversely, as the temperature falls, the black daisies outreproduce the white daisies, absorbing more sunlight and warming the planet. The temperature will thus converge to the value at which the reproductive rates of the plants are equal.
Daisyworld研究了居住着两种不同类型的植物的[[地球的能源预算|能源预算]]，这两种植物是黑色的[[菊科的雏菊]]和白色的雏菊，这两种植物被认为占据了地表的很大一部分。雏菊的颜色影响着这个星球的[反照率]，因此黑色雏菊吸收更多的光并温暖地球，而白色雏菊则反射更多的光并使地球降温。黑雏菊在较低温度下生长繁殖最好，而白雏菊在较高温度下生长繁殖最好。当温度上升到接近白色雏菊的最适生长温度时，白色雏菊的繁殖能力超过了黑色雏菊，导致白色表面的比例增大，更多的阳光被反射，减少了热量输入，最终使地球变冷。相反，随着温度的下降，黑雏菊的繁殖能力超过了白雏菊，吸收了更多的阳光，使地球变暖。因此，温度将收敛到两种植物繁殖率相等对应的温度值。
Lovelock and Watson showed that, over a limited range of conditions, this [[negative feedback]] due to competition can stabilize the planet's temperature at a value which supports life, if the energy output of the Sun changes, while a planet without life would show wide temperature swings. The percentage of white and black daisies will continually change to keep the temperature at the value at which the plants' reproductive rates are equal, allowing both life forms to thrive.
Lovelock and Watson showed that, over a limited range of conditions, this [[negative feedback]] due to competition can stabilize the planet's temperature at a value which supports life, if the energy output of the Sun changes, while a planet without life would show wide temperature swings. The percentage of white and black daisies will continually change to keep the temperature at the value at which the plants' reproductive rates are equal, allowing both life forms to thrive.
Lovelock和Watson表明，在有限的条件范围内，如果太阳的能量输出发生变化，由于竞争而产生的[[负面反馈]]可以将地球的温度稳定在支持生命的值上，而没有生命的行星则会出现大范围的温度波动。白雏菊和黑雏菊的比例会不断变化，以使温度保持在植物繁殖率相等的值，从而使两种生命形式都能茁壮成长。
Lovelock和Watson表明，在有限的条件范围内，如果太阳的能量输出发生变化，由于竞争而产生的[[负反馈]]可以将地球的温度稳定在支持生命的值上，而没有生命的行星则会出现大范围的温度波动。白雏菊和黑雏菊的比例会不断变化，以使温度保持在植物繁殖率相等的值，从而使两种生命形式都能茁壮成长。
Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the carbon cycle as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is volcanic activity, while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of carbonate rocks. Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells. Once dead, the living organisms' shells fall to the bottom of the oceans where they generate deposits of chalk and limestone.
Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the carbon cycle as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is volcanic activity, while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of carbonate rocks. Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells. Once dead, the living organisms' shells fall to the bottom of the oceans where they generate deposits of chalk and limestone.
盖亚假说的科学家们把生物体参与碳循环看作是维持适合生命条件的复杂过程之一。火山活动是大气中二氧化碳的最重要的自然来源，而碳酸盐岩的沉淀是大气中二氧化碳最重要的去除途径。碳沉淀、溶解和固定受到土壤中细菌和植物根系的影响，这些细菌和植物根系可以改善气体循环，或者在珊瑚礁中，碳酸钙以固体的形式沉积在海底。碳酸钙被活的有机体用来制造含碳的结构和外壳。一旦死亡，生物体的外壳就会沉到海底，在那里它们产生白垩和石灰石的沉淀物。
One of these organisms is Emiliania huxleyi, an abundant coccolithophore algae which also has a role in the formation of clouds. CO<sub>2</sub> excess is compensated by an increase of coccolithophoride life, increasing the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> locked in the ocean floor. Coccolithophorides increase the cloud cover, hence control the surface temperature, help cool the whole planet and favor precipitations necessary for terrestrial plants. Lately the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration has increased and there is some evidence that concentrations of ocean algal blooms are also increasing.
One of these organisms is Emiliania huxleyi, an abundant coccolithophore algae which also has a role in the formation of clouds. CO<sub>2</sub> excess is compensated by an increase of coccolithophoride life, increasing the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> locked in the ocean floor. Coccolithophorides increase the cloud cover, hence control the surface temperature, help cool the whole planet and favor precipitations necessary for terrestrial plants. Lately the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration has increased and there is some evidence that concentrations of ocean algal blooms are also increasing.
其中一种是赫氏圆石藻，这是一种数量丰富的颗石藻类，也参与了云的形成。通过增加球石氟化物的寿命来补偿过量的CO < sub > 2 </sub > ，增加了锁定在海底的 CO < sub > 2 </sub > 的数量。球石粉会增加云量，从而控制地表温度，有助于降低整个地球的温度，有利于地球上植物所必需的降水。近年来，大气中 CO < < sub > 2 </sub > 浓度有所增加，有证据表明，海洋藻华的浓度也在增加。
Lichen and other organisms accelerate the weathering of rocks in the surface, while the decomposition of rocks also happens faster in the soil, thanks to the activity of roots, fungi, bacteria and subterranean animals. The flow of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the soil is therefore regulated with the help of living beings. When CO<sub>2</sub> levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow. This growth brings higher consumption of CO<sub>2</sub> by the plants, who process it into the soil, removing it from the atmosphere.
Lichen and other organisms accelerate the weathering of rocks in the surface, while the decomposition of rocks also happens faster in the soil, thanks to the activity of roots, fungi, bacteria and subterranean animals. The flow of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the soil is therefore regulated with the help of living beings. When CO<sub>2</sub> levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow. This growth brings higher consumption of CO<sub>2</sub> by the plants, who process it into the soil, removing it from the atmosphere.
地衣和其他生物加速了岩石表面的风化，而岩石在土壤中的分解也加快了，这要归功于根、真菌、细菌和地下动物的活动。因此，二氧化碳从大气层流向土壤的过程是在生物的帮助下调节的。当大气中 CO2水平升高时，温度升高，植物生长。这种生长会增加植物对二氧化碳的消耗，植物会将二氧化碳处理到土壤中，从大气中排出。
Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />
Ocean [[salinity]] has been constant at about 3.5% for a very long time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Introduction to Ocean Sciences|last=Segar|first=Douglas|publisher=Library of Congress|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9857859-0-1|location=http://www.reefimages.com/oceans/SegarOcean3Chap05.pdf|pages=Chapter 5 3rd Edition|quote=|via=}}</ref> Salinity stability in oceanic environments is important as most cells require a rather constant salinity and do not generally tolerate values above 5%. The constant ocean salinity was a long-standing mystery, because no process counterbalancing the salt influx from rivers was known. Recently it was suggested<ref name="Gorham19912">{{cite journal|last=Gorham|first=Eville|date=1 January 1991|title=Biogeochemistry: its origins and development|journal=Biogeochemistry|publisher=Kluwer Academic|volume=13|issue=3|pages=199–239|doi=10.1007/BF00002942|issn=1573-515X|ref=harv}}</ref> that salinity may also be strongly influenced by [[seawater]] circulation through hot [[basalt]]ic rocks, and emerging as hot water vents on [[mid-ocean ridge]]s. However, the composition of seawater is far from equilibrium, and it is difficult to explain this fact without the influence of organic processes. One suggested explanation lies in the formation of salt plains throughout Earth's history. It is hypothesized that these are created by bacterial colonies that fix ions and heavy metals during their life processes.<ref name=":0" />
在很长一段时间内，海洋盐度一直保持在3.5%左右。[23]海洋环境中的盐度稳定性非常重要，因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度，并且通常不能容忍超过5%的盐度值。恒定的海洋盐度是一个长期存在的谜团，因为没有任何过程可以抵消河流中的盐流入。最近有人认为[24]海水通过热玄武质岩石时也会受到海水循环的强烈影响，并在大洋中脊上出现热水喷口。然而，海水的组成远未达到平衡，如果没有有机过程的影响，很难解释这一事实。一个建议的解释是，在整个地球的历史中，盐平原的形成。据推测，这些细菌是由在生命过程中固定离子和重金属的菌落产生的
在很长一段时间内，海洋盐度一直保持在3.5%左右。[23]海洋环境中的盐度稳定性非常重要，因为大多数细胞需要相当恒定的盐度，并且通常不能耐受超过5%的盐度值。恒定的海洋盐度是一个长期存在的谜团，因为没有任何过程可以抵消河流中的盐流入。最近有人认为[24]海水通过热玄武质岩石时也会受到海水循环的强烈影响，并在大洋中脊上出现热水喷口。然而，海水的组成远未达到平衡，如果没有有机过程的影响，很难解释这一事实。一个建议的解释是，在整个地球的历史中，盐平原的形成。据推测，这些细菌是由在生命过程中固定离子和重金属的菌落产生的