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医学上首次发表的随机对照试验出现在1948年题为“Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis”的论文中，这篇论文描述了医学研究理事会的一项调查。<ref name="MRC-1948">{{Cite journal | author = Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee | title = Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A Medical Research Council investigation| journal = Br Med J | volume = 2 | issue = 4582 | pages = 769–82 | year = 1948 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.4582.769 | pmid = 18890300 | pmc = 2091872 }}</ref><ref name="Brown-1998">{{cite news |title= Landmark study made research resistant to bias |author= Brown D |newspaper= Washington Post |date=1998-11-02 }}</ref><ref name="Shikata-2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shikata S, Nakayama T, Noguchi Y, Taji Y, Yamagishi H | title = Comparison of effects in randomized controlled trials with observational studies in digestive surgery | journal = Ann Surg | volume = 244 | issue = 5 | pages = 668–76 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1097/01.sla.0000225356.04304.bc | pmc=1856609 | pmid = 17060757 }}</ref>这篇论文的作者之一是Austin Bradford Hill，被认为是构想出了现代 RCT理论。<ref name="Stolberg-2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stolberg HO, Norman G, Trop I | title = Randomized controlled trials | journal = Am J Roentgenol | volume = 183 | issue = 6 | pages = 1539–44 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15547188 | doi=10.2214/ajr.183.6.01831539}}</ref>

医学上首次发表的随机对照试验出现在1948年题为《Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis》的论文中，这篇论文描述了医学研究理事会的一项调查。<ref name="MRC-1948">{{Cite journal | author = Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee | title = Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A Medical Research Council investigation| journal = Br Med J | volume = 2 | issue = 4582 | pages = 769–82 | year = 1948 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.4582.769 | pmid = 18890300 | pmc = 2091872 }}</ref><ref name="Brown-1998">{{cite news |title= Landmark study made research resistant to bias |author= Brown D |newspaper= Washington Post |date=1998-11-02 }}</ref><ref name="Shikata-2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shikata S, Nakayama T, Noguchi Y, Taji Y, Yamagishi H | title = Comparison of effects in randomized controlled trials with observational studies in digestive surgery | journal = Ann Surg | volume = 244 | issue = 5 | pages = 668–76 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1097/01.sla.0000225356.04304.bc | pmc=1856609 | pmid = 17060757 }}</ref>这篇论文的作者之一是Austin Bradford Hill，被认为是构想出了现代 RCT理论。<ref name="Stolberg-2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stolberg HO, Norman G, Trop I | title = Randomized controlled trials | journal = Am J Roentgenol | volume = 183 | issue = 6 | pages = 1539–44 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15547188 | doi=10.2214/ajr.183.6.01831539}}</ref>