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| 一个层次结构可直接或间接地、竖向或对角地将实体联系起来。尽管一个大体上呈层次结构的系统也可以吸收另外的层次结构,一个层次结构中的直接联系——前提是,它们是等级制的——只有与其直接上级或直接下级的联系。层次联系可通过同向的多个联系汇成的路径“垂直”向上或向下发展。层次结构中所有没有垂直相连的部分都可以通过水平路径(向上找到共同直接或间接上级再向下)相连。就像两个同事、同僚各自向共同上级汇报,但他们各自都有同等的相对权限。组织形式的存在对层次结构既是替代也是补充。异质结构也是这样一种形式。 | | 一个层次结构可直接或间接地、竖向或对角地将实体联系起来。尽管一个大体上呈层次结构的系统也可以吸收另外的层次结构,一个层次结构中的直接联系——前提是,它们是等级制的——只有与其直接上级或直接下级的联系。层次联系可通过同向的多个联系汇成的路径“垂直”向上或向下发展。层次结构中所有没有垂直相连的部分都可以通过水平路径(向上找到共同直接或间接上级再向下)相连。就像两个同事、同僚各自向共同上级汇报,但他们各自都有同等的相对权限。组织形式的存在对层次结构既是替代也是补充。异质结构也是这样一种形式。 |
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| ==名称 == | | ==名称 == |
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| ==通俗表达== | | ==通俗表达== |
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− | 在日常英语中,层次可以被看作是一个集合,其中:<ref name="Dawkins">{{cite conference|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|title=Hierarchical organization: a candidate principle for ethology|conference=Growing points in ethology: based on a conference sponsored by St. John's College and King's College, Cambridge|editor1=Bateson, Paul Patrick Gordon |editor2=Hinde, Robert A.|year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|pages=7–54}}</ref> | + | 在日常英语中,层次可以被看作是一个集合,其中:<ref name="Dawkins">{{cite conference|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|title=Hierarchical organization: a candidate principle for ethology|conference=Growing points in ethology: based on a conference sponsored by St. John's College and King's College, Cambridge|editor1=Bateson, Paul Patrick Gordon |editor2=Hinde, Robert A.|year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|pages=7–54}}</ref>任何元素都不高于自身;且其中有一个''教主''元素,高于集合中的所有其他元素。 |
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− | # 任何元素都不高于自身,且
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− | # 其中有一个''教主''元素,高于集合中的所有其他元素。
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| 第一个前提也可理解为层次结构不能有循环关系; 两个对象之间的关联总是可传递的。 | | 第一个前提也可理解为层次结构不能有循环关系; 两个对象之间的关联总是可传递的。 |
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| 第二个要求则确定了层次结构必须有一个所有元素都共有的代表或根源。 | | 第二个要求则确定了层次结构必须有一个所有元素都共有的代表或根源。 |
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| ==数学表达 == | | ==数学表达 == |
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| 数学上,层次结构最一般的形式是'''偏序集 Partially Ordered Set或Poset'''。<ref name="Lehmann">{{cite conference|last=Lehmann|first=Fritz|title=Big Posets of Participatings and Thematic Roles|pages=50–74|conference=Conceptual structures: knowledge representation as interlingua—4th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS '96, Sydney, Australia, August 19–22, 1996—proceedings|year=1996|publisher=Springer|editor-last=Eklund|editor-first=Peter G.|editor2-last=Ellis|editor2-first=Gerard|editor3-last=Mann|editor3-first=Graham|series=Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 115|location=Germany}}</ref>元素所组成的系统即整个偏序集。系统内每个元素都共享一些具体无歧义的属性。相同属性的元素可集结成群,最终形成类别层次。 | | 数学上,层次结构最一般的形式是'''偏序集 Partially Ordered Set或Poset'''。<ref name="Lehmann">{{cite conference|last=Lehmann|first=Fritz|title=Big Posets of Participatings and Thematic Roles|pages=50–74|conference=Conceptual structures: knowledge representation as interlingua—4th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS '96, Sydney, Australia, August 19–22, 1996—proceedings|year=1996|publisher=Springer|editor-last=Eklund|editor-first=Peter G.|editor2-last=Ellis|editor2-first=Gerard|editor3-last=Mann|editor3-first=Graham|series=Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 115|location=Germany}}</ref>元素所组成的系统即整个偏序集。系统内每个元素都共享一些具体无歧义的属性。相同属性的元素可集结成群,最终形成类别层次。 |
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| 嵌套层次结构或包含层次结构,是指嵌套集的层次结构排序。<ref name="natsocsci-ch4">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hierarchy, Complexity, Society|last=Lane|first=David|pages=81–120|encyclopedia=Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences|editor=Pumain, Denise|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, New York|year=2006}}</ref>嵌套的概念在俄罗斯套娃中得到体现。每个玩偶都被另一个玩偶包裹着,一直到最外层的。外部的套娃包含所有其内部的玩偶,往外一层的玩偶也包含所有其内部剩余的玩偶,如此反复。套娃结构是一个每层都只有一个对象的嵌套层次结构,例如在套娃中同样大小的玩偶只有一个;广义的嵌套层次可以每层都有多个对象,但每层里的对象都只有一个父级对象。嵌套层次一般概念的论证及数学表达如下: | | 嵌套层次结构或包含层次结构,是指嵌套集的层次结构排序。<ref name="natsocsci-ch4">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hierarchy, Complexity, Society|last=Lane|first=David|pages=81–120|encyclopedia=Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences|editor=Pumain, Denise|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, New York|year=2006}}</ref>嵌套的概念在俄罗斯套娃中得到体现。每个玩偶都被另一个玩偶包裹着,一直到最外层的。外部的套娃包含所有其内部的玩偶,往外一层的玩偶也包含所有其内部剩余的玩偶,如此反复。套娃结构是一个每层都只有一个对象的嵌套层次结构,例如在套娃中同样大小的玩偶只有一个;广义的嵌套层次可以每层都有多个对象,但每层里的对象都只有一个父级对象。嵌套层次一般概念的论证及数学表达如下: |
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| : <math> \text{square} \subset \text{quadrilateral} \subset \text{polygon} \subset \text{shape} \, </math> | | : <math> \text{square} \subset \text{quadrilateral} \subset \text{polygon} \subset \text{shape} \, </math> |
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| 嵌套层次结构是'''分类学 Taxonomies''' 和'''系统分类 Systematic Classifications'''背后的组织性方案。例如,在最初的'''林奈分类法 Linnaean Taxonomy'''(他在《自然系统》第10版中所列)中,人类可被归为:<ref>{{cite book|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|last=Linnaei|first=Carl von|year=1959|edition=10th|language=Latin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542#|location=Stockholm|publisher=Impensis Direct|accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref> | | 嵌套层次结构是'''分类学 Taxonomies''' 和'''系统分类 Systematic Classifications'''背后的组织性方案。例如,在最初的'''林奈分类法 Linnaean Taxonomy'''(他在《自然系统》第10版中所列)中,人类可被归为:<ref>{{cite book|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|last=Linnaei|first=Carl von|year=1959|edition=10th|language=Latin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542#|location=Stockholm|publisher=Impensis Direct|accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref> |
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| : <math>\text{H. sapiens} \subset \text{Homo} \subset \text{Primates} \subset \text{Mammalia} \subset \text{Animalia}</math> | | : <math>\text{H. sapiens} \subset \text{Homo} \subset \text{Primates} \subset \text{Mammalia} \subset \text{Animalia}</math> |
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| 包容层次是嵌套层次概念的直接外推。所有的有序集仍然是嵌套的,但是每个集合必须是“严格”的——不存在两个相同的集合。上面的图形示例可稍作改变来对此进行论证: | | 包容层次是嵌套层次概念的直接外推。所有的有序集仍然是嵌套的,但是每个集合必须是“严格”的——不存在两个相同的集合。上面的图形示例可稍作改变来对此进行论证: |
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| : <math> \text{square} \subsetneq \text{quadrilateral} \subsetneq \text{polygon} \subsetneq \text{shape} \, </math> | | : <math> \text{square} \subsetneq \text{quadrilateral} \subsetneq \text{polygon} \subsetneq \text{shape} \, </math> |
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| '''面向对象编程 Object-oriented Programming'''的'''类继承 Class Inheritance'''是包容层次的一个例证。 | | '''面向对象编程 Object-oriented Programming'''的'''类继承 Class Inheritance'''是包容层次的一个例证。 |
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| ==拓展阅读== | | ==拓展阅读== |
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− | * {{cite book|first=Valerie|last=Ahl|first2=Timothy F. H.|last2=Allen|authorlink2=Timothy F. H. Allen|year=1996|title=Hierarchy Theory|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press}} | + | * {{cite book|first=Valerie|last=Ahl|first2=Timothy F. H.|last2=Allen|year=1996|title=Hierarchy Theory|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press}} |
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− | * {{cite conference|last=Akl |first=Selim G. |authorlink=Selim Akl |last2=Taylor |first2=Peter D. |title=Cryptographic solution to a multilevel security problem |conference=Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of [[CRYPTO]] '82 |pages=237–249 |publisher=[[Plenum Publishing Corporation]] |year=1983 |location=New York |url=http://dsns.csie.nctu.edu.tw/research/crypto/HTML/PDF/C82/237.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021229212150/http://dsns.csie.nctu.edu.tw/research/crypto/HTML/PDF/C82/237.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-12-29 }} | + | * {{cite conference|last=Akl |first=Selim G. |last2=Taylor |first2=Peter D. |title=Cryptographic solution to a multilevel security problem |conference=Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO '82 |pages=237–249 |publisher=Plenum Publishing Corporation |year=1983 |location=New York |url=http://dsns.csie.nctu.edu.tw/research/crypto/HTML/PDF/C82/237.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021229212150/http://dsns.csie.nctu.edu.tw/research/crypto/HTML/PDF/C82/237.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-12-29 }} |
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− | * {{cite journal | last1 = Carbone | first1 = June | last2 = Cahn | first2 = Naomi |title= Is marriage for rich men? |journal = [[Nevada Law Journal]]| volume = 13 | issue = 2 | page = 6 | publisher = [[William S. Boyd School of Law]] | url = http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/6 | date = 2013}} | + | * {{cite journal | last1 = Carbone | first1 = June | last2 = Cahn | first2 = Naomi |title= Is marriage for rich men? |journal = Nevada Law Journal| volume = 13 | issue = 2 | page = 6 | publisher = William S. Boyd School of Law | url = http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/6 | date = 2013}} |
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| * {{cite journal|title=Regulatory hierarchies in auxin signal transduction and vascular tissue development|last=Ckurshumova|first=Wenzislava|year=2007|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International|volume=68|issue=5|page=section B|place=University of Toronto|publication-place=|postscript=. Ph.D. dissertation.}} | | * {{cite journal|title=Regulatory hierarchies in auxin signal transduction and vascular tissue development|last=Ckurshumova|first=Wenzislava|year=2007|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International|volume=68|issue=5|page=section B|place=University of Toronto|publication-place=|postscript=. Ph.D. dissertation.}} |
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| * {{Cite book|last1=Galindo|first1=Cipriano|last2=Fernández-Madrigal|first2=Juan-Antonio|title=Multiple Abstraction Hierarchies for Mobile Robot Operation in Large Environments|series=Studies in Computational Intelligence|editor-last=Kacprzyk|editor-first=Janusz|year=2007|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin}} | | * {{Cite book|last1=Galindo|first1=Cipriano|last2=Fernández-Madrigal|first2=Juan-Antonio|title=Multiple Abstraction Hierarchies for Mobile Robot Operation in Large Environments|series=Studies in Computational Intelligence|editor-last=Kacprzyk|editor-first=Janusz|year=2007|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin}} |
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− | * {{cite journal|first=Julie|last=Nelson|authorlink=Julie Nelson (economist)|year=1992|title=Gender, Metaphor and the Definition of Economics|journal=Economics and Philosophy|volume=8|issue=1|pages=103–25|doi=10.1017/S026626710000050X}} | + | * {{cite journal|first=Julie|last=Nelson|year=1992|title=Gender, Metaphor and the Definition of Economics|journal=Economics and Philosophy|volume=8|issue=1|pages=103–25|doi=10.1017/S026626710000050X}} |
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− | * {{cite book|last=Pumain|first=Denise|title=Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|location=New York, New York|year=2006}} | + | * {{cite book|last=Pumain|first=Denise|title=Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York, New York|year=2006}} |
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− | * {{cite book|first=A.|last=Rosenbaum|authorlink=Alexis Rosenbaum|year=2000|title=Les représentations hiérarchiques en philosophie|language=French|location=Paris|publisher=Desclee de Brouwer}} | + | * {{cite book|first=A.|last=Rosenbaum|year=2000|title=Les représentations hiérarchiques en philosophie|language=French|location=Paris|publisher=Desclee de Brouwer}} |
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| * {{cite journal|title=Improving classification models when a class hierarchy is available|last=Shahbaba|first=Babak|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International|volume=68|issue=6|page=section B|place=University of Toronto|publication-place=|postscript=. Ph.D. dissertation.|year=2007}} | | * {{cite journal|title=Improving classification models when a class hierarchy is available|last=Shahbaba|first=Babak|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International|volume=68|issue=6|page=section B|place=University of Toronto|publication-place=|postscript=. Ph.D. dissertation.|year=2007}} |
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− | ** Also includes full copies of:
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− | ** {{cite journal|title=Improving Classification When a Class Hierarchy is Available Using a Hierarchy-Based Prior|last=Shahbaba|first=Babak|last2=Neal|first2=Radford M.|journal=Bayesian Analysis|volume=2|issue=1|pages=221–228|year=2007|issn=1936-0975|publisher=[[International Society for Bayesian Analysis]]|location=[[Carnegie Mellon University]], Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|url=http://ba.stat.cmu.edu/journal/2007/vol02/issue01/shahbaba.pdf|bibcode=2005math.....10449S|arxiv=math/0510449|doi=10.1214/07-ba209|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231224/http://ba.stat.cmu.edu/journal/2007/vol02/issue01/shahbaba.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-03}}
| + | * {{cite journal|title=Improving Classification When a Class Hierarchy is Available Using a Hierarchy-Based Prior|last=Shahbaba|first=Babak|last2=Neal|first2=Radford M.|journal=Bayesian Analysis|volume=2|issue=1|pages=221–228|year=2007|issn=1936-0975|publisher=International Society for Bayesian Analysis|location=Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|url=http://ba.stat.cmu.edu/journal/2007/vol02/issue01/shahbaba.pdf|bibcode=2005math.....10449S|arxiv=math/0510449|doi=10.1214/07-ba209|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231224/http://ba.stat.cmu.edu/journal/2007/vol02/issue01/shahbaba.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-03}} |
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− | ** {{cite journal|last=Shahbaba|first=Babak|last2=Neal|first2=Radford M.|title=Gene function classification using Bayesian models with hierarchy-based priors|journal=[[BMC Bioinformatics]]|publisher=[[BioMed Central]]|location=London, England|year=2006|volume=7|page=448|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-7-448|pmc=1618412|pmid=17038174|issn=1471-2105|bibcode=2006q.bio.....5015S|arxiv=q-bio/0605015}}
| + | * {{cite journal|last=Shahbaba|first=Babak|last2=Neal|first2=Radford M.|title=Gene function classification using Bayesian models with hierarchy-based priors|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|publisher=BioMed Central|location=London, England|year=2006|volume=7|page=448|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-7-448|pmc=1618412|pmid=17038174|issn=1471-2105|bibcode=2006q.bio.....5015S|arxiv=q-bio/0605015}} |
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| ==相关链接== | | ==相关链接== |
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− | * {{commons category-inline}}
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020207202512/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm Principles and annotated bibliography of hierarchy theory] | | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020207202512/http://isss.org/hierarchy.htm Principles and annotated bibliography of hierarchy theory] |