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| : <math> Z = \sum_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_i}, </math> | | : <math> Z = \sum_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_i}, </math> |
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− | <math> Z = \sum_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_i}, </math><br />
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| where | | where |
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− | : <math> i </math> is the index for the [[Microstate (statistical mechanics)|microstates]] of the system;
| + | <math> i </math> 是系统微观状态的指标; |
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− | <math> i </math> 是系统微观状态的指标;
| + | <math> \mathrm{e} </math> 是欧拉的数字; |
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− | : <math> \mathrm{e} </math> is [[e (mathematical constant)|Euler's number]];
| + | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>; |
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− | <math> \mathrm{e} </math> 是欧拉的数字;
| + | <math> E_i </math> 是系统在各自微观状态下的总能量。 |
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− | : <math> \beta </math> is the [[thermodynamic beta]], defined as <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
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− | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
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− | : <math> E_i </math> is the total energy of the system in the respective [[Microstate (statistical mechanics)|microstate]].
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− | <math> E_i </math> 是系统在各自微观状态下的总能量。
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| + | 指数因子 <math> \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_i} </math> 也被称为玻尔兹曼因子。 |
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− | The [[Exponential function|exponential]] factor <math> \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_i} </math> is otherwise known as the [[Boltzmann factor]].
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− | 指数因子 <math> \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_i} </math> 也被称为玻尔兹曼因子。
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| : <math> Z = \frac{1}{h^3} \int \mathrm{e}^{-\beta H(q, p)} \, \mathrm{d}^3 q \, \mathrm{d}^3 p, </math> | | : <math> Z = \frac{1}{h^3} \int \mathrm{e}^{-\beta H(q, p)} \, \mathrm{d}^3 q \, \mathrm{d}^3 p, </math> |
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− | <math> Z = \frac{1}{h^3} \int \mathrm{e}^{-\beta H(q, p)} \, \mathrm{d}^3 q \, \mathrm{d}^3 p, </math><br />
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| where | | where |
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− | : <math> h </math> is the [[Planck constant]];
| + | <math> h </math> 是普朗克常数; |
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− | <math> h </math> 是普朗克常数;
| + | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>; |
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− | : <math> \beta </math> is the [[thermodynamic beta]], defined as <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
| + | <math> H(q, p) </math> 是系统的哈密顿函数; |
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− | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
| + | <math> q </math> 是正则位置 |
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− | : <math> H(q, p) </math> is the [[Hamiltonian mechanics|Hamiltonian]] of the system;
| + | <math> p </math> 是正则动量。 |
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− | <math> H(q, p) </math> 是系统的哈密顿函数;
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− |
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− | : <math> q </math> is the [[Canonical coordinates|canonical position]];
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− | <math> q </math> 是正则位置
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− | : <math> p </math> is the [[Canonical coordinates|canonical momentum]].
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− | <math> p </math> 是正则动量。
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− | : <math> Z=\frac{1}{N!h^{3N}} \int \, \exp \left(-\beta \sum_{i=1}^N H(\textbf q_i, \textbf p_i) \right) \; \mathrm{d}^3 q_1 \cdots \mathrm{d}^3 q_N \, \mathrm{d}^3 p_1 \cdots \mathrm{d}^3 p_N </math>
| + | <math> Z=\frac{1}{N!h^{3N}} \int \, \exp \left(-\beta \sum_{i=1}^N H(\textbf q_i, \textbf p_i) \right) \; \mathrm{d}^3 q_1 \cdots \mathrm{d}^3 q_N \, \mathrm{d}^3 p_1 \cdots \mathrm{d}^3 p_N </math> |
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− | <math> Z=\frac{1}{N!h^{3N}} \int \, \exp \left(-\beta \sum_{i=1}^N H(\textbf q_i, \textbf p_i) \right) \; \mathrm{d}^3 q_1 \cdots \mathrm{d}^3 q_N \, \mathrm{d}^3 p_1 \cdots \mathrm{d}^3 p_N </math>
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| where | | where |
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| + | <math> h </math> 是普朗克常数; |
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| + | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>; |
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| + | <math> i </math> 是系统粒子的指数 |
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− | : <math> h </math> is the [[Planck constant]];
| + | <math> H </math> 是一个粒子的哈密顿量; |
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− | <math> h </math> 是普朗克常数;
| + | <math> q_i </math> 是各个粒子的正则位置; |
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− | : <math> \beta </math> is the [[thermodynamic beta]], defined as <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
| + | <math> p_i </math> 是各个粒子的正则动量; |
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− | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
| + | <math> \mathrm{d}^3 </math> 是一个简写符号,用来表示 <math> q_i </math> 和 <math> p_i </math> 是三维空间中的向量。<br /> |
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− | : <math> i </math> is the index for the particles of the system;
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− | <math> i </math> 是系统粒子的指数
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− | : <math> H </math> is the [[Hamiltonian mechanics|Hamiltonian]] of a respective particle;
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− | <math> H </math> 是一个粒子的哈密顿量;
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− | : <math> q_i </math> is the [[Canonical coordinates|canonical position]] of the respective particle;
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− | <math> q_i </math> 是各个粒子的正则位置;
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− | : <math> p_i </math> is the [[Canonical coordinates|canonical momentum]] of the respective particle;
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− | <math> p_i </math> 是各个粒子的正则动量;
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− | : <math> \mathrm{d}^3 </math> is shorthand notation to indicate that <math> q_i </math> and <math> p_i </math> are vectors in three-dimensional space.
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− | <math> \mathrm{d}^3 </math> 是一个简写符号,用来表示 <math> q_i </math> 和 <math> p_i </math> 是三维空间中的向量。<br />
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| The reason for the [[factorial]] factor ''N''! is discussed [[#Partition functions of subsystems|below]]. The extra constant factor introduced in the denominator was introduced because, unlike the discrete form, the continuous form shown above is not [[dimensionless]]. As stated in the previous section, to make it into a dimensionless quantity, we must divide it by ''h''<sup>3''N''</sup> (where ''h'' is usually taken to be Planck's constant). | | The reason for the [[factorial]] factor ''N''! is discussed [[#Partition functions of subsystems|below]]. The extra constant factor introduced in the denominator was introduced because, unlike the discrete form, the continuous form shown above is not [[dimensionless]]. As stated in the previous section, to make it into a dimensionless quantity, we must divide it by ''h''<sup>3''N''</sup> (where ''h'' is usually taken to be Planck's constant). |
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− | : <math> Z = \operatorname{tr} ( \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} ), </math>
| + | <math> Z = \operatorname{tr} ( \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} ), </math> |
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− | <math> Z = \operatorname{tr} ( \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} ), </math>
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| where: | | where: |
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| + | <math> \operatorname{tr} ( \circ ) </math> 是矩阵的轨迹; |
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− | : <math> \operatorname{tr} ( \circ ) </math> is the [[trace (linear algebra)|trace]] of a matrix;
| + | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>; |
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− | <math> \operatorname{tr} ( \circ ) </math> 是矩阵的轨迹;
| + | <math> \hat{H} </math> 是哈密尔顿算符。 |
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− | : <math> \beta </math> is the [[thermodynamic beta]], defined as <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
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− | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
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− | : <math> \hat{H} </math> is the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|Hamiltonian operator]].
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− | <math> \hat{H} </math> 是哈密尔顿算符。
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| The [[dimension]] of <math> \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} </math> is the number of [[energy eigenstates]] of the system. | | The [[dimension]] of <math> \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} </math> is the number of [[energy eigenstates]] of the system. |
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− | : <math> Z = \frac{1}{h} \int \langle q, p | \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} | q, p \rangle \, \mathrm{d} q \, \mathrm{d} p, </math>
| + | <math> Z = \frac{1}{h} \int \langle q, p | \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} | q, p \rangle \, \mathrm{d} q \, \mathrm{d} p, </math> |
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− | <math> Z = \frac{1}{h} \int \langle q, p | \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} | q, p \rangle \, \mathrm{d} q \, \mathrm{d} p, </math>
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| where: | | where: |
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| + | <math> h </math> 是普朗克常数; |
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− | : <math> h </math> is the [[Planck constant]];
| + | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>; |
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− | <math> h </math> 是普朗克常数;
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− | | |
− | : <math> \beta </math> is the [[thermodynamic beta]], defined as <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
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− | <math> \beta </math> 是热力学beta,定义为 <math> \tfrac{1}{k_\text{B} T} </math>;
| + | <math> \hat{H} </math> 是哈密尔顿算符; |
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− | : <math> \hat{H} </math> is the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|Hamiltonian operator]];
| + | <math> q </math>是正则位置; |
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− | <math> \hat{H} </math> 是哈密尔顿算符;
| + | <math> p </math> 是正则动量。 |
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− | : <math> q </math> is the [[Canonical coordinates|canonical position]];
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− |
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− | <math> q </math>是正则位置;
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− |
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− | : <math> p </math> is the [[Canonical coordinates|canonical momentum]].
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− |
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− | <math> p </math> 是正则动量。
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| 在具有多个量子态''s''共享相同能量的系统中,系统的能级''E<sub>s</sub>''是简并的。在简并能级的情况下,我们可以用能级( ''j'' )的贡献来表示配分函数,如下: | | 在具有多个量子态''s''共享相同能量的系统中,系统的能级''E<sub>s</sub>''是简并的。在简并能级的情况下,我们可以用能级( ''j'' )的贡献来表示配分函数,如下: |
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| + | <math> Z = \sum_j g_j \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_j},</math> |
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− |
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− |
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− | : <math> Z = \sum_j g_j \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_j},</math>
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− |
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− | <math> Z = \sum_j g_j \cdot \mathrm{e}^{-\beta E_j},</math>
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− | | + | <math>Z = \operatorname{tr} ( \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} ),</math> |
− | : <math>Z = \operatorname{tr} ( \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} ),</math>
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− | | |
− | <math>Z = \operatorname{tr} ( \mathrm{e}^{-\beta \hat{H}} ),</math>
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| where ''Ĥ'' is the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|quantum Hamiltonian operator]]. The exponential of an operator can be defined using the [[Characterizations of the exponential function|exponential power series]]. | | where ''Ĥ'' is the [[Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)|quantum Hamiltonian operator]]. The exponential of an operator can be defined using the [[Characterizations of the exponential function|exponential power series]]. |