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→历史
== 历史 ==
== 历史 ==
据报道，1747年James Lind进行了第一个临床试验，目的是确定治疗坏血病的方法。<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=1720613 | pmid=9059193 | volume=76 |issue = 1| title=James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy | date=January 1997 | author=Dunn PM | journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. | pages=F64–5 | doi=10.1136/fn.76.1.f64}}</ref>1784年，French Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism进行了第一次盲法实验，以调查催眠术的说法。19世纪下半叶，一篇提倡研究人员失明的早期文章来自Claude Bernard。Bernard建议实验的观察者不要知道正在被测试的假设。这一建议与启蒙时代流行的态度形成鲜明对比，即科学观察只有由受过良好教育、消息灵通的科学家进行才能客观有效。<ref>
据报道，1747年James Lind进行了第一个临床试验，目的是确定治疗坏血病的方法。<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=1720613 | pmid=9059193 | volume=76 |issue = 1| title=James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy | date=January 1997 | author=Dunn PM | journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. | pages=F64–5 | doi=10.1136/fn.76.1.f64}}</ref>1784年，French Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism进行了第一次盲法实验，以调查催眠术的说法。19世纪下半叶，一篇提倡研究人员失明的早期文章来自Claude Bernard。Bernard建议实验的观察者不要知道正在被测试的假设。这一建议与启蒙时代流行的态度形成鲜明对比，即科学观察只有由受过良好教育、消息灵通的科学家进行才能客观有效。<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Daston|first=Lorraine | name-list-style = vanc |title=Scientific Error and the Ethos of Belief|journal=Social Research|volume=72|number=1|year=2005|page=18}}</ref>1907年，W. H. R. Rivers和H. N. Webber进行了第一项有记录的盲法研究，研究咖啡因的作用。<ref name="pmid16992882">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivers WH, Webber HN | title = The action of caffeine on the capacity for muscular work | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–47 | date = August 1907 | pmid = 16992882 | pmc = 1533733 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1907.sp001215 }}</ref>
{{cite journal|last=Daston|first=Lorraine title=Scientific Error and the Ethos of Belief|journal=Social Research|volume=72|number=1|year=2005|page=18}}</ref>1907年，W. H. R. Rivers和H. N. Webber进行了第一项有记录的盲法研究，研究咖啡因的作用。<ref name="pmid16992882">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rivers WH, Webber HN | title = The action of caffeine on the capacity for muscular work | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–47 | date = August 1907 | pmid = 16992882 | pmc = 1533733 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.1907.sp001215 }}</ref>
在19世纪80年代，Charles Sanders Peirce和Joseph Jastrow在心理学<ref>{{cite journal| author=Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow|year=1885|title=On Small Differences in Sensation| journal=Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=3|pages=73–83|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm}} http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm</ref>和教育学<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/354775|first=Ian|last=Hacking|author-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=Isis (journal)|series=A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment|volume=79|issue=3|date=September 1988 |pages=427–451|jstor=234674|mr=1013489}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/444032|author=Stephen M. Stigler|title=A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research| journal=American Journal of Education| volume=101|issue=1|date=November 1992|pages=60–70|author-link=Stephen M. Stigler}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/383850|author=Trudy Dehue|title=Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design|journal=Isis (journal)|volume=88|issue=4|date=December 1997|pages=653–673|pmid=9519574|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/71855616/237831.pdf}}</ref>领域引入随机实验。
在19世纪80年代，Charles Sanders Peirce和Joseph Jastrow在心理学<ref>{{cite journal| author=Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow|year=1885|title=On Small Differences in Sensation| journal=Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=3|pages=73–83|url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm}} http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm</ref>和教育学<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/354775|first=Ian|last=Hacking|author-link=Ian Hacking | title=Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design|journal=Isis (journal)|series=A Special Issue on Artifact and Experiment|volume=79|issue=3|date=September 1988 |pages=427–451|jstor=234674|mr=1013489}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/444032|author=Stephen M. Stigler|title=A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research| journal=American Journal of Education| volume=101|issue=1|date=November 1992|pages=60–70|author-link=Stephen M. Stigler}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/383850|author=Trudy Dehue|title=Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design|journal=Isis (journal)|volume=88|issue=4|date=December 1997|pages=653–673|pmid=9519574|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/71855616/237831.pdf}}</ref>领域引入随机实验。
到20世纪后期，随机对照试验被公认为医学“合理疗法”的标准方法。<ref name="Meldrum-2000">{{Cite journal | author = Meldrum ML | title = A brief history of the randomized controlled trial. From oranges and lemons to the gold standard | journal = Hematol Oncol Clin North Am | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 745–60, vii | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70309-9 | pmid = 10949771 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1260107 }}</ref>截至2004年，美国 Cochrane图书馆有超过15万本随机对照试验的参考资料。<ref name="Stolberg-2004" /> 为了改进医学文献中对随机对照试验的报道，一个由科学家和编辑组成的国际小组在1996年、2001年和2010年发布了Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)声明，这些声明已被广泛接受。<ref name="Schulz-2010" /><ref name="Moher-2010" />随机化是将试验受试者分配到治疗组或对照组的过程，使用机会因素来确定分配，以减少偏差。
到20世纪后期，随机对照试验被公认为医学“合理疗法”的标准方法。<ref name="Meldrum-2000">{{Cite journal | author = Meldrum ML | title = A brief history of the randomized controlled trial. From oranges and lemons to the gold standard | journal = Hematol Oncol Clin North Am | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 745–60, vii | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70309-9 | pmid = 10949771 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1260107 }}</ref>截至2004年，美国 Cochrane图书馆有超过15万本随机对照试验的参考资料。<ref name="Stolberg-2004" /> 为了改进医学文献中对随机对照试验的报道，一个由科学家和编辑组成的国际小组在1996年、2001年和2010年发布了Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)声明，这些声明已被广泛接受。<ref name="Schulz-2010" /><ref name="Moher-2010" />随机化是将试验受试者分配到治疗组或对照组的过程，使用机会因素来确定分配，以减少偏差。
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== 伦理 ==
== 伦理 ==