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[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|''[[Earthrise]]'' taken from [[Apollo 8]] on December 24, 1968]]

[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|''[[Earthrise]]'' taken from [[Apollo 8]] on December 24, 1968]]

In the eighteenth century, as [[geology]] consolidated as a modern science, [[James Hutton]] maintained that geological and biological processes are interlinked.<ref name=CapraWeb>{{cite book |author=Capra, Fritjof |title=The web of life: a new scientific understanding of living systems |publisher=Anchor Books |location=Garden City, N.Y |date=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/weboflifenewscie00capr/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-385-47675-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/weboflifenewscie00capr/page/23 }}</ref> Later, the [[naturalist]] and explorer [[Alexander von Humboldt]] recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust.<ref name=CapraWeb /> In the twentieth century, [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] formulated a theory of Earth's development that is now one of the foundations of ecology. Vernadsky was a Ukrainian [[geochemist]] and was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences.<ref>S.R. Weart, 2003, ''The Discovery of Global Warming'', Cambridge, Harvard Press</ref> His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

In the eighteenth century, as [[geology]] consolidated as a modern science, [[James Hutton]] maintained that geological and biological processes are interlinked.<ref name="CapraWeb">{{cite book |author=Capra, Fritjof |title=The web of life: a new scientific understanding of living systems |publisher=Anchor Books |location=Garden City, N.Y |date=1996 |page=[https://archive.org/details/weboflifenewscie00capr/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-385-47675-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/weboflifenewscie00capr/page/23 }}</ref> Later, the [[naturalist]] and explorer [[Alexander von Humboldt]] recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust.<ref name=CapraWeb /> In the twentieth century, [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] formulated a theory of Earth's development that is now one of the foundations of ecology. Vernadsky was a Ukrainian [[geochemist]] and was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences.<ref>S.R. Weart, 2003, ''The Discovery of Global Warming'', Cambridge, Harvard Press</ref> His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

在十八世纪，随着地质学作为一门现代科学的巩固，詹姆斯·赫顿坚持认为地质和生物过程是相互联系的。后来，博物学家兼探险家亚历山大·冯·洪堡（Alexander von Humboldt）认识到活的有机体、气候和地壳的共同进化。在二十世纪，弗拉基米尔·维尔纳德斯基提出了一个地球发展的理论，这个理论现在是生态学的基础之一。沃尔纳德斯基是乌克兰的地球化学家，也是最早认识到地球大气中的氧、氮和二氧化碳是生物过程的结果的科学家之一。在20世纪20年代，他发表了一些著作，认为生物可以像任何物理力量一样重塑地球。韦纳德斯基是环境科学科学科学基础的先驱。他的富有远见的声明在西方没有被广泛接受，几十年后，盖亚假说刚开始也同样受到了科学界的抵制。

在十八世纪，随着地质学作为一门现代科学的巩固，詹姆斯·赫顿坚持认为地质和生物过程是相互联系的。后来，博物学家兼探险家亚历山大·冯·洪堡（Alexander von Humboldt）认识到活的有机体、气候和地壳的共同进化。在二十世纪，弗拉基米尔·维尔纳德斯基提出了一个地球发展的理论，这个理论现在是生态学的基础之一。沃尔纳德斯基是乌克兰的地球化学家，也是最早认识到地球大气中的氧、氮和二氧化碳是生物过程的结果的科学家之一。在20世纪20年代，他发表了一些著作，认为生物可以像任何物理力量一样重塑地球。韦纳德斯基是环境科学科学科学基础的先驱。他的富有远见的声明在西方没有被广泛接受，几十年后，盖亚假说刚开始也同样受到了科学界的抵制。

In the eighteenth century, as geology consolidated as a modern science, James Hutton maintained that geological and biological processes are interlinked.[34] Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust.[34] In the twentieth century, Vladimir Vernadsky formulated a theory of Earth's development that is now one of the foundations of ecology. Vernadsky was a Ukrainian geochemist and was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences.[35] His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

In the eighteenth century, as geology consolidated as a modern science, James Hutton maintained that geological and biological processes are interlinked.[34] Later, the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt recognized the coevolution of living organisms, climate, and Earth's crust.[34] In the twentieth century, Vladimir Vernadsky formulated a theory of Earth's development that is now one of the foundations of ecology. Vernadsky was a Ukrainian geochemist and was one of the first scientists to recognize that the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere result from biological processes. During the 1920s he published works arguing that living organisms could reshape the planet as surely as any physical force. Vernadsky was a pioneer of the scientific bases for the environmental sciences.[35] His visionary pronouncements were not widely accepted in the West, and some decades later the Gaia hypothesis received the same type of initial resistance from the scientific community.

*{{cite book |author=Schneider, Stephen Henry |title=Scientists debate Gaia: the next century |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=2004|isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 }}

*{{cite book |author=Schneider, Stephen Henry |title=Scientists debate Gaia: the next century |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=2004|isbn=978-0-262-19498-3 }}

*{{cite book |author=Thomas, Lewis G. |title=The Lives of a Cell; Notes of a Biology Watcher |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofcellnotes00thomrich |url-access=registration |publisher=Viking Press|location=New York |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-670-43442-8 }}

*{{cite book |author=Thomas, Lewis G. |title=The Lives of a Cell; Notes of a Biology Watcher |url=https://archive.org/details/livesofcellnotes00thomrich |url-access=registration |publisher=Viking Press|location=New York |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-670-43442-8 }}

==进一步阅读==

==进一步阅读==

* {{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Lawrence E. |title=Gaia: The Growth of an Idea |date=1990 |location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-31-204318-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/gaia00lawr|url-access=registration }}

* {{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Lawrence E. |title=Gaia: The Growth of an Idea |date=1990 |location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-31-204318-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/gaia00lawr|url-access=registration }}

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