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=== ''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany 人类的由来，性选择和植物学 ===

=== ''Descent of Man'', sexual selection, and botany 人类的由来，性别选择和植物学 ===

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies.

Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "big book". He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies.

Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants.[158] Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's idealism.[159] Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism.

Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids, showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation. In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants.[158] Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's idealism.[159] Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism.

他对昆虫授粉的调查促使了1861年对野生兰花进行的全新研究，结果表明它们的花体具有适应性，以吸引特定的飞蛾进入每个物种并确保杂交。1862年，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 兰花的传粉Fertilisation of Orchids </font>'''》首次详细展示了自然选择的力量，书中解释了复杂的生态关系，并提供可验证的预测。随着健康状况的下降，达尔文躺在房间里的病床上，房间里充满了许多创造性的实验，追踪攀援植物的运动轨迹。拜访者包括恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel，他是达尔文主义的热心拥护者，融合了拉马克主义和歌德的理想主义。华莱士也仍然支持他，尽管他越来越转向唯心论。

他对昆虫授粉的研究推动了1861年对野生兰花进行的全新研究，结果表明它们的花体具有适应性，以吸引特定的飞蛾进入每个物种并确保杂交。1862年，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 兰花的传粉Fertilisation of Orchids </font>'''》首次详细展示了自然选择的力量，书中解释了复杂的生态关系，并提供可验证的预测。随着健康状况的下降，达尔文躺在房间里的病床上，房间里充满了许多创造性的实验，追踪攀援植物的运动轨迹。拜访者包括恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel，他是达尔文主义的热心拥护者，融合了拉马克主义和歌德的理想主义。华莱士也仍然支持他，尽管他越来越转向唯心论。

Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.

Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.

达尔文的著作《动物和植物在家养下的变异The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》（1868年）是他计划中的“全科书”的第一部分，包括他试图解释遗传，但是未能成功解释的假说。尽管“全科书”这一部分规模很大，但它一开始就卖得很快，并被翻译成多种语言。之后他写的第二部分则大部分是关于自然选择的，但是在接下来的日子里最终未能出版。

达尔文的著作《动物和植物在家养下的变异The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication》（1868年）是他计划中的“全科书”的第一部分，包括他试图解释遗传，但是未能成功的假说。尽管“全科书”这一部分规模很大，但它一开始就卖得很快，并被翻译成多种语言。之后他写的第二部分则大部分是关于自然选择的，但最终未能出版。

His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including Mary Treat, whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.[165] His botanical work[IX] was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H. G. Wells, and helped transform plant science in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.

His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, Insectivorous Plants, The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including Mary Treat, whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.[165] His botanical work[IX] was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H. G. Wells, and helped transform plant science in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.

这些与进化有关的实验研究导致了达尔文还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交换看法，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。

达尔文依据这些与进化有关的实验研究还撰写出关于兰花的书籍，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 食虫植物Insectivorous Plants </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 异花授精与自体授精在植物界中的效果The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 同种植物的不同花型The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species </font>'''》，《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 植物运动的力量The Power of Movement in Plants </font>'''》。他继续从全世界的科学记者那里收集信息并交流观点，像是玛丽·特里特Mary Treat，达尔文曾鼓励她坚持不懈地从事科学工作。达尔文的植物学著作后来还得到了格兰特·艾伦Grant Allen和H·G·威尔斯H. G. Wells等众多作家的诠释和推广，并在19世纪后期和20世纪初推动了植物科学的发展。最后，他完成了《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》。

=== Death and funeral 去世及葬礼 ===

=== Death and funeral 去世及葬礼 ===