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The term autopoiesis  refers to a system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself.  

The term autopoiesis  refers to a system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself.  

The original definition can be found in ''[[Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living]]'' (1st edition 1973, 2nd  1980):<ref>Maturana, Varela, 1980, p. 89.</ref>

The original definition can be found in ''[[Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living]]'' (1st edition 1973, 2nd  1980):<ref>Maturana, Varela, 1980, p. 89.</ref>

The original definition can be found in “Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living” (1st edition 1973, 2nd  1980):

The original definition can be found in “Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living” (1st edition 1973, 2nd  1980):

最初的定义可以在《自创生和认知：生命的实现》(1973年第1版，1980年第2版)中找到:

最初的定义可以在《自创生和认知：生命的实现 Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living》(1973年第1版，1980年第2版)中找到:

{{quotation|Page 16: It was in these circumstances ... in which he analyzed Don Quixote's dilemma of whether to follow the path of arms (''praxis'', action) or the path of letters (''poiesis'', creation, production), I understood for the first time the power of the word "poiesis" and invented the word that we needed: ''autopoiesis''. This was a word without a history, a word that could directly mean what takes place in the dynamics of the autonomy proper to living systems.

{{quotation|Page 16: It was in these circumstances ... in which he analyzed Don Quixote's dilemma of whether to follow the path of arms (''praxis'', action) or the path of letters (''poiesis'', creation, production), I understood for the first time the power of the word "poiesis" and invented the word that we needed: ''autopoiesis''. This was a word without a history, a word that could directly mean what takes place in the dynamics of the autonomy proper to living systems.

quotation|Page 16: It was in these circumstances ... in which he analyzed Don Quixote's dilemma of whether to follow the path of arms (praxis, action) or the path of letters (poiesis, creation, production), I understood for the first time the power of the word "poiesis" and invented the word that we needed: autopoiesis. This was a word without a history, a word that could directly mean what takes place in the dynamics of the autonomy proper to living systems.

quotation|Page 16: It was in these circumstances ... in which he analyzed Don Quixote's dilemma of whether to follow the path of arms (praxis, action) or the path of letters (poiesis, creation, production), I understood for the first time the power of the word "poiesis" and invented the word that we needed: autopoiesis. This was a word without a history, a word that could directly mean what takes place in the dynamics of the autonomy proper to living systems.

第16页: 正是在这种情况下...... 在这种情况下，他分析了堂吉诃德的两难处境: 是走武器之路(实践，行动)还是走字母之路(造物，创造，生产) ，我第一次明白了“造物”这个词的力量，并发明了我们需要的词: 自创造。这是一个没有历史的词，一个可以直接表示生命系统自主性动力学中发生的事情的词。

第16页: “正是在这种情况下……他分析了堂吉诃德Don Quixote的两难处境：走武装之路（praxis，行动）还是走文字之路（poiesis，创造，生产）。我第一次理解了‘poiesis’这个词的力量，并发明了我们需要的词：autopoiesis。这是一个前所未有的词，一个可以直接表达‘在生命系统特有的自主性的动态中发生了什么’的词。”

Page 78: An autopoietic machine is a machine organized (defined as a unity) as a network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) of components which: (i) through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes (relations) that produced them; and (ii) constitute it (the machine) as a concrete unity in space in which they (the components) exist by specifying the topological domain of its realization as such a network.

Page 78: An autopoietic machine is a machine organized (defined as a unity) as a network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) of components which: (i) through their interactions and transformations continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes (relations) that produced them; and (ii) constitute it (the machine) as a concrete unity in space in which they (the components) exist by specifying the topological domain of its realization as such a network.

第78页: 自创生机器是一种组织(定义为一个统一体)的机器，作为部件的生产(转换和破坏)过程的网络，其中: (i)通过它们的相互作用和转换不断地再生和实现产生它们的过程(关系)网络; (ii)构成它(机器)作为一个具体的统一体在空间中存在，它们(组件)通过指定其实现的拓扑领域为这样一个网络。

第78页: “自创生机器是一个（作为一个整体）被组织成网络的机器。这个网络是部件生产（转换和破坏）的过程的网络，它(1) 通过相互作用和转换，不断再生和实现部件生产的过程（关系）的网络；(ii)通过将其实现的拓扑域规定为这样一个网络，将机器构成为部件在空间中存在的具体统一体。”

Page 89: ... the space defined by an autopoietic system is self-contained and cannot be described by using dimensions that define another space. When we refer to our interactions with a concrete autopoietic system, however, we project this system on the space of our manipulations and make a description of this projection.}}

Page 89: ... the space defined by an autopoietic system is self-contained and cannot be described by using dimensions that define another space. When we refer to our interactions with a concrete autopoietic system, however, we project this system on the space of our manipulations and make a description of this projection.}}

第89页: ... 由自创生系统定义的空间是独立的，不能用定义另一个空间的维度来描述。然而，当我们提到我们与一个具体的自创生系统的相互作用时，我们将这个系统投射到我们操作的空间中，并对这个投射进行描述

第89页: ... “由自创生系统定义的空间是自包含的，这个空间不能用定义另一个空间的维度来描述。然而，当我们提到我们与一个具体的自创生系统的相互作用时，我们把这个系统投射到我们的操作空间上，并对这个投射进行描述。”

The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has been also applied to the fields of cognition, systems theory, architecture and sociology.

The term was introduced in 1972 by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells. Since then the concept has been also applied to the fields of cognition, systems theory, architecture and sociology.

 

Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of [[living systems]]. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the [[biological cell]]. The [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] cell, for example, is made of various [[biochemical]] components such as [[nucleic acid]]s and [[protein]]s, and is organized into bounded structures such as the [[cell nucleus]], various [[organelle]]s, a [[cell membrane]] and [[cytoskeleton]]. These structures, based on an external flow of molecules and energy, ''produce'' the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components (not unlike a wave propagating through a medium).

Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of [[living systems]]. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the [[biological cell]]. The [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] cell, for example, is made of various [[biochemical]] components such as [[nucleic acid]]s and [[protein]]s, and is organized into bounded structures such as the [[cell nucleus]], various [[organelle]]s, a [[cell membrane]] and [[cytoskeleton]]. These structures, based on an external flow of molecules and energy, ''produce'' the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components (not unlike a wave propagating through a medium).

Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of living systems. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the biological cell. The eukaryotic cell, for example, is made of various biochemical components such as nucleic acids and proteins, and is organized into bounded structures such as the cell nucleus, various organelles, a cell membrane and cytoskeleton. These structures, based on an external flow of molecules and energy, produce the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components (not unlike a wave propagating through a medium).

Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of living systems. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the biological cell. The eukaryotic cell, for example, is made of various biochemical components such as nucleic acids and proteins, and is organized into bounded structures such as the cell nucleus, various organelles, a cell membrane and cytoskeleton. These structures, based on an external flow of molecules and energy, produce the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components (not unlike a wave propagating through a medium).

An autopoietic system is to be contrasted with an allopoietic system, such as a car factory, which uses raw materials (components) to generate a car (an organized structure) which is something other than itself (the factory). However, if the system is extended from the factory to include components in the factory's "environment", such as supply chains, plant / equipment, workers, dealerships, customers, contracts, competitors, cars, spare parts, and so on, then as a total viable system it could be considered to be autopoietic.

An autopoietic system is to be contrasted with an allopoietic system, such as a car factory, which uses raw materials (components) to generate a car (an organized structure) which is something other than itself (the factory). However, if the system is extended from the factory to include components in the factory's "environment", such as supply chains, plant / equipment, workers, dealerships, customers, contracts, competitors, cars, spare parts, and so on, then as a total viable system it could be considered to be autopoietic.

自动生成系统与同种异体生成系统形成对比，如汽车工厂，它使用原材料(组件)生成一辆汽车(一个有组织的结构) ，而汽车本身(工厂)不是汽车。然而，如果该系统从工厂扩展到包括工厂“环境”中的零部件，如供应链、厂房/设备、工人、经销商、客户、合同、竞争对手、汽车、备件等等，那么作为一个完全可行的系统，它可以被认为是自动生产。

自创生系统应与异创生系统形成对比。以汽车工厂为例：它使用原材料（部件）来生成汽车（一个有组织的结构），而汽车却是自身（工厂）以外的东西。然而，如果该系统从工厂拓展到工厂的“环境”中的组成组分，如供应链、工厂/设备、工人、经销商、客户、合同、竞争对手、汽车、备件等等，那么该系统作为一个能独立生存的系统，可以被认为是自创生的。

Though others have often used the term as a synonym for self-organization, Maturana himself stated he would "[n]ever use the notion of self-organization&nbsp;... Operationally it is impossible. That is, if the organization of a thing changes, the thing changes". Moreover, an autopoietic system is autonomous and operationally closed, in the sense that there are sufficient processes within it to maintain the whole. Autopoietic systems are "structurally coupled" with their medium, embedded in a dynamic of changes that can be recalled as sensory-motor coupling. This continuous dynamic is considered as a rudimentary form of knowledge or cognition and can be observed throughout life-forms.

Though others have often used the term as a synonym for self-organization, Maturana himself stated he would "[n]ever use the notion of self-organization&nbsp;... Operationally it is impossible. That is, if the organization of a thing changes, the thing changes". Moreover, an autopoietic system is autonomous and operationally closed, in the sense that there are sufficient processes within it to maintain the whole. Autopoietic systems are "structurally coupled" with their medium, embedded in a dynamic of changes that can be recalled as sensory-motor coupling. This continuous dynamic is considered as a rudimentary form of knowledge or cognition and can be observed throughout life-forms.

虽然其他人经常使用这个词作为自我组织的同义词，Maturana 自己表示，他会“永远使用自我组织的概念... ..。从操作上讲，这是不可能的。也就是说，如果一个事物的组织发生了变化，那么这个事物也就发生了变化。”。此外，自创生系统是自主的，操作上是封闭的，也就是说，系统内部有足够的过程来维持整体。自创生系统在结构上与他们的媒介相结合，嵌入在一种动态的变化中，这种变化可以被回忆为感觉-动作关系。这种连续的动态被认为是知识或认知的一种基本形式，可以在整个生命形式中观察到。

尽管其他人经常使用该术语来作为自组织self-organization的同义词，Maturana本人表示他“永远不会使自组织的概念……在操作上它是不可能的。换句话说，如果一个事物的组织发生了变化，这个事物也就发生了变化。”。此外，自创生系统是资助的，并且在操作上是封闭的。也就是说，它内部有足够的过程，来维持整个系统。自创生系统和它们的媒介“在结构上是耦合的”，嵌入在一种变化的动态中，可以被称为感知-运动的耦合。这种连续的动态被认为是知识或认知的初级形式，可以在整个生命形式中观察到。

An application of the concept of autopoiesis to sociology can be found in Niklas Luhmann's Systems Theory, which was subsequently adapted by Bob Jessop in his studies of the capitalist state system. Marjatta Maula adapted the concept of autopoiesis in a business context. The theory of autopoiesis has also been applied in the context of legal systems by not only Niklas Luhmann, but also Gunther Teubner.

An application of the concept of autopoiesis to sociology can be found in Niklas Luhmann's Systems Theory, which was subsequently adapted by Bob Jessop in his studies of the capitalist state system. Marjatta Maula adapted the concept of autopoiesis in a business context. The theory of autopoiesis has also been applied in the context of legal systems by not only Niklas Luhmann, but also Gunther Teubner.

In the context of textual studies, Jerome McGann argues that texts are "autopoietic mechanisms operating as self-generating feedback systems that cannot be separated from those who manipulate and use them". Citing Maturana and Varela, he defines an autopoietic system as "a closed topological space that 'continuously generates and specifies its own organization through its operation as a system of production of its own components, and does this in an endless turnover of components, concluding that "Autopoietic systems are thus distinguished from allopoietic systems, which are Cartesian and which 'have as the product of their functioning something different from themselves. Coding and markup appear allopoietic", McGann argues, but are generative parts of the system they serve to maintain, and thus language and print or electronic technology are autopoietic systems.

In the context of textual studies, Jerome McGann argues that texts are "autopoietic mechanisms operating as self-generating feedback systems that cannot be separated from those who manipulate and use them". Citing Maturana and Varela, he defines an autopoietic system as "a closed topological space that 'continuously generates and specifies its own organization through its operation as a system of production of its own components, and does this in an endless turnover of components, concluding that "Autopoietic systems are thus distinguished from allopoietic systems, which are Cartesian and which 'have as the product of their functioning something different from themselves. Coding and markup appear allopoietic", McGann argues, but are generative parts of the system they serve to maintain, and thus language and print or electronic technology are autopoietic systems.

In his discussion of Hegel, the philosopher Slavoj Žižek argues, "Hegel is – to use today's terms – the ultimate thinker of autopoiesis, of the process of the emergence of necessary features out of chaotic contingency, the thinker of contingency's gradual self-organisation, of the gradual rise of order out of chaos."

In his discussion of Hegel, the philosopher Slavoj Žižek argues, "Hegel is – to use today's terms – the ultimate thinker of autopoiesis, of the process of the emergence of necessary features out of chaotic contingency, the thinker of contingency's gradual self-organisation, of the gradual rise of order out of chaos."