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Physicists' interest in the social sciences is not new; Daniel Bernoulli, as an example, was the originator of utility-based preferences. One of the founders of neoclassical economic theory, former Yale University Professor of Economics Irving Fisher, was originally trained under the renowned Yale physicist, Josiah Willard Gibbs. Likewise, Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969 for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes, studied physics with Paul Ehrenfest at Leiden University. In particular, Tinbergen developed the gravity model of international trade that has become the workhorse of international economics.
 
Physicists' interest in the social sciences is not new; Daniel Bernoulli, as an example, was the originator of utility-based preferences. One of the founders of neoclassical economic theory, former Yale University Professor of Economics Irving Fisher, was originally trained under the renowned Yale physicist, Josiah Willard Gibbs. Likewise, Jan Tinbergen, who won the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969 for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes, studied physics with Paul Ehrenfest at Leiden University. In particular, Tinbergen developed the gravity model of international trade that has become the workhorse of international economics.
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物理学家对'''<font color="#ff8000">社会科学 Social Sciences</font>'''的兴趣并不是什么新鲜事; 例如,'''<font color="#ff8000">丹尼尔·伯努利 Daniel Bernoulli</font>'''最早提出基于'''<font color="#ff8000">效用 Utility</font>'''的偏好。'''<font color="#ff8000">新古典主义经济理论 Neoclassical Economic Theory</font>'''的创始人之一,前耶鲁大学经济学教授'''<font color="#ff8000">欧文·费歇尔 Irving Fisher</font>''',最初受训于著名的耶鲁大学'''<font color="#ff8000">物理学家 Physicist</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯 Josiah Willard Gibbs</font>'''。同样,'''<font color="#ff8000">扬·廷伯根 Jan Tinbergen</font>''',因为开发和应用了经济过程分析的动态模型而获得了1969年的第一个'''<font color="#ff8000">诺贝尔经济学奖 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</font>''',在'''<font color="#ff8000">莱顿大学 Leiden University</font>''''''<font color="#ff8000">保罗·埃伦费斯特 Paul Ehrenfest</font>'''一起学习了物理学。特别是,Tinbergen 发展了'''<font color="#ff8000">国际贸易的引力模型 gravity model of international trade</font>''',这个模型已经成为国际经济学的主力。
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物理学家对'''<font color="#ff8000">社会科学 Social Sciences</font>'''的兴趣并不是什么新鲜事; 例如,'''<font color="#ff8000">丹尼尔·伯努利 Daniel Bernoulli</font>'''最早提出基于'''<font color="#ff8000">效用 Utility</font>'''的偏好。'''<font color="#ff8000">新古典主义经济理论 Neoclassical Economic Theory</font>'''的创始人之一,前耶鲁大学经济学教授'''<font color="#ff8000">欧文·费歇尔 Irving Fisher</font>''',最初曾受训于著名的耶鲁大学'''<font color="#ff8000">物理学家 Physicist</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯 Josiah Willard Gibbs</font>'''。同样,'''<font color="#ff8000">扬·廷伯根 Jan Tinbergen</font>''',在'''<font color="#ff8000">莱顿大学 Leiden University</font>''''''<font color="#ff8000">保罗·埃伦费斯特 Paul Ehrenfest</font>'''一起学习了物理学,因为开发和应用了经济过程分析的动态模型而获得了1969年的第一个'''<font color="#ff8000">诺贝尔经济学奖 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</font>'''。特别的是,Tinbergen 提出了'''<font color="#ff8000">国际贸易的引力模型 gravity model of international trade</font>''',这个模型已经成为国际经济学的主力。
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Econophysics was started in the mid-1990s by several physicists working in the subfield of statistical mechanics.  Unsatisfied with the traditional explanations and approaches of economists – which usually prioritized simplified approaches for the sake of soluble theoretical models over agreement with empirical data – they applied tools and methods from physics, first to try to match financial data sets, and then to explain more general economic phenomena.
 
Econophysics was started in the mid-1990s by several physicists working in the subfield of statistical mechanics.  Unsatisfied with the traditional explanations and approaches of economists – which usually prioritized simplified approaches for the sake of soluble theoretical models over agreement with empirical data – they applied tools and methods from physics, first to try to match financial data sets, and then to explain more general economic phenomena.
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经济物理学是在20世纪90年代中期由几个在'''<font color="#ff8000">统计力学 Statistical Mechanics</font>'''领域工作的物理学家发起的。他们不满足于经济学家的传统解释和方法——这种方法通常优先考虑简化的方法,以便于理解理论模型,而不是与实证数据取得一致——他们应用物理学的工具和方法,首先试图匹配金融数据集,然后解释更普遍的经济现象。
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经济物理学是在20世纪90年代中期由几个在'''<font color="#ff8000">统计力学 Statistical Mechanics</font>'''领域工作的物理学家发起的。他们不满足于经济学家的传统解释和方法——这种方法通常优先考虑将问题简化以便于建立有解的理论模型,而不是取实证数据来分析——他们应用物理学的工具和方法,首先在金融数据集上进行匹配,尝试去解释更普遍的经济现象。
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One driving force behind econophysics arising at this time was the sudden availability of large amounts of financial data, starting in the 1980s.  It became apparent that traditional methods of analysis were insufficient – standard economic methods dealt with homogeneous agents and equilibrium, while many of the more interesting phenomena in financial markets fundamentally depended on heterogeneous agents and far-from-equilibrium situations.
 
One driving force behind econophysics arising at this time was the sudden availability of large amounts of financial data, starting in the 1980s.  It became apparent that traditional methods of analysis were insufficient – standard economic methods dealt with homogeneous agents and equilibrium, while many of the more interesting phenomena in financial markets fundamentally depended on heterogeneous agents and far-from-equilibrium situations.
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当时经济物理学兴起的一个推动力是,自1980年代开始,突然出现了大量的金融数据。显而易见,传统的分析方法是不够充分的——标准的经济学方法处理同质的主体和,而金融市场中许多更有趣的现象从根本上依赖于'''<font color="#ff8000">异质的 Heterogeneous</font>'''主体和远离均衡的情况。
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1980年代开始,出现的大量金融数据是当时经济物理学兴起的一个重要推动力。传统的分析方法是不足够充分的对数据进行分析:标准的经济学方法用于衡量同质行为体的均衡,而金融市场中许多更有趣的现象从根本上依赖于'''<font color="#ff8000">异质 Heterogeneous</font>'''主体和远离均衡的情况。
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The term "econophysics" was coined by H. Eugene Stanley, to describe the large number of papers written by physicists in the problems of (stock and other) markets, in a conference on statistical physics in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta)  in 1995 and first appeared in its proceedings publication in Physica A 1996. The inaugural meeting on econophysics was organised in 1998 in Budapest by János Kertész and Imre Kondor. The first book on econophysics was by R. N. Mantegna & H. E. Stanley in  2000.
 
The term "econophysics" was coined by H. Eugene Stanley, to describe the large number of papers written by physicists in the problems of (stock and other) markets, in a conference on statistical physics in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta)  in 1995 and first appeared in its proceedings publication in Physica A 1996. The inaugural meeting on econophysics was organised in 1998 in Budapest by János Kertész and Imre Kondor. The first book on econophysics was by R. N. Mantegna & H. E. Stanley in  2000.
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“经济物理学”一词是由'''<font color="#ff8000">H·尤金·斯坦利 H·Eugene Stanley</font>'''  于1995年在'''<font color="#ff8000">加尔各答 Kolkata</font>'''(昔日的'''<font color="#ff8000">加尔各答 Calcutta</font>''')的一次统计物理学会议上发明的,用来描述物理学家们在(股票和其他)市场问题上撰写的大量论文,这些论文首次出现在1996年在'''<font color="#ff8000">《Physica A》</font>''' 出版的会议记录中。经济物理学会议于1998年在布达佩斯由'''<font color="#ff8000">János Kertész</font>''' 和'''<font color="#ff8000">Imre Kondor</font>'''举办。2000年,r. n. Mantegna & h. e. Stanley 出版了第一本关于经济物理学的书。
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“经济物理学”一词是由'''<font color="#ff8000">H·尤金·斯坦利 H·Eugene Stanley</font>'''  于1995年在'''<font color="#ff8000">加尔各答 Kolkata</font>'''(昔日的'''<font color="#ff8000">加尔各答 Calcutta</font>''')的一次统计物理学会议上提出,用来描述物理学家们在(股票和其他)市场问题上撰写的大量论文。“经济物理学”一词首次出现在1996年在'''<font color="#ff8000">《Physica A》</font>''' 出版的会议记录中。首次经济物理学会议于1998年在布达佩斯由'''<font color="#ff8000">János Kertész</font>''' 和'''<font color="#ff8000">Imre Kondor</font>'''举办。2000年,r. n. Mantegna & h. e. Stanley 出版了第一本关于经济物理学的书。
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In recent years network science, heavily reliant on analogies from statistical mechanics, has been applied to the study of productive systems. That is the case with the works done at the Santa Fe Institute in European Funded Research Projects as Forecasting Financial Crises and the Harvard-MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity
 
In recent years network science, heavily reliant on analogies from statistical mechanics, has been applied to the study of productive systems. That is the case with the works done at the Santa Fe Institute in European Funded Research Projects as Forecasting Financial Crises and the Harvard-MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity
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近年来,'''<font color="#ff8000">网络科学 Network Science</font>''',严重依赖于'''<font color="#ff8000">统计力学 Statistical Mechanics</font>'''的类推,已经应用于生产系统的研究。'''<font color="#ff8000">圣菲研究所 Santa Fe Institute</font>'''在欧洲资助的研究预测金融危机的项目和哈佛-麻省理工学院经济复杂性观测站的工作就是如此。
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近年来,'''<font color="#ff8000">网络科学 Network Science</font>''',严重依赖于'''<font color="#ff8000">统计力学 Statistical Mechanics</font>'''的类推,已经应用于生产系统的研究。'''<font color="#ff8000">圣菲研究所 Santa Fe Institute</font>'''在欧洲资助的研究预测金融危机的项目和哈佛-麻省理工学院经济复杂性观测站的工作基于此类研究而建立的。
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If "econophysics" is taken to denote the principle of applying statistical mechanics to economic analysis, as opposed to a particular literature or network, priority of innovation is probably due to Emmanuel Farjoun and Moshé Machover (1983). Their book Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy proposes dissolving (their words) the transformation problem in Marx's political economy by re-conceptualising the relevant quantities as random variables.
 
If "econophysics" is taken to denote the principle of applying statistical mechanics to economic analysis, as opposed to a particular literature or network, priority of innovation is probably due to Emmanuel Farjoun and Moshé Machover (1983). Their book Laws of Chaos: A Probabilistic Approach to Political Economy proposes dissolving (their words) the transformation problem in Marx's political economy by re-conceptualising the relevant quantities as random variables.
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如果说“经济物理学”指的是将统计力学应用于经济分析的原则,而不是某一特定的文献或网络,那么创新的优先权可能应归功于 Emmanuel Farjoun 和'''<font color="#ff8000">Moshé Machover</font>'''(1983)。他们在《混沌定律: 政治经济学的概率方法》一书中提出,通过将相关数量重新概念化为随机变量,来解决(他们的话)马克思政治经济学中的'''<font color="#ff8000">转换问题 Transformation Problem</font>'''。
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如果说“经济物理学”指的是将统计力学应用于经济分析的原则,而不是某一特定的文献或网络,那么创新的优先权可能应归功于 Emmanuel Farjoun 和'''<font color="#ff8000">Moshé Machover</font>'''(1983)的创新。他们在《混沌定律: 政治经济学的概率方法》一书中提出,通过将相关数量重新概念化为随机变量,来解决(他们的话)马克思政治经济学中的'''<font color="#ff8000">转换问题 Transformation Problem</font>'''。
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If, on the other hand, "econophysics" is taken to denote the application of physics to economics, one can consider the works of Léon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto as part of it. Indeed, as shown by Bruna Ingrao and Giorgio Israel, general equilibrium theory in economics is based on the physical concept of mechanical equilibrium.
 
If, on the other hand, "econophysics" is taken to denote the application of physics to economics, one can consider the works of Léon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto as part of it. Indeed, as shown by Bruna Ingrao and Giorgio Israel, general equilibrium theory in economics is based on the physical concept of mechanical equilibrium.
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另一方面,如果把“经济物理学”看作是物理学在经济学中的应用,那么可以把'''<font color="#ff8000">列昂·瓦尔拉斯 Léon Walras</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">维尔弗雷多·帕雷托 Vilfredo Pareto</font>'''的著作看作是其中的一部分。事实上,正如'''<font color="#ff8000">布鲁娜·因格罗 Bruna Ingrao</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">乔治·以色列 Giorgio Israel</font>'''所表明的那样,经济学中的'''<font color="#ff8000">一般均衡理论 general equilibrium theory</font>'''是基于'''<font color="#ff8000">力学平衡 mechanical equilibrium</font>'''的物理概念。
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另一方面,如果把“经济物理学”看作是物理学在经济学中的应用,那么可以把'''<font color="#ff8000">列昂·瓦尔拉斯 Léon Walras</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">维尔弗雷多·帕雷托 Vilfredo Pareto</font>'''的贡献看作是其中的一部分。事实上,正如'''<font color="#ff8000">布鲁娜·因格罗 Bruna Ingrao</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">乔治·以色列 Giorgio Israel</font>'''所阐述的那样,经济学中的'''<font color="#ff8000">一般均衡理论 general equilibrium theory</font>'''是基于'''<font color="#ff8000">力学平衡 mechanical equilibrium</font>'''的物理概念。
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Econophysics has nothing to do with the "physical quantities approach" to economics, advocated by Ian Steedman and others associated with neo-Ricardianism. Notable econophysicists are Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Bikas K Chakrabarti, J. Doyne Farmer, Diego Garlaschelli, Dirk Helbing, János Kertész, Francis Longstaff, Rosario N. Mantegna, Matteo Marsili, Joseph L. McCauley, Enrico Scalas, Didier Sornette, H. Eugene Stanley, Victor Yakovenko and Yi-Cheng Zhang.  Particularly noteworthy among the formal courses on econophysics is the one offered by Diego Garlaschelli at the Physics Department of the Leiden University, from where the first Nobel-laureate in economics Jan Tinbergen came. From September 2014 King's College has awarded the first position of Full Professor in Econophysics.
 
Econophysics has nothing to do with the "physical quantities approach" to economics, advocated by Ian Steedman and others associated with neo-Ricardianism. Notable econophysicists are Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Bikas K Chakrabarti, J. Doyne Farmer, Diego Garlaschelli, Dirk Helbing, János Kertész, Francis Longstaff, Rosario N. Mantegna, Matteo Marsili, Joseph L. McCauley, Enrico Scalas, Didier Sornette, H. Eugene Stanley, Victor Yakovenko and Yi-Cheng Zhang.  Particularly noteworthy among the formal courses on econophysics is the one offered by Diego Garlaschelli at the Physics Department of the Leiden University, from where the first Nobel-laureate in economics Jan Tinbergen came. From September 2014 King's College has awarded the first position of Full Professor in Econophysics.
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经济物理学同 '''<font color="#ff8000">伊恩·斯蒂德曼 Ian Steedman</font>'''和其他'''<font color="#ff8000">新李嘉图学派 neo-Ricardianism</font>'''相关的人提出的经济学的物理量方法没有任何关系。值得注意的经济物理学家有,'''<font color="#ff8000">让-菲利普·布查德 Jean-Philippe Bouchaud</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">比卡斯·K·查克拉巴蒂 Bikas K Chakrabarti</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">J·杜恩·法默 J.Doyne Farmer</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">迭戈·加拉斯切利 Diego Garlaschelli</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">德克·赫尔宾 Dirk Helbing</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">János Kertész</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">弗朗西斯·朗斯塔夫 Francis Longstaff</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">罗萨里奥·N·曼特尼亚 Rosario N. Mantegna</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">马泰奥·马希里 Matteo Marsili</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">约瑟夫·L·麦考利 Joseph L. McCauley</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">恩里科·斯卡拉斯 Enrico Scalas</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">迪迪埃·索内特 Didier Sornette</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">H·尤金·斯坦利 H. Eugene Stanley</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">维克托·雅科文科 Victor Yakovenko</font>'''和张翼成 .在经济物理学的正规课程中,特别值得一提的是莱顿大学物理系的 Diego Garlaschelli 开设的一门课程,他就是第一位诺贝尔经济学奖得主 Jan Tinbergen 的后生。由2014年9月起,英皇书院授予经济物理学首个全职教授职位。
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经济物理学同 '''<font color="#ff8000">伊恩·斯蒂德曼 Ian Steedman</font>'''和其他'''<font color="#ff8000">新李嘉图学派 neo-Ricardianism</font>'''相关的人提出的经济学的物理量方法没有任何关系。著名的经济物理学家有,'''<font color="#ff8000">让-菲利普·布查德 Jean-Philippe Bouchaud</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">比卡斯·K·查克拉巴蒂 Bikas K Chakrabarti</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">J·杜恩·法默 J.Doyne Farmer</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">迭戈·加拉斯切利 Diego Garlaschelli</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">德克·赫尔宾 Dirk Helbing</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">János Kertész</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">弗朗西斯·朗斯塔夫 Francis Longstaff</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">罗萨里奥·N·曼特尼亚 Rosario N. Mantegna</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">马泰奥·马希里 Matteo Marsili</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">约瑟夫·L·麦考利 Joseph L. McCauley</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">恩里科·斯卡拉斯 Enrico Scalas</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">迪迪埃·索内特 Didier Sornette</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">H·尤金·斯坦利 H. Eugene Stanley</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">维克托·雅科文科 Victor Yakovenko</font>'''和张翼成。特别值得一提的是莱顿大学物理系的 Diego Garlaschelli 开设的一门经济物理学的正规课程,他就是第一位诺贝尔经济学奖得主 Jan Tinbergen 的后生。由2014年9月起,英皇书院正式授予经济物理学首个全职教授职位。
    
==Basic tools==
 
==Basic tools==
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For potential games, it has been shown that an emergence-producing equilibrium based on information via Shannon information entropy produces the same equilibrium measure (Gibbs measure from statistical mechanics) as a stochastic dynamical equation, both of which are based on bounded rationality models used by economists.   
 
For potential games, it has been shown that an emergence-producing equilibrium based on information via Shannon information entropy produces the same equilibrium measure (Gibbs measure from statistical mechanics) as a stochastic dynamical equation, both of which are based on bounded rationality models used by economists.   
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对于'''<font color="#ff8000">势博弈 Potential game</font>''',已经证明了一个基于信息的涌现均衡通过香农熵产生了与随机动力方程相同的均衡测度(来自统计力学的'''<font color="#ff8000">吉布斯测度 Gibbs measure</font>''') ,这两者都是基于经济学家使用的'''<font color="#ff8000">有限理性 Bounded Rationality</font>'''模型。
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对于'''<font color="#ff8000">势博弈 Potential game</font>''',已经证明了一个基于信息的涌现均衡通过香农熵产生的结果与随机动力方程的均衡测度相同(来自统计力学的'''<font color="#ff8000">吉布斯测度 Gibbs measure</font>''') ,这两者都是基于经济学家使用的'''<font color="#ff8000">有限理性 Bounded Rationality</font>'''模型。
    
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects the two to establish a concrete correspondence of "temperature", "entropy", "free potential/energy", and other physics notions to an economics system.  The statistical mechanics model is not constructed a-priori - it is a result of a boundedly rational assumption and modeling on existing neoclassical models.  It has been used to prove the "inevitability of collusion" result of [[Huw Dixon]] in a case for which the neoclassical version of the model does not predict collusion.<ref name="HD">{{cite journal | last = Dixon | first = Huw| title = keeping up with the Joneses: competition and the evolution of collusion| journal = Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization| volume = 43| issue = 2| pages = 223–238| date = 2000| doi=10.1016/s0167-2681(00)00117-7}}</ref>   
 
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects the two to establish a concrete correspondence of "temperature", "entropy", "free potential/energy", and other physics notions to an economics system.  The statistical mechanics model is not constructed a-priori - it is a result of a boundedly rational assumption and modeling on existing neoclassical models.  It has been used to prove the "inevitability of collusion" result of [[Huw Dixon]] in a case for which the neoclassical version of the model does not predict collusion.<ref name="HD">{{cite journal | last = Dixon | first = Huw| title = keeping up with the Joneses: competition and the evolution of collusion| journal = Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization| volume = 43| issue = 2| pages = 223–238| date = 2000| doi=10.1016/s0167-2681(00)00117-7}}</ref>   
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The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects the two to establish a concrete correspondence of "temperature", "entropy", "free potential/energy", and other physics notions to an economics system.  The statistical mechanics model is not constructed a-priori - it is a result of a boundedly rational assumption and modeling on existing neoclassical models.  It has been used to prove the "inevitability of collusion" result of Huw Dixon in a case for which the neoclassical version of the model does not predict collusion.   
 
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects the two to establish a concrete correspondence of "temperature", "entropy", "free potential/energy", and other physics notions to an economics system.  The statistical mechanics model is not constructed a-priori - it is a result of a boundedly rational assumption and modeling on existing neoclassical models.  It has been used to prove the "inevitability of collusion" result of Huw Dixon in a case for which the neoclassical version of the model does not predict collusion.   
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涨落耗散定理将二者联系起来,建立了“温度”、“熵”、“自由势/能”以及其他物理概念与经济系统的具体对应关系。统计力学模型不是先验构建的,它是有限理性假设和现有新古典主义模型建模的结果。在一个新古典主义模型不能预测合谋的案例中,它被用来证明'''<font color="#ff8000">休·迪克森 Huw Dixon</font>'''的“合谋的必然性”结果。
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“温度”、“熵”、“自由势/能”以及其他已建立的物理概念与经济系统的具体对应关系被涨落耗散定理成功联系起来。统计力学模型不是先验构建的,它是有限理性假设和现有新古典主义模型建模结合的结果。在一个新古典主义模型不能预测合谋的案例中,它被用来证明'''<font color="#ff8000">休·迪克森 Huw Dixon</font>'''的“合谋的必然性”结果。
    
Here the demand is increasing, as with [[Veblen good]]s or stock buyers with the [[Hot-hand fallacy#Consumers|"hot hand"]] fallacy preferring to buy more successful stocks and sell those that are less successful.<ref name="Johnson2005">{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Joseph|author2=Tellis, G.J. |author3=Macinnis, D.J. |s2cid=145211986|title=Losers, Winners, and Biased Trades|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|year=2005|volume=2|issue=32|pages=324–329|doi=10.1086/432241}}</ref>
 
Here the demand is increasing, as with [[Veblen good]]s or stock buyers with the [[Hot-hand fallacy#Consumers|"hot hand"]] fallacy preferring to buy more successful stocks and sell those that are less successful.<ref name="Johnson2005">{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Joseph|author2=Tellis, G.J. |author3=Macinnis, D.J. |s2cid=145211986|title=Losers, Winners, and Biased Trades|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|year=2005|volume=2|issue=32|pages=324–329|doi=10.1086/432241}}</ref>
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Here the demand is increasing, as with Veblen goods or stock buyers with the "hot hand" fallacy preferring to buy more successful stocks and sell those that are less successful.
 
Here the demand is increasing, as with Veblen goods or stock buyers with the "hot hand" fallacy preferring to buy more successful stocks and sell those that are less successful.
   −
这里的需求正在增加,就像'''<font color="#ff8000">韦伯伦商品 Veblen good</font>'''  或有'''<font color="#ff8000">短期持续性 Hot Hand</font>'''谬论的股票买家,他们更愿意买入更多成功的股票,卖出那些不那么成功的股票。
+
需求在不断的增加,就像'''<font color="#ff8000">韦伯伦商品 Veblen good</font>'''  或有'''<font color="#ff8000">短期持续性 Hot Hand</font>'''谬论的股票买家,他们更愿意买入更多成功的股票,卖出那些不那么成功的股票。
    
[[Vernon L. Smith]] used these techniques to model sociability in economics.<ref name = "CaSm">
 
[[Vernon L. Smith]] used these techniques to model sociability in economics.<ref name = "CaSm">
第125行: 第125行:  
Vernon L. Smith used these techniques to model sociability in economics. There, a model correctly predicts that agents are averse to resentment and punishment, and that there is an asymmetry between gratitude/reward and resentment/punishment.  The classical Nash equilibrium is shown to have no predictive power for that model, and the Gibbs equilibrium must be used to predict phenomena outlined in Humanomics.
 
Vernon L. Smith used these techniques to model sociability in economics. There, a model correctly predicts that agents are averse to resentment and punishment, and that there is an asymmetry between gratitude/reward and resentment/punishment.  The classical Nash equilibrium is shown to have no predictive power for that model, and the Gibbs equilibrium must be used to predict phenomena outlined in Humanomics.
   −
'''<font color="#ff8000">弗农·L·史密斯 Vernon L. Smith</font>'''利用这些技巧为经济学中的社交性建立了模型。在这里,一个模型正确地预测了行为主体反对怨恨和惩罚,以及感激/奖励和怨恨/惩罚之间的不对称情况。经典的纳什均衡点模型对这个模型没有预测能力,吉布斯平衡必须在 Humanomics 概述的现象中进行预测。
+
'''<font color="#ff8000">弗农·L·史密斯 Vernon L. Smith</font>'''利用这些技巧为经济学中的社交性建立了模型。一个模型正确地预测了行为主体反对怨恨和惩罚,以及感激/奖励和怨恨/惩罚之间的不对称情况。经典的纳什均衡点模型对这个模型没有预测能力,吉布斯平衡必须在 Humanomics 概述的现象中进行预测。
      第167行: 第167行:  
There are also analogies between finance theory and diffusion theory. For instance, the Black–Scholes equation for option pricing is a diffusion-advection equation (see however  for a critique of the Black–Scholes methodology). The Black–Scholes theory can be extended to provide an analytical theory of main factors in economic activities. Other economists, including Mauro Gallegati, Steve Keen, Paul Ormerod, and Alan Kirman have shown more interest, but also criticized some trends in econophysics. More recently, Vernon L. Smith, one of the founders of experimental economics and Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate, has used these techniques and claimed they show a lot of promise. Also several scaling laws have been found in various economic data.
 
There are also analogies between finance theory and diffusion theory. For instance, the Black–Scholes equation for option pricing is a diffusion-advection equation (see however  for a critique of the Black–Scholes methodology). The Black–Scholes theory can be extended to provide an analytical theory of main factors in economic activities. Other economists, including Mauro Gallegati, Steve Keen, Paul Ormerod, and Alan Kirman have shown more interest, but also criticized some trends in econophysics. More recently, Vernon L. Smith, one of the founders of experimental economics and Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate, has used these techniques and claimed they show a lot of promise. Also several scaling laws have been found in various economic data.
   −
在金融理论和'''<font color="#ff8000">扩散 Diffusion</font>'''理论之间也有相似之处。例如,期权定价的'''<font color="#ff8000">布莱克-斯科尔斯方程 Black–Scholes equation</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">扩散-对流 diffusion-advection</font>'''方程(见对布莱克-斯科尔斯方法论的批判)。布莱克-斯科尔斯理论可以扩展为经济活动中主要因素的分析理论。其他经济学家,包括毛罗 · 加勒盖蒂,史蒂夫 · 基恩,保罗 · 奥默罗德和艾伦 · 基尔曼对此表现出了更多的兴趣,但也批评了经济物理学的一些趋势。最近,实验经济学创始人之一、诺贝尔经济学奖得主弗农·L·史密斯使用了这些技术,并声称它们表现出良好的前景。在各种经济数据中也发现了一些标度律。
+
在金融理论和'''<font color="#ff8000">扩散 Diffusion</font>'''理论之间也有相似之处。例如,期权定价的'''<font color="#ff8000">布莱克-斯科尔斯方程 Black–Scholes equation</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">扩散-对流 diffusion-advection</font>'''方程(见对布莱克-斯科尔斯方法论的批判)。布莱克-斯科尔斯理论可以扩展为经济活动中主要因素的分析理论。其他经济学家,包括毛罗 · 加勒盖蒂,史蒂夫 · 基恩,保罗 · 奥默罗德和艾伦 · 基尔曼对此表现出了更多的兴趣,但也批评了经济物理学的一些趋势。最近,实验经济学创始人之一、诺贝尔经济学奖得主弗农·L·史密斯使用了这些技术并承诺它们会有非常良好的前景。同时,在各种经济数据中,也发现了标度律的存在。
      −
Presently, one of the main results of econophysics comprises the explanation of the "fat tails" in the distribution of many kinds of financial data as a universal self-similar scaling property (i.e. scale invariant over many orders of magnitude in the data), arising from the tendency of individual market competitors, or of aggregates of them, to exploit systematically and optimally the prevailing "microtrends" (e.g., rising or falling prices). These "fat tails" are not only mathematically important, because they comprise the  risks, which may be on the one hand, very small such that one may tend to neglect them, but which - on the other hand - are not negligible at all, i.e. they can never be made exponentially tiny, but instead follow a measurable algebraically decreasing power law, for example with a failure probability of only <math>P\propto x^{-4}\,,</math> where x is an increasingly large variable  in the tail region of the distribution considered (i.e. a price statistics with much more than 10<sup>8</sup> data). I.e., the events considered are not simply "outliers" but must really be taken into account and cannot be "insured away".&nbsp; The "fat tails" are also observed in commodity markets.
  −
  −
目前,经济物理学的主要研究成果之一是将多种金融数据分布中的“肥尾”解释为一种普遍的自相似标度性质(即“肥尾”)。由于个别市场竞争对手或他们的整体趋势有系统和最佳地利用当前的「微观趋势」(例如,价格上升或下跌)而引起的数量级。这些“肥尾”不仅在数学上很重要,因为它们包含了风险,这些风险一方面可能非常小,以至于人们可能会忽略它们,但另一方面,这些风险一点也不可忽视。它们永远不可能成指数微小,而是遵循一个可测量的代数递减幂律,例如,故障概率只有<math>P\propto x^{-4}\,,</math>其中x在所考虑的分布的尾部区域是一个越来越大的变量(例如,x = 0。一个价格统计数据远远超过10<sup>8</sup>)。也就是说,所考虑的事件不仅仅是“异常值” ,而是必须真正加以考虑,不能“保走”。商品市场也出现了“肥尾”现象。
      
==Influence==
 
==Influence==
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Papers on econophysics have been published primarily in journals devoted to physics and statistical mechanics, rather than in leading economics journals. Some [[Mainstream economics|Mainstream economists]] have generally been unimpressed by this work.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Philip Ball |title=Econophysics: Culture Crash |journal=Nature |volume=441 |pages=686–688 |year=2006 |doi=10.1038/441686a |pmid=16760949 |issue=7094|bibcode = 2006Natur.441..686B |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.8120 |s2cid=4319192 }}</ref> Other economists, including [[Mauro Gallegati]], [[Steve Keen]], [[Paul Ormerod]], and Alan Kirman have shown more interest, but also criticized some trends in econophysics. More recently, [[Vernon L. Smith]], one of the founders of [[experimental economics]] and [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] laureate, has used these techniques and claimed they show a lot of promise.<ref name = CaSm></ref>   
 
Papers on econophysics have been published primarily in journals devoted to physics and statistical mechanics, rather than in leading economics journals. Some [[Mainstream economics|Mainstream economists]] have generally been unimpressed by this work.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Philip Ball |title=Econophysics: Culture Crash |journal=Nature |volume=441 |pages=686–688 |year=2006 |doi=10.1038/441686a |pmid=16760949 |issue=7094|bibcode = 2006Natur.441..686B |citeseerx=10.1.1.188.8120 |s2cid=4319192 }}</ref> Other economists, including [[Mauro Gallegati]], [[Steve Keen]], [[Paul Ormerod]], and Alan Kirman have shown more interest, but also criticized some trends in econophysics. More recently, [[Vernon L. Smith]], one of the founders of [[experimental economics]] and [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]] laureate, has used these techniques and claimed they show a lot of promise.<ref name = CaSm></ref>   
   −
关于经济物理学的论文主要发表在专门研究物理学和统计力学的期刊上,而不是主要的经济学期刊上。一些'''<font color="#ff8000">主流经济学家 Mainstream economics</font>'''普遍对这项研究不以为然。其他经济学家,包括'''<font color="#ff8000">毛罗·加勒盖蒂 Mauro Gallegati </font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">史蒂夫·基恩  Steve Keen</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">保罗·奥默罗德 Paul Ormerod</font>'''和艾伦·基尔曼对此表现出了更多的兴趣,但也批评了经济物理学的一些趋势。最近,'''<font color="#ff8000">实验经济学 experimental economics</font>'''创始人之一、'''<font color="#ff8000">诺贝尔经济学奖 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</font>'''得主'''<font color="#ff8000">弗农·L·史密斯 Vernon L. Smith</font>'''使用了这些技术,并声称它们表现出良好的前景。
+
关于经济物理学的论文主要发表在专门研究物理学和统计力学的期刊上,而不是主要的经济学期刊上。一些'''<font color="#ff8000">主流经济学家 Mainstream economics</font>'''普遍对这项研究不以为然。其他经济学家,包括'''<font color="#ff8000">毛罗·加勒盖蒂 Mauro Gallegati </font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">史蒂夫·基恩  Steve Keen</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000">保罗·奥默罗德 Paul Ormerod</font>'''和艾伦·基尔曼对此表现出了更多的兴趣,但也批评了经济物理学的一些趋势。最近,'''<font color="#ff8000">实验经济学 experimental economics</font>'''创始人之一、'''<font color="#ff8000">诺贝尔经济学奖 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</font>'''得主'''<font color="#ff8000">弗农·L·史密斯 Vernon L. Smith</font>'''使用了这些技术并承诺它们会有非常良好的前景。
 
      
Econophysics is having some impacts on the more applied field of [[quantitative finance]], whose scope and aims significantly differ from those of economic theory. Various econophysicists have introduced models for price fluctuations in [[physics of financial markets]] or original points of view on established models.<ref name="autogenerated2003"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Enrico Scalas |title=The application of continuous-time random walks in finance and economics |journal=Physica A |volume=362 |pages=225–239 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2005.11.024|bibcode = 2006PhyA..362..225S |issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Y. Shapira |author2=Y. Berman |author3=E. Ben-Jacob |title=Modelling the short term herding behaviour of stock markets |journal=New Journal of Physics |volume=16 |issue=5 |year=2014 | doi= 10.1088/1367-2630/16/5/053040|bibcode = 2014NJPh...16e3040S |page=053040|doi-access=free }}</ref> Also several scaling laws have been found in various economic data.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Y. Liu |author2=P. Gopikrishnan |author3=P. Cizeau |author4=M. Meyer |author5=C.-K. Peng |author6=H. E. Stanley |title=Statistical properties of the volatility of price fluctuations |year=1999| journal=[[Physical Review E]]| volume=60| issue=2|pages=1390–400 | doi= 10.1103/PhysRevE.60.1390|pmid=11969899 |arxiv = cond-mat/9903369 |bibcode = 1999PhRvE..60.1390L |citeseerx=10.1.1.241.9346 |s2cid=7512788 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=M. H. R. Stanley |author2=L. A. N. Amaral |author3=S. V. Buldyrev |author4=S. Havlin |author5=H. Leschhorn |author6=P. Maass |author7=M. A. Salinger |author8=H. E. Stanley |title=Scaling behaviour in the growth of companies  |journal=Nature |volume=379 |page=804 |year=1996| url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scaling+behaviour+in+the+growth+of+companies&year=*&match=all |doi=10.1038/379804a0 |issue=6568|bibcode = 1996Natur.379..804S |s2cid=4361375 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=K. Yamasaki |author2=L. Muchnik |author3=S. Havlin |author4=A. Bunde |author5=H.E. Stanley |title=Scaling and memory in volatility return intervals in financial markets |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |pages=9424–8  |year=2005| url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scaling+and+memory+in+volatility+return+intervals+in+financial+markets&year=*&match=all |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502613102 |pmid=15980152 |issue=26 |pmc=1166612|bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.9424Y }}</ref>
 
Econophysics is having some impacts on the more applied field of [[quantitative finance]], whose scope and aims significantly differ from those of economic theory. Various econophysicists have introduced models for price fluctuations in [[physics of financial markets]] or original points of view on established models.<ref name="autogenerated2003"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Enrico Scalas |title=The application of continuous-time random walks in finance and economics |journal=Physica A |volume=362 |pages=225–239 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2005.11.024|bibcode = 2006PhyA..362..225S |issue=2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Y. Shapira |author2=Y. Berman |author3=E. Ben-Jacob |title=Modelling the short term herding behaviour of stock markets |journal=New Journal of Physics |volume=16 |issue=5 |year=2014 | doi= 10.1088/1367-2630/16/5/053040|bibcode = 2014NJPh...16e3040S |page=053040|doi-access=free }}</ref> Also several scaling laws have been found in various economic data.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Y. Liu |author2=P. Gopikrishnan |author3=P. Cizeau |author4=M. Meyer |author5=C.-K. Peng |author6=H. E. Stanley |title=Statistical properties of the volatility of price fluctuations |year=1999| journal=[[Physical Review E]]| volume=60| issue=2|pages=1390–400 | doi= 10.1103/PhysRevE.60.1390|pmid=11969899 |arxiv = cond-mat/9903369 |bibcode = 1999PhRvE..60.1390L |citeseerx=10.1.1.241.9346 |s2cid=7512788 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=M. H. R. Stanley |author2=L. A. N. Amaral |author3=S. V. Buldyrev |author4=S. Havlin |author5=H. Leschhorn |author6=P. Maass |author7=M. A. Salinger |author8=H. E. Stanley |title=Scaling behaviour in the growth of companies  |journal=Nature |volume=379 |page=804 |year=1996| url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scaling+behaviour+in+the+growth+of+companies&year=*&match=all |doi=10.1038/379804a0 |issue=6568|bibcode = 1996Natur.379..804S |s2cid=4361375 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=K. Yamasaki |author2=L. Muchnik |author3=S. Havlin |author4=A. Bunde |author5=H.E. Stanley |title=Scaling and memory in volatility return intervals in financial markets |journal=PNAS |volume=102 |pages=9424–8  |year=2005| url=http://havlin.biu.ac.il/Publications.php?keyword=Scaling+and+memory+in+volatility+return+intervals+in+financial+markets&year=*&match=all |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502613102 |pmid=15980152 |issue=26 |pmc=1166612|bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.9424Y }}</ref>
   −
经济物理学对'''<font color="#ff8000">定量金融学 quantitative finance</font>'''的应用领域产生了一定的影响,定量金融学的研究范围和研究目标与经济学理论有很大的不同。各种经济物理学家介绍了'''<font color="#ff8000">金融市场物理学 physics of financial markets</font>'''中的价格波动模型或已建立模型的原始观点。在各种经济数据中也发现了一些标度律。
+
经济物理学对'''<font color="#ff8000">定量金融学 quantitative finance</font>'''的应用领域产生了一定的影响,定量金融学的研究范围和研究目标与经济学理论有很大的不同。各种经济物理学家介绍了'''<font color="#ff8000">金融市场物理学 physics of financial markets</font>'''中的价格波动模型或已建立模型的原始观点。在各种经济数据中也发现了标度律的存在。
    
==Main results==
 
==Main results==
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Presently, one of the main results of econophysics comprises the explanation of the [[Fat-tailed distribution|"fat tails"]] in the distribution of many kinds of financial data as a [[Universality class|universal]] self-similar [[scaling invariance|scaling]] property (i.e. scale invariant over many orders of magnitude in the data),<ref>The physicists noted the scaling behaviour of "fat tails" through a letter to the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' by Rosario N. Mantegna and H. Eugene Stanley: ''Scaling behavior in the dynamics of an economic index'', Nature Vol. 376, pages 46-49 (1995)</ref> arising from the tendency of individual market competitors, or of aggregates of them, to exploit systematically and optimally the prevailing "microtrends" (e.g., rising or falling prices). These "fat tails" are not only mathematically important, because they comprise the  [[risk]]s, which may be on the one hand, very small such that one may tend to neglect them, but which - on the other hand - are not negligible at all, i.e. they can never be made exponentially tiny, but instead follow a measurable algebraically decreasing power law, for example with a ''failure probability'' of only <math>P\propto x^{-4}\,,</math> where ''x'' is an increasingly large variable  in the tail region of the distribution considered (i.e. a price statistics with much more than 10<sup>8</sup> data). I.e., the events considered are not simply "outliers" but must really be taken into account and cannot be "insured away".<ref name="Preis" />&nbsp; It appears that it also plays a role that near a change of the tendency (e.g. from falling to rising prices) there are typical "panic reactions" of the selling or buying agents with algebraically increasing bargain rapidities and volumes.<ref name="Preis">See for example Preis, Mantegna, 2003.</ref>&nbsp; The "fat tails" are also observed in [[commodity market]]s.
+
Presently, one of the main results of econophysics comprises the explanation of the "fat tails" in the distribution of many kinds of financial data as a universal self-similar scaling property (i.e. scale invariant over many orders of magnitude in the data), arising from the tendency of individual market competitors, or of aggregates of them, to exploit systematically and optimally the prevailing "microtrends" (e.g., rising or falling prices). These "fat tails" are not only mathematically important, because they comprise the  risks, which may be on the one hand, very small such that one may tend to neglect them, but which - on the other hand - are not negligible at all, i.e. they can never be made exponentially tiny, but instead follow a measurable algebraically decreasing power law, for example with a failure probability of only <math>P\propto x^{-4}\,,</math> where x is an increasingly large variable  in the tail region of the distribution considered (i.e. a price statistics with much more than 10<sup>8</sup> data). I.e., the events considered are not simply "outliers" but must really be taken into account and cannot be "insured away".&nbsp; The "fat tails" are also observed in commodity markets.
 
     −
目前,经济物理学的主要研究成果之一是将多种金融数据分布中的'''<font color="#ff8000">肥尾 fat tails</font>'''解释为一种'''<font color="#ff8000">通用的 universal</font>'''自相似'''<font color="#ff8000">标度 scaling</font>'''性质(即“肥尾”)。由于个别市场竞争对手或他们的整体趋势有系统和最佳地利用当前的「微观趋势」(例如,价格上升或下跌)而引起的数量级。这些“肥尾”不仅在数学上很重要,因为它们包含了'''<font color="#ff8000">风险 risk</font>''',这些风险一方面可能非常小,以至于人们可能会忽略它们,但另一方面,这些风险一点也不可忽视。它们永远不可能成指数微小,而是遵循一个可测量的代数递减幂律,例如,故障概率只有<math>P\propto x^{-4}\,,</math>其中x在所考虑的分布的尾部区域是一个越来越大的变量(例如,x = 0。一个价格统计数据远远超过10<sup>8</sup>)。也就是说,所考虑的事件不仅仅是“异常值” ,而是必须真正加以考虑,不能“保走”。'''<font color="#ff8000">商品市场 commodity market</font>'''也出现了“肥尾”现象。
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目前,经济物理学的主要研究成果之一是将多种金融数据分布中的“肥尾”解释为一种普遍的自相似标度性质(即“肥尾”)。因个人的倾向市场竞争对手,或聚合,利用系统和最佳流行的“微观趋势”(例如,价格上升或下降)。这些“肥尾”不仅在数学上很重要,因为它们包含了风险,这些风险一方面可能非常小,以至于人们可能会忽略它们,但另一方面,这些风险一点也不可忽视。它们永远不可能成指数微小,而是遵循一个可测量的代数递减幂律,例如,故障概率只有<math>P\propto x^{-4}\,,</math>其中x在所考虑的分布的尾部区域是一个越来越大的变量(例如,x = 0。一个价格统计数据远远超过10<sup>8</sup>)。也就是说,所考虑的事件不仅仅是“异常值” ,而是必须真正加以考虑,不能“保走”。商品市场也出现了“肥尾”现象。
     
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