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第206行： − 虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗(John Laurent)表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙(Richard Semon)的研究。Semon 认为“ mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的。劳伦特还发现了 mneme 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克(James Gleick)将道金斯的“文化基因”(meme)概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”。+
→提出“模因”概念
In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes. It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of memetics, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.
In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes. It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of memetics, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.
道金斯在《自私的基因》一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(相当于行为学上基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)和苏珊•布莱克莫尔(Susan Blackmore) ，这个概念呈现出了自己的生命力。这些流行后来导致了模因论的出现，道金斯已经远离了这个领域。<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=[[Perspectives on Science]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057|s2cid=57569644 }}{{open access}}</ref>
道金斯在《自私的基因》一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(相当于行为学上基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)和苏珊•布莱克莫尔(Susan Blackmore) ，这个概念呈现出了自己的生命力。这些作家的推广后来引发了模因论的出现，而道金斯已经远离了这个领域。<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=[[Perspectives on Science]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057|s2cid=57569644 }}{{open access}}</ref>
Dawkins's ''meme'' refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of [[cultural evolution]] based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |title=Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World |year=1994 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=United States |isbn=978-0-201-48340-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell/page/360 360]| title-link = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World}}</ref>
Dawkins's ''meme'' refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of [[cultural evolution]] based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |title=Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World |year=1994 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=United States |isbn=978-0-201-48340-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell/page/360 360]| title-link = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World}}</ref>
Dawkins's meme refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.
Dawkins's meme refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.
道金斯的模因指的是任何文化实体，一个观察者可能会考虑一个复制者的某个想法或一套想法。他推测，人们可能认为许多文化实体有能力进行这种复制，通常是通过与人类的交流和接触，人类已经进化成了高效(尽管并不完美)的信息和行为复制者。因为模因并不总是完美的复制，它们可能会被改进，结合，或者被其他观点修改; 这就导致了新的模因，它们自身可能证明比它们的前辈更多或更少有效的复制因子，从而为基于模因的文化进化假设提供了一个框架，这个概念类似于基于基因的生物进化理论。
道金斯的模因指的是任何文化实体，一个观察者可能会考虑一个复制者的某个想法或一套想法。他推测，人们可能认为许多文化实体有能力进行这种复制，通常是通过与人类的交流和接触，人类已经进化成了高效(尽管并不完美)的信息和行为复制者。因为模因并不总是完美的复制，它们可能会演化、结合、或者被其他观点修改，这就导致了新的模因，它们自身可能会证明是比它们的前辈更有效/低效的复制因子，从而为基于模因的文化进化假设提供了一个框架，这个概念类似于基于基因的生物进化理论<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |title=Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World |year=1994 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=United States |isbn=978-0-201-48340-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell/page/360 360]| title-link = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World}}</ref>。
Although Dawkins invented the term ''meme'', he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist [[Richard Semon]].<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as [[Lamarckian]] by modern biologists.<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref> Laurent also found the use of the term ''mneme'' in [[Maurice Maeterlinck]]'s ''The Life of the White Ant'' (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work.<ref name=mneme/> In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by claiming that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme".<ref name="leiden"/> Nonetheless, [[James Gleick]] describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his [[The Selfish Gene|selfish gene]]s or his later proselytising against religiosity".<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>
Although Dawkins invented the term ''meme'', he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist [[Richard Semon]].<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as [[Lamarckian]] by modern biologists.<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref> Laurent also found the use of the term ''mneme'' in [[Maurice Maeterlinck]]'s ''The Life of the White Ant'' (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work.<ref name=mneme/> In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by claiming that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme".<ref name="leiden"/> Nonetheless, [[James Gleick]] describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his [[The Selfish Gene|selfish gene]]s or his later proselytising against religiosity".<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>
Although Dawkins invented the term meme, he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel, and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon. Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as Lamarckian by modern biologists. Laurent also found the use of the term mneme in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work. In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by claiming that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme". Nonetheless, James Gleick describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytising against religiosity".
Although Dawkins invented the term meme, he has not claimed that the idea was entirely novel, and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon. Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as Lamarckian by modern biologists. Laurent also found the use of the term mneme in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work. In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by claiming that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme". Nonetheless, James Gleick describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytising against religiosity".
虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗(John Laurent)表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙(Richard Semon)的研究<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。塞蒙认为“mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref>。洛朗还发现了“mneme” 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的<ref name=mneme/> 。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克(James Gleick)将道金斯的“文化基因”(meme)概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>。
=== Foundation ===
=== Foundation ===