更改

在一项大规模的筛查研究中，大班教学模式中十分之一的儿童被认为患有工作记忆缺陷。他们中的大多数人在学术成就上乏善可陈——这与智商无关<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alloway TP, Gathercole SE, Kirkwood H, Elliott J |title=The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory |journal=Child Development |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=606–21 |year=2009 |pmid=19467014 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01282.x|hdl=1893/978 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。同样，国家课程标准把最早在7岁就表现出工作记忆缺陷的儿童定性为低成就学生<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age|journal = British Journal of Educational Psychology|date = 2000-06-01|issn = 2044-8279|pages = 177–194|volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.1348/000709900158047|language = en|first1 = Susan E.|last1 = Gathercole|first2 = Susan J.|last2 = Pickering|pmid=10900777}}</ref>。如果没有适当的干预，这些孩子就会落后于同龄人。最近，一项针对37名具有显著学习障碍的学龄儿童的研究表明，基线测量的工作记忆能力（而非智商）可预测两年后的学习结果<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Tracy Packiam |last1=Alloway |year=2009 |journal=European Journal of Psychological Assessment |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=92–8 |doi=10.1027/1015-5759.25.2.92 |title=Working Memory, but Not IQ, Predicts Subsequent Learning in Children with Learning Difficulties|hdl=1893/1005 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。这表明低分与工作记忆障碍有关，甚至成为导致教育失败的高风险因素。在有学习障碍的儿童中(如'''诵读困难dyslexia'''、'''多动症ADHD'''和失用症)，类似模式是显而易见的<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Pickering | first1 = Susan J. | title = Working memory in dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway |editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Richard K. | last2 = Muse | first2 = Andrea | title = Short-term memory deficits in developmental dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Roodenrys  | first1 = Steve  | title = Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | editor1 =  Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher =  Psychology Press | year =  2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Alloway | first1 = Tracy Packiam | title = Working memory skills in children with developmental coordination disorder | editor1 =  Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher =  Psychology Press | year =  2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref>。

在一项大规模的筛查研究中，大班教学模式中十分之一的儿童被认为患有工作记忆缺陷。他们中的大多数人在学术成就上乏善可陈——这与智商无关<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Alloway TP, Gathercole SE, Kirkwood H, Elliott J |title=The cognitive and behavioral characteristics of children with low working memory |journal=Child Development |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=606–21 |year=2009 |pmid=19467014 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01282.x|hdl=1893/978 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。同样，国家课程标准把最早在7岁就表现出工作记忆缺陷的儿童定性为低成就学生<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age|journal = British Journal of Educational Psychology|date = 2000-06-01|issn = 2044-8279|pages = 177–194|volume = 70|issue = 2|doi = 10.1348/000709900158047|language = en|first1 = Susan E.|last1 = Gathercole|first2 = Susan J.|last2 = Pickering|pmid=10900777}}</ref>。如果没有适当的干预，这些孩子就会落后于同龄人。最近，一项针对37名具有显著学习障碍的学龄儿童的研究表明，基线测量的工作记忆能力（而非智商）可预测两年后的学习结果<ref>{{Cite journal|first1=Tracy Packiam |last1=Alloway |year=2009 |journal=European Journal of Psychological Assessment |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=92–8 |doi=10.1027/1015-5759.25.2.92 |title=Working Memory, but Not IQ, Predicts Subsequent Learning in Children with Learning Difficulties|hdl=1893/1005 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>。这表明低分与工作记忆障碍有关，甚至成为导致教育失败的高风险因素。在有学习障碍的儿童中(如'''诵读困难 dyslexia'''、'''多动症 ADHD'''和失用症)，类似模式是显而易见的<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Pickering | first1 = Susan J. | title = Working memory in dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway |editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Richard K. | last2 = Muse | first2 = Andrea | title = Short-term memory deficits in developmental dyslexia | editor1 = Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = Working memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher = Psychology Press | year = 2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Roodenrys  | first1 = Steve  | title = Working memory function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | editor1 =  Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher =  Psychology Press | year =  2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Alloway | first1 = Tracy Packiam | title = Working memory skills in children with developmental coordination disorder | editor1 =  Tracy Packiam Alloway|editor2=Susan E Gathercole | work = orking memory and neurodevelopmental disorders | publisher =  Psychology Press | year =  2006 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-84169-560-0 |oclc =  63692704}}</ref>。

== 与注意力的关系 ==

== 与注意力的关系 ==