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By the late 20th century, RCTs were recognized as the standard method for "rational therapeutics" in medicine.  As of 2004, more than 150,000 RCTs were in the Cochrane Library. has been applied to RCTs, the ethics of RCTs have special considerations.  For one, it has been argued that equipoise itself is insufficient to justify RCTs.  For another, "collective equipoise" can conflict with a lack of personal equipoise (e.g., a personal belief that an intervention is effective).  Finally, Zelen's design, which has been used for some RCTs, randomizes subjects before they provide informed consent, which may be ethical for RCTs of screening and selected therapies, but is likely unethical "for most therapeutic trials."

By the late 20th century, RCTs were recognized as the standard method for "rational therapeutics" in medicine.  As of 2004, more than 150,000 RCTs were in the Cochrane Library. has been applied to RCTs, the ethics of RCTs have special considerations.  For one, it has been argued that equipoise itself is insufficient to justify RCTs.  For another, "collective equipoise" can conflict with a lack of personal equipoise (e.g., a personal belief that an intervention is effective).  Finally, Zelen's design, which has been used for some RCTs, randomizes subjects before they provide informed consent, which may be ethical for RCTs of screening and selected therapies, but is likely unethical "for most therapeutic trials."

到20世纪后期，随机对照试验被公认为医学“合理疗法”的标准方法。截至2004年，美国 Cochrane图书馆有超过15万个随机对照试验。但是，随机对照试验的伦理问题有着特殊的考虑。首先，有人认为平衡本身不足以证明随机对照试验的合理性。另一方面，“集体均势”可能与缺乏个人均势相冲突(例如，个人认为干预是有效的)。最后，Zelen 的设计，已经被用于一些随机试验，在受试者提供知情同意之前随机化，这对于筛选和选择性治疗的随机试验来说可能是合乎道德的，但是对于“大多数治疗试验”来说可能是不道德的

到20世纪后期，随机对照试验被公认为医学“合理疗法”的标准方法。截至2004年，美国 Cochrane图书馆有超过15万个随机对照试验。但是，随机对照试验的伦理问题具有特殊性。首先，有人认为平衡本身不足以证明随机对照试验的合理性。另一方面，“集体均势”可能与缺乏个人均势相冲突(例如，个人认为干预是有效的)。最后，Zelen 的设计，已经被用于一些随机试验，在受试者提供知情同意之前随机化，这对于筛选和选择性治疗的随机试验来说可能是合乎道德的，但是对于“大多数治疗试验”来说可能是不道德的。

== Ethics ==

== Ethics ==