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理查德 · 道金斯(生于1941年3月26日)<ref name="deed poll">{{author=Tortoise |title=OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5WxptJwL0Q?t=128 |website=YouTube |access-date=31 January 2020|time=2:08|date=2 December 2019}}</ref>是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>  

理查德 · 道金斯（生于1941年3月26日）是英国进化生物学家和作家。他是牛津大学新学院的荣誉退休研究员，并于1995年至2008年在牛津大学担任公众理解科学教授。作为一个无神论者，他以对神创论和智慧设计论的批判而闻名。<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |title=British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609003903/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/richard-dawkins-atheism-criticism-atheist-study-rice-university-science-scientists-a7389396.html |url-status=live}}</ref>  

道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《扩展的表现性（extended phenotype）》（译注：未找到对应中文翻译作品）一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会。

道金斯最早在1976年出版的《自私的基因》一书中崭露头角，该书推广了以基因为中心的进化论观点，并引入了“模因”(meme)一词。在1982年出版的《扩展的表现性（extended phenotype）》（译注：未找到对应中文翻译作品）一书中，他将一个有影响力的概念引入进化生物学，即基因的表现型效应不一定局限于有机体，而是可以延伸到环境中。2006年，他创立了理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会。

在《盲眼钟表匠》(1986)中，道金斯反驳了基于生命有机体的复杂性而支持存在超自然创造者的观点。相反，他将进化过程描述为类似于一个盲人钟表匠，因为繁殖、突变和选择是不受任何设计师指导的。在2006年出版的《上帝错觉》道金斯认为超自然的创造者几乎肯定不存在，而宗教信仰只是一种错觉。道金斯的无神论立场有时会引起争议。<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/09/is-richard-dawkins-destroying-his-reputation|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Elmhirst|first=Sophie|date=9 June 2015}}([[Op-ed]])</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7885670.stm|website=BBC News|date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html?amp|newspaper=The Independent|last=Blair|first=Olivia|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

在《盲眼钟表匠》(1986)中，道金斯反驳了基于生命有机体的复杂性而支持存在超自然创造者的观点。相反，他将进化过程描述为类似于一个盲人钟表匠，因为繁殖、突变和选择是不受任何设计师指导的。在2006年出版的《上帝错觉》道金斯认为超自然的创造者几乎肯定不存在，而宗教信仰只是一种错觉。道金斯的无神论立场有时会引起争议。<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jun/09/is-richard-dawkins-destroying-his-reputation|newspaper=The Guardian|last=Elmhirst|first=Sophie|date=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7885670.stm|website=BBC News|date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/richard-dawkins-vdeo-twitter-necss-event-feminism-a6841161.html?amp|newspaper=The Independent|last=Blair|first=Olivia|date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

=== 早期生活 ===

=== 早期生活 ===

1941年3月26日，克林顿·理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage Learning |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了<ref name="deed poll"/>。他是让·玛丽·维维安(Jean Mary Vyvyan，1916-2019年)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref>和克林顿·约翰·道金斯(Clinton John Dawkins，1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/>他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯住在英国的牛津<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref>。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。<ref name="Darwin's child"/>

1941年3月26日，克林顿·理查德·道金斯出生于当时的英属肯尼亚首都内罗毕<ref name="encycdotcom">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |title=Dawkins, Richard 1941– – Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage Learning |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012161749/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3449200042/dawkins-richard-1941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯后来通过契约投票把克林顿从他的名字中去掉了。他是让·玛丽·维维安(Jean Mary Vyvyan，1916-2019年)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112151/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/802104552195506178 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace. |url=https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |website=Twitter |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015025639/https://twitter.com/RichardDawkins/status/1183908617541562369 |url-status=live }}</ref>和克林顿·约翰·道金斯(Clinton John Dawkins，1915-2010年)的儿子，后者是尼亚萨兰(今天的马拉维)英国殖民局的一名农业公务员，出身于牛津郡一个有土地的贵族家庭。<ref name="encycdotcom" /><ref>Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree</ref><ref name="father's obit"/>他的父亲在第二次世界大战期间被召入国王的非洲步枪队<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=The Ancestor's Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |date=October 2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-00583-3 |page=317 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Brief Scientific Autobiography">{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |title=Brief Scientific Autobiography |access-date=17 July 2010 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621114947/http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography |archive-date=21 June 2010}}</ref>，并于1949年返回英国，当时道金斯只有八岁。他的父亲继承了位于牛津郡诺顿公园的一处乡村庄园，并进行了商业开发。<ref name="father's obit">{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Lives Remembered: John Dawkins |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 December 2010 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |access-date=12 December 2010 |location=London |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213080623/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯住在英国的牛津<ref name="strident">{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive' |first=Andrew |last=Anthony |date=15 September 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212022/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/15/richard-dawkins-interview-appetite-wonder |url-status=live }}</ref>。他有一个妹妹，叫莎拉。<ref name="Darwin's child"/>

他的父母对自然科学很感兴趣，他们用科学的术语回答了道金斯的问题。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm |title=Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith |access-date=13 March 2008 |date=12 October 2001 |work=BBC News |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯将他的童年描述为“一个正常的英国国教徒的成长过程”。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pollard |first=Nick |title=High Profile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC |volume=18 |date=April 1995 |page=15 |issn=0309-3492 |issue=3 |journal=[[Third Way Magazine|Third Way]] |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC |url-status=live }}</ref>他信奉基督教直到青少年时期的一半，那时他得出结论，进化论本身是对生命复杂性更好的解释，并且不再相信上帝。<ref name="Darwin's child">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/10/religion.scienceandnature |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |title=Darwin's child |access-date=22 April 2008 |date=10 February 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724001426/https://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/scienceandnature/story/0,6000,892495,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯说: “我（当时还）信仰宗教的主要原因是我对生活的复杂性印象深刻，感觉它必须有一个设计师才能出现如此复杂之物。我认为当我意识到达尔文主义是一个更加优越的解释时，我就被拉出了设计论观点。这让我再无信仰宗教的理由。”<ref name="Darwin's child"/>

他的父母对自然科学很感兴趣，他们用科学的术语回答了道金斯的问题。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm |title=Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith |access-date=13 March 2008 |date=12 October 2001 |work=BBC News |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯将他的童年描述为“一个正常的英国国教徒的成长过程”。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pollard |first=Nick |title=High Profile |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC |volume=18 |date=April 1995 |page=15 |issn=0309-3492 |issue=3 |journal=Third Way |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013222/https://books.google.com/books?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC |url-status=live }}</ref>他信奉基督教直到青少年时期的一半，那时他得出结论，进化论本身是对生命复杂性更好的解释，并且不再相信上帝。<ref name="Darwin's child">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/10/religion.scienceandnature |last=Hattenstone |first=Simon |title=Darwin's child |access-date=22 April 2008 |date=10 February 2003 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724001426/https://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/scienceandnature/story/0,6000,892495,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>道金斯说: “我（当时还）信仰宗教的主要原因是我对生活的复杂性印象深刻，感觉它必须有一个设计师才能出现如此复杂之物。我认为当我意识到达尔文主义是一个更加优越的解释时，我就被拉出了设计论观点。这让我再无信仰宗教的理由。”<ref name="Darwin's child"/>

1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref>，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校（Oundle School），一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校<ref name="Darwin's child"/><ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=[[Oundle School]] |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref>。在昂德尔的时候，道金斯第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学。在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导，以二等荣誉毕业。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

1949年，8岁的道金斯从尼亚萨兰回到英格兰，加入了威尔特郡的查芬格罗夫学校<ref>Alister E. McGrath, ''Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion'' (2015), p. 33</ref>，之后从1954年到1959年，他进入了北安普敦郡的奥德尔学校（Oundle School），一所有着英格兰教会精神的英国公立学校<ref name="Darwin's child"/><ref name="Oundle2012b">{{cite web |ref=CITEREFOundle2012b |url=http://www.oundleschool.org.uk./extracurric/lectures.php |title=The Oundle Lecture Series |publisher=Oundle School |year=2012b |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430063443/http://www.oundleschool.org.uk/extracurric/lectures.php |archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref>。在昂德尔的时候，道金斯第一次读了伯特兰·罗素的《为什么我不是基督徒》。他于1962年毕业于牛津大学贝利尔学院，学习动物学。在那里，他得到了诺贝尔奖获得者动物行为学家尼古拉斯·廷贝亨的指导，以二等荣誉毕业。<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |title=Preaching to the converted |journal=Daily Telegraph |last=Preston |first=John |date=17 December 2006 |access-date=9 May 2019 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210248/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3657215/Preaching-to-the-converted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

在廷贝亨的指导下，他继续作为一名研究生，在1966年获得了哲学硕士和博士学位<ref name=dawkins>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Selective pecking in the domestic chick |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1966 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX |url-status=live }} {{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.710826}}</ref>，又做了一年的研究助理<ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Curriculum vitae |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |title=Richard Dawkins: CV |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |archive-date=23 April 2008}} For direct link to media, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf this link]</ref>。廷伯根是动物行为研究的先驱，特别是在本能、学习和选择领域<ref name="Shrage">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schrage |title=Revolutionary Evolutionist |date=July 1995 |url=https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |work=Wired |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在这一时期的研究涉及动物决策模型<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=A threshold model of choice behaviour |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=17 |year=1969 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1 |pages=120–133 |issue=1}}</ref>。

在廷贝亨的指导下，他继续作为一名研究生，在1966年获得了哲学硕士和博士学位<ref name=dawkins>{{cite thesis |degree=DPhil |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=Selective pecking in the domestic chick |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1966 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020515491 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk |access-date=8 November 2017 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=SOLO&docid=oxfaleph020515491&context=L&search_scope=LSCOP_OX |url-status=live }} </ref>，又做了一年的研究助理<ref name="cv">{{cite web |url=http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225115/http://www.fontem.com/archivos/usuarios/cv_521.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Curriculum vitae |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="cv2">{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |title=Richard Dawkins: CV |date=1 January 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml |archive-date=23 April 2008}} For direct link to media, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225195322/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.pdf this link]</ref>。廷伯根是动物行为研究的先驱，特别是在本能、学习和选择领域<ref name="Shrage">{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Schrage |title=Revolutionary Evolutionist |date=July 1995 |url=https://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |work=Wired |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429065556/http://www.wired.com/1995/07/dawkins/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在这一时期的研究涉及动物决策模型<ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |title=A threshold model of choice behaviour |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=17 |year=1969 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1 |pages=120–133 |issue=1}}</ref>。

=== 教学生涯 ===

=== 教学生涯 ===

从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学副教授（Reader in Zoology）。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的西蒙尼讲席教授（公众科学普及教授），这个职位是查尔斯·西蒙尼授予的，持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Simonyi |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>。该席位第一个持有者是理查德·道金斯.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> 。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任该教授席位。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

从1967年到1969年，道金斯是加州大学伯克利分校的动物学助理教授。在此期间，加州大学伯克利分校的学生和教师大多反对正在进行的越南战争，道金斯参与了反战示威和活动<ref name="belief interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |title="Belief" interview |access-date=8 April 2008 |date=5 April 2004 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329090942/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>。1970年，他回到牛津大学担任讲师。1990年，他成为动物学副教授（Reader in Zoology）。1995年，他被任命为牛津大学的西蒙尼讲席教授（公众科学普及教授），这个职位是查尔斯·西蒙尼授予的，持有者“应该对公众对某个科学领域的理解做出重要贡献”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |title=Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship |access-date=13 March 2008 |last=Simonyi |first=Charles |date=15 May 1995 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205051240/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/charles-simonyis-manifesto.html |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>。该席位第一个持有者是理查德·道金斯.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |title=Aims of the Simonyi Professorship |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=28 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206202718/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> 。从1995年到2008年，他一直担任该教授席位。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |title=Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship |access-date=23 September 2010 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131193825/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship.html |archive-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

自1970年以来，他一直是牛津大学新学院（New College, University of Oxford）的研究员，现在是名誉研究员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=[[New College, Oxford]] |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>。他曾发表多次演讲，包括亨利·西奇威克纪念讲座(1989年)、第一次伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文纪念讲座(1990年)、迈克尔·法拉第讲座(1991年)、 T·H·赫胥黎纪念讲座(1992年)、欧文纪念讲座(1997年)、廷贝亨讲座(2004年)及坦纳讲座(2003年)<ref name=cv/>。1991年，他在皇家学会圣诞讲座发表了《在宇宙中成长的孩子》一书。他还编辑了几本期刊，并担任了 Encarta 百科全书和进化百科全书的编辑顾问。他是世俗人文主义自由调查杂志委员会的高级编辑和专栏作家，自《怀疑论》杂志成立以来，他一直是该杂志编辑委员会的成员。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

自1970年以来，他一直是牛津大学新学院（New College, University of Oxford）的研究员，现在是名誉研究员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/emeritus-honorary-and-wykeham-fellows |title=Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 January 2016 |publisher=New College, Oxford |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045539/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/Teaching_and_Research/Staff_Profile_Page.php?staffId=15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |title=The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=The University of Oxford |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311205030/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship/professor-richard-dawkins.html |archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>。他曾发表多次演讲，包括亨利·西奇威克纪念讲座(1989年)、第一次伊拉斯谟斯·达尔文纪念讲座(1990年)、迈克尔·法拉第讲座(1991年)、 T·H·赫胥黎纪念讲座(1992年)、欧文纪念讲座(1997年)、廷贝亨讲座(2004年)及坦纳讲座(2003年)<ref name=cv/>。1991年，他在皇家学会圣诞讲座发表了《在宇宙中成长的孩子》一书。他还编辑了几本期刊，并担任了 Encarta 百科全书和进化百科全书的编辑顾问。他是世俗人文主义自由调查杂志委员会的高级编辑和专栏作家，自《怀疑论》杂志成立以来，他一直是该杂志编辑委员会的成员。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |title=Editorial Board |access-date=22 April 2008 |publisher=The Skeptics' Society |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410145522/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/editorial_board.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

道金斯曾经担任过各种奖项的评委，包括皇家学会的法拉第奖和英国电视学院奖，同时也是英国科学协会生物科学部门的主席<ref name="cv" />。2004年，牛津大学贝利奥尔学院设立了道金斯奖，以表彰“对动物生态和行为的杰出研究，这些动物的福祉和生存可能受到人类活动的威胁”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |title=The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=9 November 2007 |publisher=Balliol College, Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。2008年9月，他从教授职位上退休，宣布计划“写一本针对年轻人的书，在书中他将警告他们不要相信‘反科学’的童话。”<ref name="telegraph2008">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 November 2008 |author1=Beckford, Martin |author2=Khan, Urmee |name-list-style=amp |location=London |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

道金斯曾经担任过各种奖项的评委，包括皇家学会的法拉第奖和英国电视学院奖，同时也是英国科学协会生物科学部门的主席<ref name="cv" />。2004年，牛津大学贝利奥尔学院设立了道金斯奖，以表彰“对动物生态和行为的杰出研究，这些动物的福祉和生存可能受到人类活动的威胁”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |title=The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare |access-date=30 March 2008 |date=9 November 2007 |publisher=Balliol College, Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912192317/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/official/miscellany/dawkins/index.asp |archive-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。2008年9月，他从教授职位上退休，宣布计划“写一本针对年轻人的书，在书中他将警告他们不要相信‘反科学’的童话。”<ref name="telegraph2008">{{cite news |title=Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 November 2008 |author1=Beckford, Martin |author2=Khan, Urmee |location=London |date=24 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104032214/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3255972/Harry-Potter-fails-to-cast-spell-over-Professor-Richard-Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

2011年，道金斯加入了新人文学院的教授职位。这是一所位于伦敦的私立大学，由A·C·格雷林创办，于2012年9月开办。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |title=New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[Sunday Telegraph]] |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

2011年，道金斯加入了新人文学院的教授职位。这是一所位于伦敦的私立大学，由A·C·格雷林创办，于2012年9月开办。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |title=New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=Sunday Telegraph |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113425/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8557555/New-university-to-rival-Oxbridge-will-charge-18000-a-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的 Spandrels)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |author2-link=Richard Lewontin |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G}}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref>。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面：个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家W.D.汉密尔顿在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明，如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W.D. |author-link=W. D. Hamilton |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16, 17–52 |year=1964 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |pmid=5875341}}</ref>。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，罗伯特·泰弗士从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert |title=The evolution of reciprocal altruism |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |year=1971 |doi=10.1086/406755 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Reciprocal-Altruism-Trivers/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展<ref name="dawkins79">{{cite journal |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |pages=184–200 |year=1979 |issue=2 |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x}}</ref>。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 e. o. 威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |title=Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |access-date=3 October 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |location=London |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=The Descent of Edward Wilson |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。<ref>{{cite book |title=The molecular biology of Gaia |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10512-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 178] |first1=George Ronald |last1=Williams}} [https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 Extract of page 178]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Scientists debate gaia: the next century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |year=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 |page=72 |first1=Stephen Henry |last1=Schneider |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 Extract of p. 72] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder |journal=Unweaving the Rainbow : Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |page=223 |first1=Richard |last1=Dawkins |bibcode=1998ursd.book.....D |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 Extract of p. 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>

道金斯一直对进化过程中的非适应性过程(如古尔德和路翁丁所描述的 Spandrels)以及“高于”基因水平的选择持怀疑态度<ref name="gould-lewontin">{{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay|author2=Lewontin, Richard C. |year=1979 |title=The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=205 |issue=1161 |series=B |pages=581–98 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1979.0086 |pmid=42062 |bibcode=1979RSPSB.205..581G}}</ref> and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.<ref name=Extended_Phenotype>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene |url=https://archive.org/details/extendedphenotyp0000dawk |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192880512 |edition=Revised with new afterword and further reading}}</ref>。他特别怀疑群体选择作为理解利他主义的基础的实际可能性或重要性。这种行为起初似乎是一种进化悖论，因为帮助他人会耗费宝贵的资源，并降低自己的适应能力。以前，许多人把这解释为群体选择的一个方面：个体做的是对种群或整个物种的生存最有利的事情。英国进化生物学家W.D.汉密尔顿在他的整体适应度理论中使用基因频率分析来说明，如果这种利他主义的行为者和接受者(包括近亲)之间有足够的遗传相似性，那么遗传的利他主义特征是如何进化的<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=W.D. |title=The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–16, 17–52 |year=1964 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |pmid=5875341}}</ref>。汉密尔顿的整体适应度已经成功地应用于包括人类在内的广泛的生物体中。类似地，罗伯特·泰弗士从以基因为中心的模型的角度思考，发展了互利主义理论，即一个有机体在对未来互换的预期中为另一个有机体提供利益<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trivers |first=Robert |title=The evolution of reciprocal altruism |journal=Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=35–57 |year=1971 |doi=10.1086/406755 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |access-date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121060816/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Evolution-of-Reciprocal-Altruism-Trivers/4e671994e5b0c7aefbecd050e95fdb45272d7e12 |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在《自私的基因》中推广了这些观点，并在自己的作品中加以发展<ref name="dawkins79">{{cite journal |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |volume=51 |pages=184–200 |year=1979 |issue=2 |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180009/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/writings/Twelve%20Misunderstandings%20of%20Kin%20Selection.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x}}</ref>。2012年6月，道金斯对生物学家 e. o. 威尔逊2012年出版的《地球的社会征服》一书提出严厉批评，认为该书误解了汉密尔顿的亲缘选择理论<ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Vanessa |title=Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |access-date=3 October 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |location=London |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506014702/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/jun/24/battle-of-the-professors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=The Descent of Edward Wilson |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=Prospect |date=24 May 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105332/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/edward-wilson-social-conquest-earth-evolutionary-errors-origin-species |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯还强烈批评独立科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克的盖亚假说。<ref>{{cite book |title=The molecular biology of Gaia |url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10512-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 178] |first1=George Ronald |last1=Williams}} [https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0000will/page/178 Extract of page 178]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Scientists debate gaia: the next century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |year=2004 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 |page=72 |first1=Stephen Henry |last1=Schneider |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729013112/https://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC |url-status=live }{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319005453/http://books.google.com/books?id=TOi1Cyj9h1UC&pg=PA72 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder |journal=Unweaving the Rainbow : Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-05673-6 |page=223 |first1=Richard |last1=Dawkins |bibcode=1998ursd.book.....D |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921122549/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 Extract of p. 223] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319064040/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZudTchiioUoC&pg=PA223 |date=19 March 2015 }}</ref>