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理查德·道金斯 (查看源代码)

2021年9月1日 (三) 16:31的版本

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虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗(John Laurent)表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙(Richard Semon)的研究<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。塞蒙认为“mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref>。洛朗还发现了“mneme” 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的<ref name=mneme/> 。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克(James Gleick)将道金斯的“文化基因”(meme)概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>。
 
虽然道金斯发明了模因这个词，但他并没有宣称这个想法是完全新颖的<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |title=Memes |work=Center for the Study of Complex Systems |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=14 August 2009 |last=Shalizi |first=Cosma Rohilla |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422091304/http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/memetics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，过去也有其他类似的表达方式。例如，约翰•洛朗(John Laurent)表示，这个术语可能源自鲜为人知的德国生物学家理查德•塞蒙(Richard Semon)的研究<ref name="mneme">{{Cite book |last=Laurent |first=John |year=1999 |title=A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes' |work=Journal of Memetics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=14–19 |url=http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325202014/http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1999/vol3/laurent_j.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。塞蒙认为“mneme”是遗传的神经记忆痕迹(有意识或潜意识)的集合，尽管这种观点被现代生物学家认为是拉马克主义的<ref name="leiden">{{Cite web |last=van Driem |first=George |year=2007 |title=Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060835/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249904767_Symbiosism_Symbiomism_and_the_Leiden_definition_of_the_meme |url-status=live }}</ref>。洛朗还发现了“mneme” 这个词在莫里斯·梅特林克的《白蚁的生活》(1926)中的使用，梅特林克自己也表示，他是从塞蒙的作品中得到这个短语的<ref name=mneme/> 。在他自己的工作中，梅特林克试图解释白蚁和蚂蚁的记忆，声称神经记忆痕迹是“在个人记忆中”添加的。尽管如此，詹姆斯•格雷克(James Gleick)将道金斯的“文化基因”(meme)概念描述为“他最著名的创造，远比他自私的基因或后来反对宗教狂热的说教更具影响力”<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Gleick |title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Pantheon |isbn=978-0-375-42372-7 |page=269}}</ref>。
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=== Foundation ===
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=== 设立基金 ===
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{{Main|Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science}}
      
In 2006, Dawkins founded the ''Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science'' (''RDFRS''), a [[non-profit organisation]]. RDFRS financed research on the [[psychology of religion|psychology of belief and religion]], financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported [[charitable organisation]]s that are [[secularity|secular]] in nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |title=Our Mission |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |access-date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the [[Center for Inquiry]], with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |title=Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=WorldReligionNews.com |last=Lesley |first=Alison |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128080214/http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In 2006, Dawkins founded the ''Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science'' (''RDFRS''), a [[non-profit organisation]]. RDFRS financed research on the [[psychology of religion|psychology of belief and religion]], financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported [[charitable organisation]]s that are [[secularity|secular]] in nature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |title=Our Mission |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |access-date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the [[Center for Inquiry]], with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |title=Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=WorldReligionNews.com |last=Lesley |first=Alison |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128080214/http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>
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In 2006, Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-profit organisation. RDFRS financed research on the psychology of belief and religion, financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported charitable organisations that are secular in nature. In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the Center for Inquiry, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.
 
In 2006, Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-profit organisation. RDFRS financed research on the psychology of belief and religion, financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported charitable organisations that are secular in nature. In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the Center for Inquiry, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.
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2006年，Dawkins 成立了 Richard Dawkins 理性与科学基金会，这是一个非营利组织基金会。为信仰和宗教心理学的研究提供资金，资助科学教育项目和材料，宣传和支持世俗性的慈善组织。2016年1月，基金会宣布与调查中心合并，道金斯成为新组织的董事会成员。
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2006年，道金斯成立了“理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |title=Our Mission |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |access-date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150429/http://www.richarddawkins.net/foundation,ourMission |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。一个非营利组织基金会，为信仰和宗教心理学的研究提供资金，资助科学教育项目和材料，宣传和支持世俗性的慈善组织。2016年1月，基金会宣布与调查中心合并，道金斯成为新组织的董事会成员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |title=Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry |date=26 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=WorldReligionNews.com |last=Lesley |first=Alison |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128080214/http://www.worldreligionnews.com/religion-news/atheism/richard-dawkins-atheist-organization-merges-with-center-for-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref>。
    
===Criticism of religion===
 
===Criticism of religion===
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