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无编辑摘要
道金斯的生物学方法的批评者认为，把基因作为选择的单位(一个个体要么成功要么失败的单一事件)是具有误导性的。他们说，这种基因可以更好地描述为一个进化单位(一个种群中等位基因频率的长期变化)<ref>{{cite book |last=Dover |first=Gabriel |title=Dear Mr Darwin |year=2000 |publisher=London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6}}</ref> 。在《自私的基因》一书中，道金斯解释说他使用的是乔治·C ·威廉斯对基因的定义，即“以可观的频率分离和重组”<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George C. |title=Adaptation and Natural Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |year=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-691-02615-2 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |url-status=live }}</ref>。另一个常见的反对意见是，一个基因不能单独存活，而必须与其他基因合作来建立一个个体，因此一个基因不可能是一个独立的“单元”<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=What Evolution Is |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04426-9}}</ref> 。在《扩展的表现型》一书中，道金斯提出，从单个基因的观点来看，所有其他基因都是它所适应的环境的一部分。
道金斯的生物学方法的批评者认为，把基因作为选择的单位(一个个体要么成功要么失败的单一事件)是具有误导性的。他们说，这种基因可以更好地描述为一个进化单位(一个种群中等位基因频率的长期变化)<ref>{{cite book |last=Dover |first=Gabriel |title=Dear Mr Darwin |year=2000 |publisher=London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-7538-1127-6}}</ref> 。在《自私的基因》一书中，道金斯解释说他使用的是乔治·C ·威廉斯对基因的定义，即“以可观的频率分离和重组”<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=George C. |title=Adaptation and Natural Selection |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |year=1966 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-691-02615-2 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWZEq87CqO0C |url-status=live }}</ref>。另一个常见的反对意见是，一个基因不能单独存活，而必须与其他基因合作来建立一个个体，因此一个基因不可能是一个独立的“单元”<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=What Evolution Is |year=2000 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-04426-9}}</ref> 。在《扩展的表现型》一书中，道金斯提出，从单个基因的观点来看，所有其他基因都是它所适应的环境的一部分。
支持更高水平选择的人(如理查德·莱翁廷、大卫·斯隆·威尔逊和艾略特·索伯)认为，有许多现象(包括利他主义)是基因层面的选择无法令人满意地解释的。哲学家玛丽•米吉利(Mary Midgley)曾批评道金斯的基因选择、模因论和社会生物学过于简化<ref>{{Cite news |last=Midgley |first=Mary |year=1979 |title=Gene-Juggling |periodical=Philosophy |volume=54 |issue=210 |pages=439–58 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100063488 |access-date=18 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731184320/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=1981 |title=In Defence of Selfish Genes |periodical=Philosophy |volume=56 |pages=556–73 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100050580 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181424/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。她指出，道金斯作品之所以受欢迎，是因为时代精神中的因素，比如撒切尔/里根时代日益增强的个人主义<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Midgley |title=The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene |year=2010 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-1-84465-253-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Alan G.|last=Gross|title=The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime) |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |asin=B07C8L2CZY}}</ref>。
支持更高水平选择的人(如理查德·莱翁廷、大卫·斯隆·威尔逊和艾略特·索伯)认为，有许多现象(包括利他主义)是基因层面的选择无法令人满意地解释的。哲学家玛丽•米吉利(Mary Midgley)曾批评道金斯的基因选择、模因论和社会生物学过于简化<ref>{{Cite news |last=Midgley |first=Mary |year=1979 |title=Gene-Juggling |periodical=Philosophy |volume=54 |issue=210 |pages=439–58 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100063488 |access-date=18 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731184320/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3520652 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=1981 |title=In Defence of Selfish Genes |periodical=Philosophy |volume=56 |pages=556–73 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100050580 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731181424/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3512724 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。她指出，道金斯作品之所以受欢迎，是因为时代精神中的因素，比如撒切尔/里根时代日益增强的个人主义<ref>{{cite book |first=Mary |last=Midgley |title=The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene |year=2010 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-1-84465-253-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Alan G.|last=Gross|title=The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime) |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>。
在一系列关于进化机制和解释的争论中<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Brown (writer) |title=The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes |year=1999 |publisher=London: Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-85144-0}}</ref><ref name="AndrewBrown2000">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Brown (writer) |title=The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man |year=2000 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0-684-85145-7}}</ref>，一个派别经常以道金斯的名字命名，而另一个派别则以美国古生物学家史蒂芬·古尔德的名字命名<ref name="Brockman">{{cite book |last=Brockman |first=J. |title=The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80359-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdculture00broc}}</ref><ref name="Sterelny">{{cite book |last=Sterelny |first=K. |author-link=Kim Sterelny |title=Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest |year=2007 |publisher=Icon Books |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-84046-780-2 |title-link=Dawkins vs. Gould}} Also {{ISBN|978-1-84046-780-2}}</ref>。同样值得一提的是，道金斯和古尔德在社会生物学和进化心理学的争论中是杰出的评论家，道金斯通常时赞同和欣赏，而古尔德普遍持批判态度<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Richard |title=The Evolutionists |year=2001 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-4094-0}}</ref>
在一系列关于进化机制和解释的争论中<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |title=The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes |year=1999 |publisher=London: Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-85144-0}}</ref><ref name="AndrewBrown2000">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Andrew |title=The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man |year=2000 |publisher=Touchstone |isbn=978-0-684-85145-7}}</ref>，一个派别经常以道金斯的名字命名，而另一个派别则以美国古生物学家史蒂芬·古尔德的名字命名<ref name="Brockman">{{cite book |last=Brockman |first=J. |title=The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80359-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdculture00broc}}</ref><ref name="Sterelny">{{cite book |last=Sterelny |first=K. |title=Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest |year=2007 |publisher=Icon Books |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-1-84046-780-2 |title-link=Dawkins vs. Gould}}</ref>。同样值得一提的是，道金斯和古尔德在社会生物学和进化心理学的争论中是杰出的评论家，道金斯通常时赞同和欣赏，而古尔德普遍持批判态度<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Richard |title=The Evolutionists |year=2001 |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=978-0-7167-4094-0}}</ref>
。道金斯立场的一个典型例子是他对史蒂文·罗斯、里昂·J·卡明和理查·C·莱翁廷的《不再我们的基因里（Not In
。道金斯立场的一个典型例子是他对史蒂文·罗斯、里昂·J·卡明和理查·C·莱翁廷的《不再我们的基因里（Not In
Our Gene）》的严厉评论<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=24 January 1985 |title=Sociobiology: the debate continues |periodical=New Scientist |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043602/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。在这个问题上，另外两位经常被认为与道金斯意见一致的思想家是史蒂文•平克(Steven Pinker)和丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)。丹尼特提倡以基因为中心的进化论观点，并为生物学中的还原论辩护<ref>{{cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dennett |title=Darwin's Dangerous Idea |journal=Complexity |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 32–36] |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=United States |isbn=978-0-684-80290-9 |bibcode=1996Cmplx...2a..32M |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199609/10)2:1<32::AID-CPLX8>3.0.CO;2-H |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 }}</ref> 。道金斯和古尔德尽管在学术上存在分歧，但他们之间并没有敌对的个人关系，道金斯在他2003年出版的《一个魔鬼的牧师（A Devil's Chaplain）》一书中，将很大一部分献给了去年去世的古尔德。
Our Gene）》的严厉评论<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=24 January 1985 |title=Sociobiology: the debate continues |periodical=New Scientist |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043602/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Reviews/1985-01-24notinourgenes.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。在这个问题上，另外两位经常被认为与道金斯意见一致的思想家是史蒂文•平克(Steven Pinker)和丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)。丹尼特提倡以基因为中心的进化论观点，并为生物学中的还原论辩护<ref>{{cite book |last=Dennett |first=Daniel|title=Darwin's Dangerous Idea |journal=Complexity |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 32–36] |year=1995 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=United States |isbn=978-0-684-80290-9 |bibcode=1996Cmplx...2a..32M |url=https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn/page/32 }}</ref> 。道金斯和古尔德尽管在学术上存在分歧，但他们之间并没有敌对的个人关系，道金斯在他2003年出版的《一个魔鬼的牧师（A Devil's Chaplain）》一书中，将很大一部分献给了去年去世的古尔德。
=== 提出“模因”概念 ===
=== 提出“模因”概念 ===
道金斯在《自私的基因》一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(相当于行为学上基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)和苏珊•布莱克莫尔(Susan Blackmore) ，这个概念呈现出了自己的生命力。这些作家的推广后来引发了模因论的出现，而道金斯已经远离了这个领域。<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=[[Perspectives on Science]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057}}{{open access}}</ref>
道金斯在《自私的基因》一书中创造了“模因”(meme)这个词(相当于行为学上基因) ，以此鼓励读者思考达尔文的原则如何能够超越基因的范畴。这本来是他的“复制因子”论点的延伸，但是在其他作家的手中，如丹尼尔•丹尼特(Daniel Dennett)和苏珊•布莱克莫尔(Susan Blackmore) ，这个概念呈现出了自己的生命力。这些作家的推广后来引发了模因论的出现，而道金斯已经远离了这个领域。<ref name="misunderstanding">{{cite journal |last1=Burman |first1=J. T. |year=2012 |title=The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999 |journal=Perspectives on Science |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=75–104 |doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00057}}{{open access}}</ref>
[[File:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Lecturing on his book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', 24 June 2006]]
[[File:Richard dawkins lecture.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Lecturing on his book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', 24 June 2006]]
道金斯在13岁时加入英国国教，但他开始对这些信仰产生怀疑。他说，他对科学和进化过程的理解使他质疑，在文明世界中担任领导职务的成年人怎么还没有受过生物学方面的教育<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |title=The Problem with God: Interview with Richard Dawkins (2) |access-date=11 April 2008 |last=Sheahen |first=Laura |date=October 2005 |publisher=Beliefnet.com |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410075833/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，他还对在科学领域精通的人中怎么还能保持对上帝的信仰感到困惑。道金斯指出，一些物理学家用“上帝”来比喻宇宙中普遍存在的令人敬畏的神秘事物，这在人们中间造成了困惑和误解，他们错误地认为自己在谈论一个神秘的存在，这个存在可以宽恕罪恶，改变葡萄酒的质量，或者让人们在死后继续活着<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |title=Interview with Richard Dawkins |access-date=12 April 2008 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620151103/http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。他不同意史蒂芬·古尔德的不重叠的原则<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |title=God vs. Science (3) |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=5 November 2006 |last=Van Biema |first=David |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=18 February 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65XmbJal2?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>，并建议上帝的存在应该被视为一个科学假说，像任何其他假说一样。道金斯成为了一个著名的宗教批评家，并表示他对宗教的反对是双重的: 宗教既是冲突的来源，也是无证据信仰的正当理由。他认为信仰——没有事实依据的信仰——是“世界上最大的罪恶之一”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |title=Is Science A Religion? |publisher=The Humanist |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 1997 |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144700/http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>。
道金斯在13岁时加入英国国教，但他开始对这些信仰产生怀疑。他说，他对科学和进化过程的理解使他质疑，在文明世界中担任领导职务的成年人怎么还没有受过生物学方面的教育<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |title=The Problem with God: Interview with Richard Dawkins (2) |access-date=11 April 2008 |last=Sheahen |first=Laura |date=October 2005 |publisher=Beliefnet.com |archive-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410075833/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/178/story_17889_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>，他还对在科学领域精通的人中怎么还能保持对上帝的信仰感到困惑。道金斯指出，一些物理学家用“上帝”来比喻宇宙中普遍存在的令人敬畏的神秘事物，这在人们中间造成了困惑和误解，他们错误地认为自己在谈论一个神秘的存在，这个存在可以宽恕罪恶，改变葡萄酒的质量，或者让人们在死后继续活着<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |title=Interview with Richard Dawkins |access-date=12 April 2008 |publisher=PBS |archive-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620151103/http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/transcript/dawk-frame.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。他不同意史蒂芬·古尔德的不重叠的原则<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |title=God vs. Science (3) |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=5 November 2006 |last=Van Biema |first=David |work=Time |archive-date=18 February 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65XmbJal2?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1555132-3,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>，并建议上帝的存在应该被视为一个科学假说，像任何其他假说一样。道金斯成为了一个著名的宗教批评家，并表示他对宗教的反对是双重的: 宗教既是冲突的来源，也是无证据信仰的正当理由。他认为信仰——没有事实依据的信仰——是“世界上最大的罪恶之一”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |title=Is Science A Religion? |publisher=The Humanist |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 January 1997 |access-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144700/http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/dawkins.html |archive-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>。
自从2006年他最畅销的书《上帝错觉》出版以来，道金斯在有关科学和宗教的公共辩论中声名鹊起，这本书成为了国际畅销书<ref name="michaelpowell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Powell |access-date=31 December 2012 |date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。截至2015年，该书已售出300多万册，并被翻译成30多种语言。它的成功已被许多人视为当代文化时代精神变化的标志，也被认为是新无神论的兴起<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |title=The rise of the New Atheists |publisher=CNN |first=Simon |last=Hooper |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在书中主张，几乎可以肯定，超自然的创造者是不存在的，宗教信仰是一种错觉——“一种固定的错误信仰”。在2002年2月的 TED 演讲中，道金斯呼吁所有无神论者公开表明自己的立场，抵制教会对政治和科学的入侵<ref name="militant" />。2007年9月30日，道金斯、克里斯托弗·希钦斯、山姆·哈里斯、和丹尼尔·丹尼特在希钦斯的住所进行了长达两个小时的私人的，不加修饰的讨论。这次活动被拍摄下来并命名为《无神论四骑士》<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |url-status=live }} See also {{YouTube | n7IHU28aR2E }}</ref>。
自从2006年他最畅销的书《上帝错觉》出版以来，道金斯在有关科学和宗教的公共辩论中声名鹊起，这本书成为了国际畅销书<ref name="michaelpowell">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |title=A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Powell |access-date=31 December 2012 |date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227231703/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。截至2015年，该书已售出300多万册，并被翻译成30多种语言。它的成功已被许多人视为当代文化时代精神变化的标志，也被认为是新无神论的兴起<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |title=The rise of the New Atheists |publisher=CNN |first=Simon |last=Hooper |date=9 November 2006 |access-date=16 March 2010 |archive-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/08/atheism.feature/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯在书中主张，几乎可以肯定，超自然的创造者是不存在的，宗教信仰是一种错觉——“一种固定的错误信仰”。在2002年2月的 TED 演讲中，道金斯呼吁所有无神论者公开表明自己的立场，抵制教会对政治和科学的入侵<ref name="militant" />。2007年9月30日，道金斯、克里斯托弗·希钦斯、山姆·哈里斯、和丹尼尔·丹尼特在希钦斯的住所进行了长达两个小时的私人的，不加修饰的讨论。这次活动被拍摄下来并命名为《无神论四骑士》<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |title=The Four Horsemen DVD |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=1 October 2013 |website=Richard Dawkins Foundation |language=en-US |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611214236/https://richarddawkins.net/2013/10/the-four-horsemen-dvd-19-95/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。
当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家史蒂芬·平克和诺贝尔奖获得者哈罗德·克罗托，詹姆斯·D·沃森和 史蒂芬·温伯格为道金斯在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家彼得·希格斯，天体物理学家马丁·里斯，科学哲学家迈克尔·鲁斯,文学批评家特里·伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰·斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔·帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔·科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特·麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础，特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=[[London Review of Books]] |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> 。无神论哲学家约翰·格雷(John Gray)谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref>格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚。他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
当一些批评家，如作家克里斯托弗·希钦斯，心理学家史蒂芬·平克和诺贝尔奖获得者哈罗德·克罗托，詹姆斯·D·沃森和 史蒂芬·温伯格为道金斯在宗教上的立场辩护并赞扬他的工作时<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |title=The God Delusion – Reviews |access-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702000504/http://richarddawkins.net/godDelusionReviews |archive-date=2 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>，其他人，包括诺贝尔奖获得者理论物理学家彼得·希格斯，天体物理学家马丁·里斯，科学哲学家迈克尔·鲁斯,文学批评家特里·伊格尔顿、哲学家罗杰·斯克鲁顿、学术界和社会批评家卡米尔·帕格利亚、无神论哲学家丹尼尔·科尔姆和神学家阿利斯特·麦格拉斯都从各个方面批评道金斯，包括断言他的作品只是作为宗教原教旨主义的无神论对应物，而不是对它的富有成效的批判，他从根本上误解了他声称反驳的神学立场的基础，特别是里斯和希格斯，他们都反对道金斯对宗教的对抗姿态，认为这种姿态狭隘而“令人尴尬”，希格斯甚至将道金斯与他所批评的宗教原教旨主义者等同起来<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |title=Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching |first=Terry |last=Eagleton· |date=19 October 2006 |magazine=London Review of Books |access-date=16 May 2014 |volume=28 |issue=20 |pages=32–34 |archive-date=10 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145648/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |title=Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them? |access-date=14 November 2007 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214014838/http://richarddawkins.net/articleComments,1647,Do-you-have-to-read-up-on-leprechology-before-disbelieving-in-them,Richard-Dawkins-The-Independent,page27 |archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |title=Scientists divided over alliance with religion |access-date=17 March 2008 |last=Jha |first=Alok |date=29 May 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719103328/http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2089947,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Alok |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |title=Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism' |date=26 December 2012 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028180407/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/dec/26/peter-higgs-richard-dawkins-fundamentalism |url-status=live }}</ref> 。无神论哲学家约翰·格雷(John Gray)谴责道金斯是“反宗教的传教士”，他的主张“从任何意义上讲都不是新颖的或原创的”，他暗示道金斯“对自己思想的运作惊叹不已，错过了许多对人类至关重要的东西。”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |title=The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=20 January 2016 |first=John |last=Gray |work=New Republic |archive-date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216012235/https://newrepublic.com/article/119596/appetite-wonder-review-closed-mind-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref>格雷还批评道金斯对达尔文的忠诚。他说，如果“对达尔文来说，科学是一种探究的方法，使他能够试探性和谦逊地走向真理，对道金斯来说，科学是一种不容置疑的世界观。”作为对他的批评的回应，道金斯坚持认为神学家在解决深奥的宇宙学问题上并不比科学家好，他不是一个原教旨主义者，因为他愿意在新的证据面前改变自己的想法。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |title=When Religion Steps on Science's Turf |access-date=3 April 2008 |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |year=2006 |work=Free Inquiry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419125549/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/dawkins_18_2.html |archive-date=19 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=rdf-fundamentalist>{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=How dare you call me a fundamentalist |url=http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |access-date=28 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231022508/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/1071-how-dare-you-call-me-a-fundamentalist |archive-date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
道金斯是神创论的杰出批评家。神创论是一种宗教信仰，认为人类、生命和宇宙都是由神创造的，不依赖于进化<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |title=Creationism |last=Ruse |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Ruse |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Laboratory, [[Stanford University]] |quote=a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth. |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C |author-link=Eugenie Scott |title=Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction |date=3 August 2009 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-26187-7 |page=51 |chapter=Creationism |quote=The term 'creationism' to many people connotes the theological doctrine of special creationism: that God created the universe essentially as we see it today, and that this universe has not changed appreciably since that creation event. Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...}}</ref>。他将”年轻的地球“创造论者（Young Earth creationist）认为地球只有几千岁的观点描述为“一个荒谬的、意识萎缩的谬误”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |title=A scientist's view |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=9 March 2002 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=7 November 2009 |location=London |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191933/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |url-status=live }}</ref>。他在1986年出版的《盲眼钟表匠》持续批判了设计论——一个重要的神创论论点。在书中，道金斯反驳了18世纪英国神学家 William Paley 所著《自然神学》中的钟表匠比喻。道金斯同意科学家们普遍持有的观点，即自然选择足以解释生物世界表面的功能性和非随机的复杂性，可以说自然选择在自然界中扮演着钟表匠的角色，尽管是自动的，不受任何设计师、非智能的盲人钟表匠的指导<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |title=Book: The Blind Watchmaker |access-date=28 February 2008 |last=Catalano |first=John |publisher=The University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415140851/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |date=1 August 1996 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。
道金斯是神创论的杰出批评家。神创论是一种宗教信仰，认为人类、生命和宇宙都是由神创造的，不依赖于进化<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |title=Creationism |last=Ruse |first=Michael |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Laboratory, Stanford University |quote=a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth. |access-date=9 September 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/creationism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Eugenie C |title=Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction |date=3 August 2009 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-26187-7 |page=51 |chapter=Creationism |quote=The term 'creationism' to many people connotes the theological doctrine of special creationism: that God created the universe essentially as we see it today, and that this universe has not changed appreciably since that creation event. Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...}}</ref>。他将”年轻的地球“创造论者（Young Earth creationist）认为地球只有几千岁的观点描述为“一个荒谬的、意识萎缩的谬误”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |title=A scientist's view |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |date=9 March 2002 |work=The Guardian |access-date=7 November 2009 |location=London |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191933/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/09/religion.schools1 |url-status=live }}</ref>。他在1986年出版的《盲眼钟表匠》持续批判了设计论——一个重要的神创论论点。在书中，道金斯反驳了18世纪英国神学家 William Paley 所著《自然神学》中的钟表匠比喻。道金斯同意科学家们普遍持有的观点，即自然选择足以解释生物世界表面的功能性和非随机的复杂性，可以说自然选择在自然界中扮演着钟表匠的角色，尽管是自动的，不受任何设计师、非智能的盲人钟表匠的指导<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |title=Book: The Blind Watchmaker |access-date=28 February 2008 |last=Catalano |first=John |publisher=The University of Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415140851/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/WorldOfDawkins-archive/Dawkins/Work/Books/blind.shtml |date=1 August 1996 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。
道金斯反对将智能设计论纳入科学教育，称其“根本不是一个科学论点，而是一个宗教论点”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research |title=One side can be wrong |access-date=21 December 2006 |date=1 September 2005 |author1=Dawkins, Richard |author2=Coyne, Jerry |name-list-style=amp |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=26 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226232200/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research |url-status=live }}</ref>。他被媒体称为“达尔文的罗特韦尔犬”<ref name="discover">{{cite web |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/darwins-rottweiler |title=Darwin's Rottweiler |access-date=22 March 2008 |last=Hall |first=Stephen S. |date=9 August 2005 |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] magazine |archive-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321202431/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/darwins-rottweiler/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mcgrath>{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister |title=Dawkins' God : genes, memes, and the meaning of life |date=2007 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1405125383 |page=i |edition=Reprinted |url=https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr }}</ref> 。这里是把道金斯对标英国生物学家T·H·赫胥黎，他因拥护查尔斯·达尔文的进化论而被称为“达尔文的斗牛犬”。他一直强烈批评英国组织“科学真理”(Truth in Science) ，该组织在公立学校推广神创论教学。道金斯称他们的工作为“教育丑闻”。他计划通过理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会资助学校，提供书籍、DVD和小册子，抵消他们的工作<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece |title=Godless Dawkins challenges schools |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=19 November 2006 |last=Swinford |first=Steven |work=The Times |location=London |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805101216/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>。
道金斯反对将智能设计论纳入科学教育，称其“根本不是一个科学论点，而是一个宗教论点”<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research |title=One side can be wrong |access-date=21 December 2006 |date=1 September 2005 |author1=Dawkins, Richard |author2=Coyne, Jerry |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |archive-date=26 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226232200/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/01/schools.research |url-status=live }}</ref>。他被媒体称为“达尔文的罗特韦尔犬”<ref name="discover">{{cite web |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/darwins-rottweiler |title=Darwin's Rottweiler |access-date=22 March 2008 |last=Hall |first=Stephen S. |date=9 August 2005 |work=Discover magazine |archive-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321202431/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/sep/darwins-rottweiler/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=mcgrath>{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister |title=Dawkins' God : genes, memes, and the meaning of life |date=2007 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-1405125383 |page=i |edition=Reprinted |url=https://archive.org/details/dawkinsgodgenesm0000mcgr }}</ref> 。这里是把道金斯对标英国生物学家T·H·赫胥黎，他因拥护查尔斯·达尔文的进化论而被称为“达尔文的斗牛犬”。他一直强烈批评英国组织“科学真理”(Truth in Science) ，该组织在公立学校推广神创论教学。道金斯称他们的工作为“教育丑闻”。他计划通过理查德·道金斯理性与科学基金会资助学校，提供书籍、DVD和小册子，抵消他们的工作<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece |title=Godless Dawkins challenges schools |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=19 November 2006 |last=Swinford |first=Steven |work=The Times |location=London |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805101216/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article641971.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>。
=== 政治观点 ===
=== 政治观点 ===
道金斯是一个直言不讳的无神论者<ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Thomas A. |title=Reinventing the future: Conversations with the World's Leading Scientists |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingfutur00bass |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-62642-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingfutur00bass/page/118 118] }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRZYc-LPz1oC&hl=en&pg=PA118 Extract of page 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRZYc-LPz1oC&hl=en&pg=PA118 |date=23 May 2020 }}</ref>，支持各种无神论，世俗和人文组织，包括英国人文主义者和布莱特运动<ref name="cv" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Secular Society |url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |title=Our Honorary Associates |year=2005 |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709124141/http://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Humanist Society of Scotland |url=http://www.humanism-scotland.org.uk/about-us/the-hss-today.html |title=The HSS Today |year=2007 |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418122008/http://www.humanism-scotland.org.uk/about-us/the-hss-today.html |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secular.org/bios/Richard_Dawkins.html |title=Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography |publisher=Secular.org |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-date=31 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331152929/http://secular.org/bios/Richard_Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258 |title=The International Academy Of Humanism – Humanist Laureates |access-date=7 April 2008 |publisher=[[Council for Secular Humanism]] |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330192331/https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |title=The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry – Fellows |access-date=7 April 2008 |publisher=[[The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615215501/http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |archive-date=15 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |title=Humanism and Its Aspirations – Notable Signers |access-date=9 February 2010 |publisher=[[American Humanist Association]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619130831/http://americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="militant">{{cite web |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html |title=Richard Dawkins on militant atheism |date=February 2002 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=TED Conferences, LLC |archive-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211194007/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯说到无神论者应该感到骄傲，而不是抱歉，强调无神论是健康、独立思考的证据。他希望越多的无神论者认同他们自己，越多的公众会意识到有多少人是无神论者，从而减少无神论在大多数宗教中的负面影响<ref name="suntimes">{{cite news |last=Chittenden |first=Maurice |author2=Waite, Roger |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000447/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2008 |title=Dawkins to preach atheism to US |access-date=1 April 2008 |date=23 December 2007 |work=The Sunday Times |location=London}}</ref>。受到同性恋权利运动的启发，他支持“走出去运动”，鼓励全世界的无神论者公开表明他们的立场。他在2008年支持了英国一项无神论者广告倡议——无神论者巴士运动，该运动旨在筹集资金，在伦敦地区的巴士上张贴无神论者广告<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign |title=The Bus Campaign |publisher=[[British Humanist Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220154544/http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign|archive-date=20 February 2012|url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2009}}</ref>。
道金斯是一个直言不讳的无神论者<ref>{{cite book |last=Bass |first=Thomas A. |title=Reinventing the future: Conversations with the World's Leading Scientists |url=https://archive.org/details/reinventingfutur00bass |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-62642-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/reinventingfutur00bass/page/118 118] }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=yRZYc-LPz1oC&hl=en&pg=PA118 Extract of page 118] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523013314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRZYc-LPz1oC&hl=en&pg=PA118 |date=23 May 2020 }}</ref>，支持各种无神论，世俗和人文组织，包括英国人文主义者和布莱特运动<ref name="cv" /><ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Secular Society |url=http://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |title=Our Honorary Associates |year=2005 |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709124141/http://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Humanist Society of Scotland |url=http://www.humanism-scotland.org.uk/about-us/the-hss-today.html |title=The HSS Today |year=2007 |access-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418122008/http://www.humanism-scotland.org.uk/about-us/the-hss-today.html |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secular.org/bios/Richard_Dawkins.html |title=Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography |publisher=Secular.org |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-date=31 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331152929/http://secular.org/bios/Richard_Dawkins.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258 |title=The International Academy Of Humanism – Humanist Laureates |access-date=7 April 2008 |publisher=Council for Secular Humanism |archive-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330192331/https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/3258 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |title=The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry – Fellows |access-date=7 April 2008 |publisher=The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615215501/http://www.csicop.org/about/fellows.html |archive-date=15 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |title=Humanism and Its Aspirations – Notable Signers |access-date=9 February 2010 |publisher=[[American Humanist Association]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619130831/http://americanhumanist.org/Who_We_Are/About_Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="militant">{{cite web |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html |title=Richard Dawkins on militant atheism |date=February 2002 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=TED Conferences, LLC |archive-date=11 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211194007/http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。道金斯说到无神论者应该感到骄傲，而不是抱歉，强调无神论是健康、独立思考的证据。他希望越多的无神论者认同他们自己，越多的公众会意识到有多少人是无神论者，从而减少无神论在大多数宗教中的负面影响<ref name="suntimes">{{cite news |last=Chittenden |first=Maurice |author2=Waite, Roger |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517000447/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087486.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2008 |title=Dawkins to preach atheism to US |access-date=1 April 2008 |date=23 December 2007 |work=The Sunday Times |location=London}}</ref>。受到同性恋权利运动的启发，他支持“走出去运动”，鼓励全世界的无神论者公开表明他们的立场。他在2008年支持了英国一项无神论者广告倡议——无神论者巴士运动，该运动旨在筹集资金，在伦敦地区的巴士上张贴无神论者广告<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign |title=The Bus Campaign |publisher=British Humanist Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220154544/http://www.humanism.org.uk/bus-campaign|archive-date=20 February 2012|url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2009}}</ref>。
道金斯对人口增长和人口过剩问题的表示关切<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC: The Selfish Green |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094048/http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}} For video in one segment, see {{YouTube | g5WUIDzxUeo }}</ref>。在《自私的基因》一书中，他简要地提到了人口增长，并以拉丁美洲为例，那里的人口，在该书写作的时候，每40年翻一番。他批评罗马天主教对计划生育和人口控制的态度，指出禁止避孕和“表示偏爱‘自然’的人口限制方法”的领导人最终会得到饥荒的结果。
道金斯对人口增长和人口过剩问题的表示关切<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC: The Selfish Green |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |date=2 April 2007 |access-date=22 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094048/http://richarddawkins.net/article,829,The-Selfish-Green,Jonathan-Dimbleby-David-Attenborough-Richard-Dawkins-Jane-Goodall-Richard-Leakey |archive-date=1 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>。在《自私的基因》一书中，他简要地提到了人口增长，并以拉丁美洲为例，那里的人口，在该书写作的时候，每40年翻一番。他批评罗马天主教对计划生育和人口控制的态度，指出禁止避孕和“表示偏爱‘自然’的人口限制方法”的领导人最终会得到饥荒的结果。
道金斯被认为是女权主义者<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/280427716010983424 |title=Richard Dawkins |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=3 May 2015 |website=Twitter |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014126/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/280427716010983424 |url-status=live }}</ref>。他说，女权主义是“极其重要的”，是“一个值得支持的政治运动”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2014/12/08/richard_dawkins_is_there_a_mens_rights_movement/ |title=Richard Dawkins: "Is There a Men's Rights Movement?" |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |last=Kutner |first=Jenny |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217192227/http://www.salon.com/2014/12/08/richard_dawkins_is_there_a_mens_rights_movement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。
道金斯被认为是女权主义者<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/280427716010983424 |title=Richard Dawkins |date=16 December 2012 |access-date=3 May 2015 |website=Twitter |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |archive-date=4 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014126/https://twitter.com/richarddawkins/status/280427716010983424 |url-status=live }}</ref>。他说，女权主义是“极其重要的”，是“一个值得支持的政治运动”<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2014/12/08/richard_dawkins_is_there_a_mens_rights_movement/ |title=Richard Dawkins: "Is There a Men's Rights Movement?" |work=Salon |last=Kutner |first=Jenny |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217192227/http://www.salon.com/2014/12/08/richard_dawkins_is_there_a_mens_rights_movement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>。
=== 对后现代主义的观点 ===
=== 对后现代主义的观点 ===
通过继续与第四频道的长期合作关系，道金斯参加了一个五部分的电视系列节目《英国的天才》。与他一起的还有科学家斯蒂芬·霍金，詹姆斯·戴森，保罗·纳斯和吉姆·哈利利。该系列节目于2010年6月首次播出，重点介绍了英国历史上的重大科学成就<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/01/dawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html |title=C4 lines up Genius science series |date=27 January 2009 |first=Robin |last=Parker |access-date=31 January 2009 |work=[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]}} {{Subscription}}</ref>。
通过继续与第四频道的长期合作关系，道金斯参加了一个五部分的电视系列节目《英国的天才》。与他一起的还有科学家斯蒂芬·霍金，詹姆斯·戴森，保罗·纳斯和吉姆·哈利利。该系列节目于2010年6月首次播出，重点介绍了英国历史上的重大科学成就<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/01/dawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html |title=C4 lines up Genius science series |date=27 January 2009 |first=Robin |last=Parker |access-date=31 January 2009 |work=Broadcast}} </ref>。
道金斯于1989年获得牛津大学理学博士学位。他拥有哈德斯菲尔德大学、威斯敏斯特大学、杜伦大学<ref>{{cite news |title=Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972 |work=Durham University News |date=26 August 2005 |access-date=11 April 2006 |archive-date=3 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203181748/http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972 |url-status=live }}</ref>、赫尔大学、安特卫普大学、奥斯陆大学、阿伯丁大学<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php |title=Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=1 January 2012 |publisher=University of Aberdeen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901041512/http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php |archive-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> 、开放大学、布鲁塞尔自由大学和华伦西亚大学的名誉博士学位<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València |url=http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165 |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=2 April 2009 |publisher=[[University of Valencia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011191110/http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}} Note: web page is in Spanish.</ref>。他还拥有圣安德鲁斯大学和澳大利亚国立大学的荣誉博士学位<ref name=frs/><ref name=cv/>，1997年被选为皇家文学学会会员，2001年被选为皇家学会会员。他是牛津大学科学学会的赞助人之一。
道金斯于1989年获得牛津大学理学博士学位。他拥有哈德斯菲尔德大学、威斯敏斯特大学、杜伦大学<ref>{{cite news |title=Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion |url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972 |work=Durham University News |date=26 August 2005 |access-date=11 April 2006 |archive-date=3 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203181748/http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972 |url-status=live }}</ref>、赫尔大学、安特卫普大学、奥斯陆大学、阿伯丁大学<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php |title=Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=1 January 2012 |publisher=University of Aberdeen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901041512/http://vcs.abdn.ac.uk/news/details-4924.php |archive-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> 、开放大学、布鲁塞尔自由大学和华伦西亚大学的名誉博士学位<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València |url=http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165 |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=2 April 2009 |publisher=University of Valencia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011191110/http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead}} Note: web page is in Spanish.</ref>。他还拥有圣安德鲁斯大学和澳大利亚国立大学的荣誉博士学位<ref name=frs/><ref name=cv/>，1997年被选为皇家文学学会会员，2001年被选为皇家学会会员。他是牛津大学科学学会的赞助人之一。
其他奖项包括伦敦动物学会银质奖章(1989年)、芬利创新奖(1990年)、法拉第奖(1990年)、中山奖(1994年)、第五届国际考斯莫斯奖奖(1997年)、基斯特勒奖(2001年)、意大利共和国总统奖章(2001年),2001年及2012年「皇帝无衣」宗教自由基金会、2002年格拉斯哥皇家哲学学会200周年凯尔文奖、2006年美国科学院成就奖金牌奖<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|url-status=live}}</ref>及2009年尼伦伯格公共利益科学奖<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967 |title=Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture |access-date=7 April 2009 |author=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |date=7 April 2009 |publisher=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202306/http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。他被授予德斯切纳奖，该奖项以德国反牧师作家卡尔海因茨·德施纳命名<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpd-online.de/node/2010 |title=Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins |access-date=4 April 2008 |first=Giordano Bruno |last=Stiftung |date=28 May 2007 |publisher=Humanistischer Pressedienst |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719042744/http://hpd.de/node/2010 |archive-date=19 July 2011}} Note: Web page in German.</ref>。1992年，美国怀疑调查委员会委员会向 Dawkins 颁发了他们的最高奖项“理性的赞美”<ref name="Dallas 1992">{{cite journal |title=CSICOP's 1992 Awards |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=1993 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=236}}</ref>。
其他奖项包括伦敦动物学会银质奖章(1989年)、芬利创新奖(1990年)、法拉第奖(1990年)、中山奖(1994年)、第五届国际考斯莫斯奖奖(1997年)、基斯特勒奖(2001年)、意大利共和国总统奖章(2001年),2001年及2012年「皇帝无衣」宗教自由基金会、2002年格拉斯哥皇家哲学学会200周年凯尔文奖、2006年美国科学院成就奖金牌奖<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|website=www.achievement.org|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|access-date=9 July 2020|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|url-status=live}}</ref>及2009年尼伦伯格公共利益科学奖<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967 |title=Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture |access-date=7 April 2009 |author=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |date=7 April 2009 |publisher=Scripps Institution of Oceanography |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202306/http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967 |url-status=live }}</ref> 。他被授予德斯切纳奖，该奖项以德国反牧师作家卡尔海因茨·德施纳命名<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hpd-online.de/node/2010 |title=Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins |access-date=4 April 2008 |first=Giordano Bruno |last=Stiftung |date=28 May 2007 |publisher=Humanistischer Pressedienst |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719042744/http://hpd.de/node/2010 |archive-date=19 July 2011}} Note: Web page in German.</ref>。1992年，美国怀疑调查委员会委员会向 Dawkins 颁发了他们的最高奖项“理性的赞美”<ref name="Dallas 1992">{{cite journal |title=CSICOP's 1992 Awards |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=1993 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=236}}</ref>。
2005年，汉堡的阿尔弗雷德 · 托普费尔基金会授予他莎士比亚奖，以表彰他“简洁易懂的科学知识展示”。他获得了2006年刘易斯 · 托马斯科学写作奖，以及2007年银河英国图书奖年度作家奖<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Publishing News |url=http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp?#3 |title=Galaxy British Book Awards — Winners & Shortlists 2007 |year=2007 |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927130727/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp#3 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。同年，他被《时代》杂志列为2007年全球100位最有影响力的人物之一<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html |title=Time Top 100 |access-date=2 March 2008 |last=Behe |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Behe |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=3 May 2007 |archive-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314061433/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ，并在2007年每日电讯报世界100位最伟大的在世天才排行榜上名列第20位<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 living geniuses |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=28 October 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |access-date=4 October 2010 |location=London |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803031241/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。
2005年，汉堡的阿尔弗雷德 · 托普费尔基金会授予他莎士比亚奖，以表彰他“简洁易懂的科学知识展示”。他获得了2006年刘易斯 · 托马斯科学写作奖，以及2007年银河英国图书奖年度作家奖<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Publishing News |url=http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp?#3 |title=Galaxy British Book Awards — Winners & Shortlists 2007 |year=2007 |access-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927130727/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp#3 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>。同年，他被《时代》杂志列为2007年全球100位最有影响力的人物之一<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html |title=Time Top 100 |access-date=2 March 2008 |last=Behe |first=Michael |work=TIME |date=3 May 2007 |archive-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314061433/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ，并在2007年每日电讯报世界100位最伟大的在世天才排行榜上名列第20位<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 100 living geniuses |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=28 October 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |access-date=4 October 2010 |location=London |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803031241/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。
自2003年以来，国际无神论者联盟在其年度会议上颁发了一个奖项，以表彰一位杰出的无神论者，他在那一年里为提高公众对无神论的认识做出了最大的贡献<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html |title=The atheist |work=Salon |date=30 April 2005 |first=Gordy |last=Slack |access-date=3 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704233721/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html |archive-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> 。这个奖被称为理查德·道金斯奖，以表彰道金斯自己的努力。2010年2月，道金斯被任命为无宗教自由基金会的杰出成就者荣誉理事会成员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |title=Honorary FFRF Board Announced |access-date=20 August 2008 |publisher=[[Freedom From Religion Foundation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052917/http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref>。
自2003年以来，国际无神论者联盟在其年度会议上颁发了一个奖项，以表彰一位杰出的无神论者，他在那一年里为提高公众对无神论的认识做出了最大的贡献<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html |title=The atheist |work=Salon |date=30 April 2005 |first=Gordy |last=Slack |access-date=3 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704233721/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html |archive-date=4 July 2007}}</ref> 。这个奖被称为理查德·道金斯奖，以表彰道金斯自己的努力。2010年2月，道金斯被任命为无宗教自由基金会的杰出成就者荣誉理事会成员<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |title=Honorary FFRF Board Announced |access-date=20 August 2008 |publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052917/http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/ |archive-date=17 December 2010}}</ref>。
2012年，斯里兰卡的鱼类学家为了纪念道金斯，创建了道金斯作为一个新的属名(该属的成员以前是平须属的成员)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341 |title=Sri Lankans name new fish genus after atheist Dawkins |access-date=16 July 2012 |work=Google News |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521022747/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341 |archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>。
2012年，斯里兰卡的鱼类学家为了纪念道金斯，创建了道金斯作为一个新的属名(该属的成员以前是平须属的成员)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341 |title=Sri Lankans name new fish genus after atheist Dawkins |access-date=16 July 2012 |work=Google News |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521022747/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hEvNbHt8O7e3jB5HlC2uwNrSQvpQ?docId=CNG.2417bf61f21b75ec00dacc78e05295ae.341 |archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>。
== 个人生活 ==
== 个人生活 ==
道金斯结过三次婚，有一个女儿。1967年8月19日，道金斯与生态学家玛丽安娜（Marian Stamp）在位于安斯敦的新教沃特福德郡举行了婚礼<ref>Richard Dawkins, ''An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist'', p. 201.</ref>。他们在1984年离婚 <ref name=McKie/>。1984年6月1日，他在牛津与伊芙·巴勒姆(1951-1999)结婚。他们有一个女儿，朱丽叶·艾玛·道金斯(1984年出生于牛津)。后来道金斯和巴勒姆又离婚了。1992年，他与女演员拉拉·沃德<ref name="McKie">{{cite news |first=Robin |last=McKie |title=Doctor Zoo |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=25 July 2004 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=28 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128132354/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>在伦敦肯辛顿-切尔西区结婚。道金斯是通过他们共同的朋友道格拉斯·亚当斯认识她的<ref>{{cite book |title=Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Adams |url=https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=[[Justin, Charles & Co.]] |isbn=978-1-932112-35-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129 129] |first1=M.J. |last1=Simpson}} [https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129 Chapter 15, p. 129]</ref>。道金斯和沃德在2016年分手，他们后来形容这次分手是“完全友好的”<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins and Viscount of Bangor's sister Lalla Ward separate after 24 years |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html |access-date=17 July 2016 |newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]] |date=17 July 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718144205/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。
道金斯结过三次婚，有一个女儿。1967年8月19日，道金斯与生态学家玛丽安娜（Marian Stamp）在位于安斯敦的新教沃特福德郡举行了婚礼<ref>Richard Dawkins, ''An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist'', p. 201.</ref>。他们在1984年离婚 <ref name=McKie/>。1984年6月1日，他在牛津与伊芙·巴勒姆(1951-1999)结婚。他们有一个女儿，朱丽叶·艾玛·道金斯(1984年出生于牛津)。后来道金斯和巴勒姆又离婚了。1992年，他与女演员拉拉·沃德<ref name="McKie">{{cite news |first=Robin |last=McKie |title=Doctor Zoo |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=25 July 2004 |access-date=17 March 2008 |archive-date=28 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128132354/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1268687,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>在伦敦肯辛顿-切尔西区结婚。道金斯是通过他们共同的朋友道格拉斯·亚当斯认识她的<ref>{{cite book |title=Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Adams |url=https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=Justin, Charles & Co. |isbn=978-1-932112-35-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129 129] |first1=M.J. |last1=Simpson}} [https://archive.org/details/hitchhikerbiogra00simp/page/129 Chapter 15, p. 129]</ref>。道金斯和沃德在2016年分手，他们后来形容这次分手是“完全友好的”<ref>{{cite news |title=Richard Dawkins and Viscount of Bangor's sister Lalla Ward separate after 24 years |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html |access-date=17 July 2016 |newspaper=Belfast Telegraph |date=17 July 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718144205/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/richard-dawkins-and-viscount-of-bangors-sister-lalla-ward-separate-after-24-years-34890652.html |url-status=live }}</ref>。
* 《神秘博士: 被盗的地球》(2008)-作为自己
* 《神秘博士: 被盗的地球》(2008)-作为自己
* 《辛普森一家》-《黑眼睛，请》(2013)-出现在奈德·弗兰德斯的地狱之梦中，配音为恶魔版本的自己
* 《辛普森一家》-《黑眼睛，请》(2013)-出现在奈德·弗兰德斯的地狱之梦中，配音为恶魔版本的自己
* 《蝴蝶、斑马与胚胎：探索演化发生学之美》(2015)-由芬兰交响金属乐队 Nightwish 担任专辑嘉宾明星。他提供了两个轨道的旁白: “战栗之前的美丽”，其中他开始了他自己的一个引用专辑，“地球上最伟大的表演”，启发和命名他的书的《地球上最伟大的表演：进化的证据》，并在其中引用查尔斯达尔文的物种起源<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-next-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-atheist-writerleader-richard-dawkins/ |title=Nightwish's Next Album To Feature Guest Appearance By British Professor Richard Dawkins |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209031827/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-next-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-atheist-writerleader-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-tuomas-holopainen-gives-endless-forms-most-beautiful-track-by-track-breakdown-video/ |title=Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Gives 'Endless Forms Most Beautiful' Track-By-Track Breakdown (Video) |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=20 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051208/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-tuomas-holopainen-gives-endless-forms-most-beautiful-track-by-track-breakdown-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shutt |first1=Dan |title=Nightwish, Wembley Arena, gig review: Closing with The Greatest Show on Earth too much for sell-out audience to handle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html |website=[[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Limited |access-date=3 January 2016 |date=21 December 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125184215/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=spaziorock>{{cite web |title=Nightwish: track by track di "Endless Forms Most Beautiful"! |url=http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful |website=SpazioRock |access-date=10 April 2015 |date=17 March 2015 |language=it |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704195744/http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=EMP>{{cite web |last1=Schleutermann |first1=Marcus |title=Nightwish – Food for Thought |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I |website=EMP Rockinvasion |access-date=10 March 2015 |location=[[Köln]] |language=en, de |date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503004023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I |url-status=live }}</ref>。随后，他于2015年12月19日在伦敦温布利体育馆与 Nightwish 一起进行了现场表演。这场演唱会后来作为现场专辑/DVD 的一部分发行，专辑名为《精神的载体》。
* 《蝴蝶、斑马与胚胎：探索演化发生学之美》(2015)-由芬兰交响金属乐队 Nightwish 担任专辑嘉宾明星。他提供了两个轨道的旁白: “战栗之前的美丽”，其中他开始了他自己的一个引用专辑，“地球上最伟大的表演”，启发和命名他的书的《地球上最伟大的表演：进化的证据》，并在其中引用查尔斯达尔文的物种起源<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-next-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-atheist-writerleader-richard-dawkins/ |title=Nightwish's Next Album To Feature Guest Appearance By British Professor Richard Dawkins |work=Blabbermouth.net |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=19 January 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209031827/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-next-album-to-feature-guest-appearance-by-atheist-writerleader-richard-dawkins |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-tuomas-holopainen-gives-endless-forms-most-beautiful-track-by-track-breakdown-video/ |title=Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Gives 'Endless Forms Most Beautiful' Track-By-Track Breakdown (Video) |date=17 March 2015 |access-date=20 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051208/http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/nightwishs-tuomas-holopainen-gives-endless-forms-most-beautiful-track-by-track-breakdown-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shutt |first1=Dan |title=Nightwish, Wembley Arena, gig review: Closing with The Greatest Show on Earth too much for sell-out audience to handle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html |website=The Independent |publisher=Independent Print Limited |access-date=3 January 2016 |date=21 December 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125184215/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/music-magazine/live-music/live-reviews/nightwish-wembley-arena-gig-review-closing-with-the-greatest-show-on-earth-too-much-for-sell-out-a6781496.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=spaziorock>{{cite web |title=Nightwish: track by track di "Endless Forms Most Beautiful"! |url=http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful |website=SpazioRock |access-date=10 April 2015 |date=17 March 2015 |language=it |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704195744/http://www.spaziorock.it/speciale.php?&id=nightwish-esclusivo-track-by-track-di-endless-forms-most-beautiful |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=EMP>{{cite web |last1=Schleutermann |first1=Marcus |title=Nightwish – Food for Thought |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I |website=EMP Rockinvasion |access-date=10 March 2015 |location=Köln |language=en, de |date=27 February 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503004023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzLMBGFBJ4I |url-status=live }}</ref>。随后，他于2015年12月19日在伦敦温布利体育馆与 Nightwish 一起进行了现场表演。这场演唱会后来作为现场专辑/DVD 的一部分发行，专辑名为《精神的载体》。
== 备注 ==
== 备注 ==
'''b.'''
'''b.'''
辩论以“创造论比进化论更有效”的动议被198票对115票击败而结束。<ref>Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=12 March 2007 |title=1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,721,1986-Oxford-Union-Debate,Richard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729152706/http://richarddawkins.net/audio/721-1986-oxford-union-debate |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead}} Debate no longer available at that website. For the debate audio in video format in two segments, see part 1 at {{YouTube |D4I7znTq0gs}} and part 2 at {{YouTube |uKtT2hDPCIU}}</ref>约翰 · 杜兰特在《从进化到创造: 欧洲的视角》一书中对进化论和创造论的批判历史观点。Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ.新闻，奥尔胡斯，丹麦辩论不再提供该网站。有关两个部分的辩论录音，请参阅第一部分及第二部分。
辩论以“创造论比进化论更有效”的动议被198票对115票击败而结束。<ref>Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Dawkins |date=12 March 2007 |title=1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith |publisher=Richard Dawkins Foundation |url=http://richarddawkins.net/article,721,1986-Oxford-Union-Debate,Richard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith |access-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729152706/http://richarddawkins.net/audio/721-1986-oxford-union-debate |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead}} </ref>约翰 · 杜兰特在《从进化到创造: 欧洲的视角》一书中对进化论和创造论的批判历史观点。Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ.新闻，奥尔胡斯，丹麦辩论不再提供该网站。有关两个部分的辩论录音，请参阅第一部分及第二部分。
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