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→关键的生物化学成分
|纤维蛋白和球状蛋白
|纤维蛋白和球状蛋白
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| 碳水化合物 || 单糖 || 多糖 || 淀粉, 糖原 and 纤维素
| 碳水化合物 || 单糖 || 多糖 || 淀粉, 糖原 和 纤维素
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| 核酸 || 核苷酸 || 多核苷酸 || DNA and RNA<br />
| 核酸 || 核苷酸 || 多核苷酸 || DNA 和 RNA<br />
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|}
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过渡金属通常以微量元素的形式存在于生物体内，其中锌和铁最为丰富<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Torres-Romero JC, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Fernández-Martín K, Alvarez-Sánchez LC, Arana-Argáez V, Ramírez-Camacho M, Lara-Riegos J | chapter=Zinc Efflux in Trichomonas vaginalis: In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of CDF-Like Genes|date=2018| title =Quantitative Models for Microscopic to Macroscopic Biological Macromolecules and Tissues|pages=149–168| veditors = Olivares-Quiroz L, Resendis-Antonio O |place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|isbn=978-3-319-73975-5 }}</ref>。这些金属元素在某些蛋白质中作为辅因子，是催化酶等酶和血红蛋白等氧载体蛋白活性所必需的金属辅因子。<ref>{{cite book|last=Craig Will|first=Leonard Ashley | name-list-style = vanc |title=Manufacturing Engineering & Technology|publisher=Scientific e-Resources|year=2019|isbn=9781839472428|location=Waltham Abbey|pages=190–196}}</ref>金属辅因子与蛋白质中的特定位点紧密结合，虽然在催化过程中酶的辅因子可以被改变，但在催化反应结束时，它们总是恢复到原来的状态。金属微量营养素由特定的转运体带入生物体内，不用时与储存蛋白如铁蛋白或金属硫蛋白结合<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cousins RJ, Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA | title = Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 281 | issue = 34 | pages = 24085–9 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16793761 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.R600011200 | url = https://www.jbc.org/content/281/34/24085 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunn LL, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Richardson DR | title = Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 93–100 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17194590 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003 }}</ref>。
过渡金属通常以微量元素的形式存在于生物体内，其中锌和铁最为丰富<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Torres-Romero JC, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Fernández-Martín K, Alvarez-Sánchez LC, Arana-Argáez V, Ramírez-Camacho M, Lara-Riegos J | chapter=Zinc Efflux in Trichomonas vaginalis: In Silico Identification and Expression Analysis of CDF-Like Genes|date=2018| title =Quantitative Models for Microscopic to Macroscopic Biological Macromolecules and Tissues|pages=149–168| veditors = Olivares-Quiroz L, Resendis-Antonio O |place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|isbn=978-3-319-73975-5 }}</ref>。这些金属元素在某些蛋白质中作为辅因子，是催化酶等酶和血红蛋白等氧载体蛋白活性所必需的金属辅因子。<ref>{{cite book|last=Craig Will|first=Leonard Ashley | name-list-style = vanc |title=Manufacturing Engineering & Technology|publisher=Scientific e-Resources|year=2019|isbn=9781839472428|location=Waltham Abbey|pages=190–196}}</ref>金属辅因子与蛋白质中的特定位点紧密结合，虽然在催化过程中酶的辅因子可以被改变，但在催化反应结束时，它们总是恢复到原来的状态。金属微量营养素由特定的转运体带入生物体内，不用时与储存蛋白如铁蛋白或金属硫蛋白结合<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cousins RJ, Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA | title = Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 281 | issue = 34 | pages = 24085–9 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16793761 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.R600011200 | url = https://www.jbc.org/content/281/34/24085 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dunn LL, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Richardson DR | title = Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 93–100 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17194590 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003 }}</ref>。
== 分解代谢 ==
== 分解代谢 ==