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此词条Eatcosmos2初步翻译,Inch审校。
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[[File:Sierpinski_triangle.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Sierpinski triangle]] created using IFS (colored to illustrate self-similar structure) 使用IFS创建的Sierpinski三角形(用颜色来说明自相似结构)。]]
 
[[File:Sierpinski_triangle.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Sierpinski triangle]] created using IFS (colored to illustrate self-similar structure) 使用IFS创建的Sierpinski三角形(用颜色来说明自相似结构)。]]
[[File:Chris Ursitti fractal 0000.png|thumb|right|200px|Colored IFS designed using [[Apophysis (software)|Apophysis]] software and rendered by the [[Electric Sheep]]. 彩色 IFS 使用[[Apophysis (software)|Apophysis]]设计,使用[[Electric Sheep 电子羊]]渲染。]]
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[[File:Chris Ursitti fractal 0000.png|thumb|right|200px| 彩色 IFS 使用Apophysis 软件设计,使用Electric Sheep渲染。]]
In [[mathematics]], '''iterated function systems''' ('''IFSs''') are a method of constructing [[fractal]]s; the resulting fractals are often [[self-similar]]. IFS fractals are more related to [[set theory]] than fractal geometry.<ref name="picg">{{cite book |title=Progress in Computer Graphics: Volume 1 |last=Zobrist |first= George Winston |author2=Chaman Sabharwal |year=1992 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=9780893916510 |page=135 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Ai6Qo0qoE9EC |accessdate=7 May 2017}}</ref> They were introduced in 1981.
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在[[数学]]中,<font color="#ff8000">'''迭代函数系统''' '''iterated function systems'''('''IFS''')</font>是一种构造[[分形几何 Fractal]]的方法;产生的分形通常是自相似的。IFS分形与集合论的关系比分形几何更大。它们于1981年被提出。
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在数学中,’’’迭代函数系统 iterated function systems(IFS)’’’是一种构造[[分形几何 Fractal]]的方法;产生的分形通常是自相似的。IFS分形与集合论的关系比分形几何更大。<ref name="picg">{{cite book |title=Progress in Computer Graphics: Volume 1 |last=Zobrist |first= George Winston |author2=Chaman Sabharwal |year=1992 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=9780893916510 |page=135 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Ai6Qo0qoE9EC |accessdate=7 May 2017}}</ref>它们于1981年被提出。
'''IFS''' fractals, as they are normally called, can be of any number of dimensions, but are commonly computed and drawn in 2D. The fractal is made up of the union of several copies of itself, each copy being transformed by a function (hence "function system"). The canonical example is the [[Sierpiński triangle]]. The functions are normally [[contraction mapping|contractive]], which means they bring points closer together and make shapes smaller. Hence, the shape of an IFS fractal is made up of several possibly-overlapping smaller copies of itself, each of which is also made up of copies of itself, [[ad infinitum]]. This is the source of its self-similar fractal nature.
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'''IFS''' 分形,正如他们被通常称呼一样,可以是任何维度的,但通常在2维空间计算和绘制。<font color="#ff8000">分形</font>是由其本身的几个副本的结合体组成,每个副本都由一个函数变换而成(因此称为 "函数系统")。典型的例子是<font color="#ff8000">[[谢尔宾斯基三角形]]Sierpiński triangle</font>。这些函数通常是收缩的,这意味着它们使点更接近,使形状更小。因此,IFS分形的形状是由若干个可能重叠的较小副本组成的,每个副本也是由自己的副本组成的,无穷无尽[[ad infinitum]]。这就是其自相似分形性质的来源。
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IFS分形,正如他们被通常称呼一样,可以是任何维度的,但通常在2维空间计算和绘制。分形是由其本身的几个副本的结合体组成,每个副本都由一个函数变换而成(因此称为 "函数系统")。典型的例子是[[谢尔宾斯基三角形]] Sierpiński triangle。这些函数通常是收缩的,这意味着它们使点更接近,使形状更小。因此,IFS分形的形状是由若干个可能重叠的较小副本组成的,每个副本也是由自己的副本组成的,无穷无尽[[ad infinitum]]。这就是其自相似分形性质的来源。
==Definition 定义==
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Formally, an [[iterated function]] system is a finite set of [[contraction mapping]]s on a [[complete metric space]].<ref>Michael Barnsley (1988). ''Fractals Everywhere'', p.82. Academic Press, Inc{{cite book |isbn=9780120790623}}</ref> Symbolically,
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==定义==
:<math>\{f_i:X\to X\mid i=1,2,\dots,N\},\ N\in\mathbb{N}</math>
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从形式上看,迭代函数系统是一个完整的度量空间上的有限收缩映射集。<ref>Michael Barnsley (1988). ''Fractals Everywhere'', p.82. Academic Press, Inc{{cite book |isbn=9780120790623}}</ref>符号表示为,
is an iterated function system if each <math>f_i</math> is a contraction on the complete metric space <math>X</math>.
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从形式上看,迭代函数系统是一个完整的度量空间上的有限收缩映射集。符号表示为,
   
:<math>\{f_i:X\to X\mid i=1,2,\dots,N\},\ N\in\mathbb{N}</math>
 
:<math>\{f_i:X\to X\mid i=1,2,\dots,N\},\ N\in\mathbb{N}</math>
 
如果每个<math>f_i</math>都是完整的度量空间<math>X</math>上的收缩,则是一个迭代函数系统。
 
如果每个<math>f_i</math>都是完整的度量空间<math>X</math>上的收缩,则是一个迭代函数系统。
==Properties 性质==
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[[File:Chaosgame.gif|thumb|right|250px|Construction of an IFS by the [[chaos game]] (animated) 通过[[chaos game]] (动画) 构建的一个IFS]]
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==性质==
[[File:Ifs-construction.png|thumb|IFS being made with two functions. IFS由两个函数构建。]]
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[[File:Chaosgame.gif|thumb|right|250px|通过[[chaos game]] (动画) 构建的一个IFS]]
Hutchinson (1981) showed that, for the metric space <math>\mathbb{R}^n</math>, or more generally, for a complete metric space <math>X</math>, such a system of functions has a unique nonempty [[Compact space|compact]] (closed and bounded) fixed set ''S''. One way of constructing a fixed set is to start with an initial nonempty closed and bounded set ''S''<sub>0</sub> and iterate the actions of the ''f''<sub>''i''</sub>, taking ''S''<sub>''n''+1</sub> to be the union of the images of ''S''<sub>''n''</sub> under the ''f''<sub>''i''</sub>; then taking ''S'' to be the [[Closure (topology)|closure]] of the union of the ''S''<sub>''n''</sub>. Symbolically, the unique fixed (nonempty compact) set <math>S\subseteq X</math> has the property
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[[File:Ifs-construction.png|thumb|IFS由两个函数构建。]]
:<math>S = \overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^N f_i(S)}.</math>
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约翰·哈钦森 Hutchinson(1981)表明,对于度量空间<math><mathbb{R}^n</math>,或者更一般地说,对于一个完整的度量空间<math>X</math>,这样的函数系统有一个唯一的非空紧凑(闭合且有界)的固定集S。构造固定集的一种方法是,从初始的非空的闭且有界集合S<sub>0</sub>开始,迭代f<sub>i</sub>的作用,取S<sub>n+1</sub>为S<sub>n</sub>在f<sub>i</sub>下的图像的联合;然后取S为S<sub>n</sub>的联合的闭合。用符号可以表示为,唯一的固定(非空紧凑)集合<math>S<subseteq X</math>具有如下性质:
 
约翰·哈钦森 Hutchinson(1981)表明,对于度量空间<math><mathbb{R}^n</math>,或者更一般地说,对于一个完整的度量空间<math>X</math>,这样的函数系统有一个唯一的非空紧凑(闭合且有界)的固定集S。构造固定集的一种方法是,从初始的非空的闭且有界集合S<sub>0</sub>开始,迭代f<sub>i</sub>的作用,取S<sub>n+1</sub>为S<sub>n</sub>在f<sub>i</sub>下的图像的联合;然后取S为S<sub>n</sub>的联合的闭合。用符号可以表示为,唯一的固定(非空紧凑)集合<math>S<subseteq X</math>具有如下性质:
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:<math>S = \overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^N f_i(S)}.</math>
 
:<math>S = \overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^N f_i(S)}.</math>
The set ''S'' is thus the fixed set of the [[Hutchinson operator]] <math>F: 2^X\to 2^X</math> defined for <math>A\subseteq X</math> via
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:<math>F(A)=\overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^N f_i(A)}.</math>
   
集合''S''因此是[[Hutchinson算子]]的固定集。<math>F: 2^X/to 2^X</math>定义为<math>A/subseteq X</math>,通过
 
集合''S''因此是[[Hutchinson算子]]的固定集。<math>F: 2^X/to 2^X</math>定义为<math>A/subseteq X</math>,通过
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:<math>F(A)=\overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^N f_i(A)}.</math>
 
:<math>F(A)=\overline{\bigcup_{i=1}^N f_i(A)}.</math>
The existence and uniqueness of ''S'' is a consequence of the [[contraction mapping principle]], as is the fact that
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:<math>\lim_{n\to\infty}F^{\circ n}(A)=S</math>
   
''S''的存在性和唯一性是[[contraction mapping principle]]的结果,就如
 
''S''的存在性和唯一性是[[contraction mapping principle]]的结果,就如
 
:<math>\lim_{n\to\infty}F^{\circ n}(A)=S</math>
 
:<math>\lim_{n\to\infty}F^{\circ n}(A)=S</math>
for any nonempty compact set <math>A</math> in <math>X</math>. (For contractive IFS this convergence takes place even for any nonempty closed bounded set <math>A</math>). Random elements arbitrarily close to ''S'' may be obtained by the "chaos game," described below.
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对于<math>X</math>中的任何非空紧集<math>A</math>。(对于收缩型IFS,即使对于任何非空的闭合有界集<math>A</math>,也会发生这种收敛。)。任意接近''S''的随机元素可以通过下面描述的 "chaos game "获得。
 
对于<math>X</math>中的任何非空紧集<math>A</math>。(对于收缩型IFS,即使对于任何非空的闭合有界集<math>A</math>,也会发生这种收敛。)。任意接近''S''的随机元素可以通过下面描述的 "chaos game "获得。
Recently it was shown that the IFSs of noncontractive type (i.e. composed of maps that are not contractions with respect to any topologically equivalent metric in ''X'') can yield attractors.
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最近,人们证明了非收缩型的IFS(即由相对于''X''中的任何拓扑等价度量不收缩的映射组成)可以产生吸引子。
 
最近,人们证明了非收缩型的IFS(即由相对于''X''中的任何拓扑等价度量不收缩的映射组成)可以产生吸引子。
These arise naturally in projective spaces, though classical irrational rotation on the circle can be adapted too.<ref>M. Barnsley, A. Vince, The Chaos Game on a General Iterated Function System</ref>
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这些都是在投影空间中自然产生的,尽管经典的圆上的无理旋转也可以适应。
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这些都是在投影空间中自然产生的,尽管经典的圆上的无理旋转也可以适应。<ref>M. Barnsley, A. Vince, The Chaos Game on a General Iterated Function System</ref>
The collection of functions <math>f_i</math> [[Generating set|generates]] a [[monoid]] under [[Function composition|composition]]. If there are only two such functions, the monoid can be visualized as a [[binary tree]], where, at each node of the tree, one may compose with the one or the other function (''i.e.'' take the left or the right branch). In general, if there are ''k'' functions, then one may visualize the monoid as a full [[k-ary tree|''k''-ary tree]], also known as a [[Cayley tree]].
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函数的集合<math>f_i</math>能产生是运算下的独异点。如果只有两个这样的函数,那么这个单体可以可视化为一棵[[binary tree]],在树的每一个节点上,我们可以用一个或另一个函数进行合成(''即''取左支或右支)。一般来说,如果有''k个''函数,那么可以将单子可视化为一个完整的[[k-ary树|''k-''ary树]],也称为[[Cayley tree]]。
 
函数的集合<math>f_i</math>能产生是运算下的独异点。如果只有两个这样的函数,那么这个单体可以可视化为一棵[[binary tree]],在树的每一个节点上,我们可以用一个或另一个函数进行合成(''即''取左支或右支)。一般来说,如果有''k个''函数,那么可以将单子可视化为一个完整的[[k-ary树|''k-''ary树]],也称为[[Cayley tree]]。
==Constructions 构建==
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[[File:Fractal_fern_explained.png|thumb|upright|[[Barnsley's fern]], an early IFS [[Barnsley's fern]],一个早期的 IFS]]
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==构建==
[[File:Menger sponge (IFS).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Menger sponge]], a 3-Dimensional IFS. [[Menger sponge]],一个3维的 IFS.]]
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[[File:Fractal_fern_explained.png|thumb|upright|[[Barnsley's fern]],一个早期的 IFS]]
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[[File:Menger sponge (IFS).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Menger sponge]],一个3维的 IFS.]]
 
[[File:Coupe d'arbre.png|thumb|IFS "tree" constructed with non-linear function Julia|链接=Special:FilePath/Coupe_d'arbre.png]]
 
[[File:Coupe d'arbre.png|thumb|IFS "tree" constructed with non-linear function Julia|链接=Special:FilePath/Coupe_d'arbre.png]]
 
[[File:Golden_Square_fractal_with_T-branching_8.svg.png|thumb|[[Golden ratio|Golden squares]] with [[T-square (fractal)|T-branching]]]]
 
[[File:Golden_Square_fractal_with_T-branching_8.svg.png|thumb|[[Golden ratio|Golden squares]] with [[T-square (fractal)|T-branching]]]]
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
Sometimes each function <math>f_i</math> is required to be a [[Linear transformation|linear]], or more generally an [[affine transformation|affine]], transformation, and hence represented by a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]. However, IFSs may also be built from non-linear functions, including [[projective transformation]]s and [[Möbius transformation]]s. The [[Fractal flame]] is an example of an IFS with nonlinear functions.
 
Sometimes each function <math>f_i</math> is required to be a [[Linear transformation|linear]], or more generally an [[affine transformation|affine]], transformation, and hence represented by a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]. However, IFSs may also be built from non-linear functions, including [[projective transformation]]s and [[Möbius transformation]]s. The [[Fractal flame]] is an example of an IFS with nonlinear functions.
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有时,每个函数<math>f_i</math>都必须是线性的[[Linear transformation|linear]],或者更一般的[[affine transformation|affine]],变换,因此用[[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]表示。然而,IFS也可以由非线性函数建立,包括[[projective transformation]]和[[Möbius transformation]]。[[Fractal flame]]是一个非线性函数的IFS的例子。
 
有时,每个函数<math>f_i</math>都必须是线性的[[Linear transformation|linear]],或者更一般的[[affine transformation|affine]],变换,因此用[[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]]表示。然而,IFS也可以由非线性函数建立,包括[[projective transformation]]和[[Möbius transformation]]。[[Fractal flame]]是一个非线性函数的IFS的例子。
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The most common algorithm to compute IFS fractals is called the "[[chaos game]]". It consists of picking a random point in the plane, then iteratively applying one of the functions chosen at random from the function system to transform the point to get a next point. An alternative algorithm is to generate each possible sequence of functions up to a given maximum length, and then to plot the results of applying each of these sequences of functions to an initial point or shape.
 
The most common algorithm to compute IFS fractals is called the "[[chaos game]]". It consists of picking a random point in the plane, then iteratively applying one of the functions chosen at random from the function system to transform the point to get a next point. An alternative algorithm is to generate each possible sequence of functions up to a given maximum length, and then to plot the results of applying each of these sequences of functions to an initial point or shape.
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计算IFS分形最常用的算法叫做"[[chaos game]]"。它包括在平面上随机选取一个点,然后反复应用从函数系统中随机选取的一个函数来变换该点,去得到下一个点。另一种算法是生成每一个可能的函数序列,直到给定的最大长度,然后将这些函数序列中的每一个应用于初始点或形状的结果绘制出来。
 
计算IFS分形最常用的算法叫做"[[chaos game]]"。它包括在平面上随机选取一个点,然后反复应用从函数系统中随机选取的一个函数来变换该点,去得到下一个点。另一种算法是生成每一个可能的函数序列,直到给定的最大长度,然后将这些函数序列中的每一个应用于初始点或形状的结果绘制出来。
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Each of these algorithms provides a global construction which generates points distributed across the whole fractal. If a small area of the fractal is being drawn, many of these points will fall outside of the screen boundaries. This makes zooming into an IFS construction drawn in this manner impractical.
 
Each of these algorithms provides a global construction which generates points distributed across the whole fractal. If a small area of the fractal is being drawn, many of these points will fall outside of the screen boundaries. This makes zooming into an IFS construction drawn in this manner impractical.
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这些算法中的每一种都提供了一个全局结构,生成分布在整个分形上的点。如果正在绘制分形的一小块区域,这些点中的许多将落在屏幕边界之外。这使得放大以这种方式绘制的IFS结构不切实际。
 
这些算法中的每一种都提供了一个全局结构,生成分布在整个分形上的点。如果正在绘制分形的一小块区域,这些点中的许多将落在屏幕边界之外。这使得放大以这种方式绘制的IFS结构不切实际。
Although the theory of IFS requires each function to be contractive, in practice software that implements IFS only require that the whole system be contractive on average.<ref>{{cite web |last=Draves |first=Scott |authorlink=Scott Draves |author2=Erik Reckase |date=July 2007 |url=http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |title=The Fractal Flame Algorithm |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073421/http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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虽然IFS的理论要求每个功能都是收缩的,但实际上实现IFS的软件只要求整个系统平均是收缩的。
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==Partitioned iterated function systems 分割迭代函数系统==
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PIFS (partitioned iterated function systems), also called local iterated function systems,<ref name="lacroix"/> give surprisingly good image compression, even for photographs that don't seem to have the kinds of self-similar structure shown by simple IFS factals.<ref name="SIGGRAPH'92">{{cite conference
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虽然IFS的理论要求每个功能都是收缩的,但实际上实现IFS的软件只要求整个系统平均是收缩的。<ref>{{cite web |last=Draves |first=Scott |author2=Erik Reckase |date=July 2007 |url=http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |title=The Fractal Flame Algorithm |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073421/http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|url= https://karczmarczuk.users.greyc.fr/matrs/Dess/RADI/Refs/fractal_paper.pdf
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|last= Fischer
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|first= Yuval
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==分割迭代函数系统==
|title= SIGGRAPH'92 course notes - Fractal Image Compression
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分割迭代函数系统 partitioned iterated function systems(PIFS),也叫局部迭代函数系统,<ref name="lacroix"/> 给出了令人惊讶的良好的图像压缩效果,即使是对于那些看起来不具有简单的IFS分形所显示的自相似结构的照片。<ref name="SIGGRAPH'92">{{cite conference|url= https://karczmarczuk.users.greyc.fr/matrs/Dess/RADI/Refs/fractal_paper.pdf|last= Fischer|first= Yuval|title= SIGGRAPH'92 course notes - Fractal Image Compression|conference= SIGGRAPH|conference-url= http://www.siggraph.org/|editor= Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz|publisher= [[ACM SIGGRAPH]]|volume= Fractals - From Folk Art to Hyperreality|date= 1992-08-12}}</ref>
|conference= SIGGRAPH
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|conference-url= http://www.siggraph.org/
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|editor= Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz
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==逆问题==
|publisher= [[ACM SIGGRAPH]]
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有非常快速的算法可以从一组IFS或PIFS参数生成图像。与存储和传输图像中每个像素的颜色相比,存储描述如何创建图像、将该描述传输到目标设备并在目标设备上重新生成图像的速度更快,所需的存储空间也更小。<ref name="lacroix">Bruno Lacroix. [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36939.pdf "Fractal Image Compression"]. 1998.</ref>
|volume= Fractals - From Folk Art to Hyperreality
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|date= 1992-08-12
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逆问题比较困难:给定一些原始的任意数字图像,如一张数字照片,试图找到一组IFS参数,通过迭代评估后,产生另一幅与原始图像视觉上相似的图像。在1989年,Arnaud Jacquin 提出了一个只用 PIFS 的限制形式的反问题的解,反问题的一般形式仍未解决。<ref>Dietmar Saupe, Raouf Hamzaoui.[https://www.uni-konstanz.de/mmsp/pubsys/publishedFiles/SaHa94.pdf "A Review of the Fractal Image Compression Literature"].</ref><ref name="kominek">John Kominek.
}}</ref>
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[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d77b/ffac2560c92771d3756c0e29863a44919d6f.pdf "Algorithm for Fast Fractal Image Compression"]</ref><ref name="lacroix"/>并由迈克尔·巴恩斯利的著作《分形无处不在》而流行开来。1992年,斯科特·德拉维斯发明了分形火焰算法。截至1995年,所有分形压缩软件都是基于Jacquin的方法。<ref name="kominek"/>
<font color="#ff8000">分割迭代函数系统 PIFS(partitioned iterated function systems)</font>,也叫局部迭代函数系统,给出了令人惊讶的良好的图像压缩效果,即使是对于那些看起来不具有简单的IFS factals所显示的自相似结构的照片。
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==The inverse problem 逆问题==
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{{Main|Fractal compression 分形压缩}}
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==范例==
Very fast algorithms exist to generate an image from a set of IFS or PIFS parameters. It is faster and requires much less storage space to store a description of how it was created, transmit that description to a destination device, and regenerate that image anew on the destination device, than to store and transmit the color of each pixel in the image.<ref name="lacroix">Bruno Lacroix. [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36939.pdf "Fractal Image Compression"]. 1998.</ref>
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有非常快速的算法可以从一组IFS或PIFS参数生成图像。与存储和传输图像中每个像素的颜色相比,存储描述如何创建图像、将该描述传输到目标设备并在目标设备上重新生成图像的速度更快,所需的存储空间也更小。
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The 逆问题 [[inverse problem]] is more difficult: given some original arbitrary digital image such as a digital photograph, try to find a set of IFS parameters which, when evaluated by iteration, produces another image visually similar to the original.In 1989, Arnaud Jacquin presented a solution to a restricted form of the inverse problem using only PIFS; the general form of the inverse problem remains unsolved.
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<ref>Dietmar Saupe, Raouf Hamzaoui.
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[https://www.uni-konstanz.de/mmsp/pubsys/publishedFiles/SaHa94.pdf "A Review of the Fractal Image Compression Literature"].
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</ref><ref name="kominek">
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John Kominek.
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[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d77b/ffac2560c92771d3756c0e29863a44919d6f.pdf "Algorithm for Fast Fractal Image Compression"].
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{{doi|10.1117/12.206368}}.
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</ref><ref name="lacroix"/>
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逆问题比较困难:给定一些原始的任意数字图像,如一张数字照片,试图找到一组IFS参数,通过迭代评估后,产生另一幅与原始图像视觉上相似的图像。在1989年,Arnaud Jacquin 提出了一个只用 PIFS 的限制形式的反问题的解,反问题的一般形式仍未解决。并由迈克尔 · 巴恩斯利的著作《分形无处不在》而流行开来。1992年,斯科特 · 德拉维斯发明了分形火焰算法。
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As of 1995, all [[fractal compression]] software is based on Jacquin's approach.<ref name="kominek"/>
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截至1995年,所有分形压缩软件都是基于Jacquin的方法。
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==Examples 范例==
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The diagram shows the construction on an IFS from two affine functions. The functions are represented by their effect on the bi-unit square (the function transforms the outlined square into the shaded square). The combination of the two functions forms the [[Hutchinson operator]]. Three iterations of the operator are shown, and then the final image is of the fixed point, the final fractal.
   
该图显示了两个仿射函数在IFS上的构造。这两个函数用它们对双单位正方形的影响来表示(函数将轮廓正方形转化为阴影正方形)。两个函数的组合形成[[Hutchinson算子]]。图中显示了该算子的三次迭代,然后是定点的最终图像,即最终的分形。
 
该图显示了两个仿射函数在IFS上的构造。这两个函数用它们对双单位正方形的影响来表示(函数将轮廓正方形转化为阴影正方形)。两个函数的组合形成[[Hutchinson算子]]。图中显示了该算子的三次迭代,然后是定点的最终图像,即最终的分形。
Early examples of fractals which may be generated by an IFS include the [[Cantor set]], first described in 1884; and [[de Rham curve]]s, a type of self-similar curve described by [[Georges de Rham]] in 1957.
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IFS可以生成分形的早期例子包括[[Cantor set]],最早描述于1884年;[[de Rham curve]],[[Georges de Rham]]在1957年描述的一种自相似曲线。
 
IFS可以生成分形的早期例子包括[[Cantor set]],最早描述于1884年;[[de Rham curve]],[[Georges de Rham]]在1957年描述的一种自相似曲线。
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==进一步阅读==
 
==进一步阅读==
 
{{Portal|Mathematics}}
 
{{Portal|Mathematics}}
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*[[L-system]]
 
*[[L-system]]
 
*[[Fractal compression]]
 
*[[Fractal compression]]
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==参考文献==
 
==参考文献==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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==相关链接==
 
==相关链接==
 
*{{cite web |last=Draves |first=Scott |author-link=Scott Draves |author2=Erik Reckase |date=July 2007 |url=http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |title=The Fractal Flame Algorithm |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073421/http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}
 
*{{cite web |last=Draves |first=Scott |author-link=Scott Draves |author2=Erik Reckase |date=July 2007 |url=http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |title=The Fractal Flame Algorithm |format=pdf |accessdate=2008-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073421/http://flam3.com/flame.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}
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*'''For an historical overview, and the generalization :''' {{cite journal |first=Claire|last=David  |  title=fractal properties of Weierstrass-type functions |journal=Proceedings of the International Geometry Center |volume=12 |year=2019 |issue=2 |pages=43–61|url=https://journals.onaft.edu.ua/index.php/geometry/article/view/1485 }}
 
*'''For an historical overview, and the generalization :''' {{cite journal |first=Claire|last=David  |  title=fractal properties of Weierstrass-type functions |journal=Proceedings of the International Geometry Center |volume=12 |year=2019 |issue=2 |pages=43–61|url=https://journals.onaft.edu.ua/index.php/geometry/article/view/1485 }}
 
   
 
   
{{Fractal software}}
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{{Fractals}}
   
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本中文词条由[[用户:Eatcosmos2|Eatcosmos2]]编译,[[用户:Inch|Inch]]审校,[[用户:薄荷|薄荷]]编辑,欢迎在讨论页面留言。
 
'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。'''
 
'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料,遵守 CC3.0协议。'''
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[[分类:Iterated function system fractals 迭代函数系统分形]]
 
[[分类:Iterated function system fractals 迭代函数系统分形]]
 
[[分类:1981 introductions]]
 
[[分类:1981 introductions]]
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