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Alan Mathison Turing  (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.  Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.

Alan Mathison Turing  (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.  Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.

Born in [[Maida Vale]], London, Turing was raised in [[southern England]]. He graduated at [[King's College, Cambridge]], with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a [[fellow]] at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a [[Turing machine]], and went on to prove the [[halting problem]] for Turing machines is [[Decision problem|undecidable]]. In 1938, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Princeton University Department of Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]] at [[Princeton University]]. During the [[Second World War]], Turing worked for the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) at [[Bletchley Park]], Britain's [[cryptanalysis|codebreaking]] centre that produced [[Ultra]] intelligence. For a time he led [[Hut 8]], the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German [[cipher]]s, including improvements to the pre-war Polish [[Bomba (cryptography)|bombe]] method, an [[electromechanics|electromechanical]] machine that could find settings for the [[Enigma machine]]. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the [[Axis powers]] in many crucial engagements, including the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news|last=Copeland|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Copeland|date=18 June 2012|title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'|publisher=BBC News Technology|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both [[The Churchill Centre]] and Turing's biographer [[Andrew Hodges]] have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see {{cite web|last=Schilling|first=Jonathan|date=8 January 2015|title=Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths}} and {{cite web|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Hodges|title=Part 4: The Relay Race|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|archive-date=20 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]]}} A [[BBC News]] profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See {{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Clare|date=11 September 2009|title=Profile: Alan Turing|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=13 December 2017|quote=Update 13 February 2015}} Official war historian [[Harry Hinsley]] estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the [[Manhattan Project|use of the atomic bomb]] and other eventualities.{{citation | last = Hinsley | first = Harry | author-link = Harry Hinsley | title = The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War | origyear = 1993 | year = 1996 | url = http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm }} Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University</ref>

Born in [[Maida Vale]], London, Turing was raised in [[southern England]]. He graduated at [[King's College, Cambridge]], with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a [[fellow]] at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a [[Turing machine]], and went on to prove the [[halting problem]] for Turing machines is [[Decision problem|undecidable]]. In 1938, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Princeton University Department of Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]] at [[Princeton University]]. During the [[Second World War]], Turing worked for the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) at [[Bletchley Park]], Britain's [[cryptanalysis|codebreaking]] centre that produced [[Ultra]] intelligence. For a time he led [[Hut 8]], the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German [[cipher]]s, including improvements to the pre-war Polish [[Bomba (cryptography)|bombe]] method, an [[electromechanics|electromechanical]] machine that could find settings for the [[Enigma machine]]. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the [[Axis powers]] in many crucial engagements, including the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news|last=Copeland|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Copeland|date=18 June 2012|title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'|publisher=BBC News Technology|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both [[The Churchill Centre]] and Turing's biographer [[Andrew Hodges]] have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see {{cite web|last=Schilling|first=Jonathan|date=8 January 2015|title=Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths}} and {{cite web|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Hodges|title=Part 4: The Relay Race|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|archive-date=20 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]]}} A [[BBC News]] profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See {{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Clare|date=11 September 2009|title=Profile: Alan Turing|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=13 December 2017|quote=Update 13 February 2015}} Official war historian [[Harry Hinsley]] estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the [[Manhattan Project|use of the atomic bomb]] and other eventualities.{{citation | last = Hinsley | first = Harry | author-link = Harry Hinsley | title = The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War | origyear = 1993 | year = 1996 | url = http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm }} Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University</ref>

Born in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a Turing machine, and went on to prove the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see  and  A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See  Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University

Born in Maida Vale, London, Turing was raised in southern England. He graduated at King's College, Cambridge, with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a fellow at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a Turing machine, and went on to prove the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable. In 1938, he obtained his PhD from the Department of Mathematics at Princeton University. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Axis powers in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic.A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see  and  A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See  Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University

图灵出生于梅达韦尔，在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的研究员时，他发表了一篇论证，证明了一些纯粹的数学上的是非问题永远不能用计算机来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在 Bletchley Park 的英国政府通讯总部情报局工作，这是英国产生超级情报的密码破译中心。有一段时间，他领导第八小屋，该小组负责德国海军密码分析。在这里，他设计了一系列加速破解德国密码的技术，包括改进战前的波兰轰炸机方法，这种机电式机器可以找到英格玛密码机的设置。图灵在破译截获的加密信息中扮演了关键角色，这些信息使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔称图灵为盟军在对抗纳粹德国的战争中取得胜利做出了最大贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道据说丘吉尔说这话的日期或背景，丘吉尔中心将其列为他们的丘吉尔神话之一。参见官方战争历史学家哈里 · 辛斯利的估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但是补充说明，这并没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他不测事件。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学演讲的文字稿

图灵出生于梅达韦尔，在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的研究员时，他发表了一篇论文，证明了一些纯粹的数学上的是非问题永远不能用计算机来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在 Bletchley Park 的英国政府通讯总部情报局工作，这是英国产生超级情报的密码破译中心。有一段时间，他领导第八小组，该小组负责德国海军密码破译。在这里，他设计了一系列加速破解德国密码的技术，包括改进战前的波兰轰炸机方法，这种机电式机器可以找到英格玛密码机的设置。图灵在破译截获的加密信息中扮演了关键角色，这些信息使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔称图灵为盟军在对抗纳粹德国的战争中取得胜利做出了最大贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道据说丘吉尔说这话的日期或背景，丘吉尔中心将其列为他们的丘吉尔神话之一。参见官方战争历史学家哈里 · 辛斯利的估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但是补充说明，这并没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他不测事件。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学演讲的文字稿

After the war, Turing worked at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]], where he designed the [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined [[Max Newman]]'s [[Computing Machine Laboratory]], at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], where he helped develop the [[Manchester computers]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> and became interested in [[mathematical biology]]. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of [[morphogenesis]]<ref name="googlescholar" /> and predicted [[Chemical clock|oscillating]] [[chemical reaction]]s such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]].<ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.</ref>

After the war, Turing worked at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]], where he designed the [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined [[Max Newman]]'s [[Computing Machine Laboratory]], at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], where he helped develop the [[Manchester computers]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> and became interested in [[mathematical biology]]. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of [[morphogenesis]]<ref name="googlescholar" /> and predicted [[Chemical clock|oscillating]] [[chemical reaction]]s such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]].<ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.</ref>

After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.

After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory, at the Victoria University of Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.

战后，图灵在国家物理实验室工作，在那里他设计了自动计算机引擎(ACE) ，这是储存程式计算机的第一个设计。1948年，图灵加入了曼彻斯特维多利亚大学马克斯 · 纽曼的计算机实验室，在那里他帮助开发了曼彻斯特计算机，并对数学生物学产生了兴趣。他写了一篇关于形态形成的化学基础的论文，并预言了一些振荡的化学反应，如1960年代首次观察到的 Belousov-Zhabotinsky 反应。尽管取得了这些成就，但在他有生之年，他在祖国从未得到充分认可，因为他的大部分工作都受到《官方保密法》的保护。奥林尼克，m。(2021)。简单的图灵。美国: 简称 Charly，ch。15.

战后，图灵在国家物理实验室工作，在那里他设计了自动计算机引擎(ACE) ，这是储存程式计算机的第一个设计。1948年，图灵加入了曼彻斯特维多利亚大学马克斯 · 纽曼的计算机实验室，在那里他帮助开发了曼彻斯特计算机，并对数学生物学产生了兴趣。他写了一篇关于形态形成的化学基础的论文，并预言了一些振荡的化学反应，如1960年代首次观察到的 Belousov-Zhabotinsky 反应。尽管取得了这些成就，但在他有生之年，他在祖国从未得到充分认可，因为他的大部分工作都受到《官方保密法》的保护。奥林尼克，m.(2021)。简单的图灵。美国: 简称 Charly，ch.15.

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for [[Gross indecency|homosexual acts]]. He accepted [[chemical castration]] treatment, with [[Diethylstilbestrol|DES]], as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from [[cyanide poisoning]]. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for [[Gross indecency|homosexual acts]]. He accepted [[chemical castration]] treatment, with [[Diethylstilbestrol|DES]], as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from [[cyanide poisoning]]. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

In 2009, following an [[Internet campaign]], British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] made an [[#Government apology and pardon support|official public apology]] on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". [[Queen Elizabeth II]] granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "[[Alan Turing law]]" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.<ref name="BBC-pardon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |title='Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned |date=20 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125029/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing has an [[Legacy of Alan Turing|extensive legacy]] with statues of him and [[List of things named after Alan Turing|many things named after him]], including an [[Turing Award|annual award]] for computer science innovations. He appears on the current [[Bank of England £50 note]], which was released to coincide with his birthday. A [[Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century|2019 BBC series]], as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century. {{TOC limit|3}}

In 2009, following an [[Internet campaign]], British Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] made an [[#Government apology and pardon support|official public apology]] on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". [[Queen Elizabeth II]] granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "[[Alan Turing law]]" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.<ref name="BBC-pardon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |title='Alan Turing law': Thousands of gay men to be pardoned |date=20 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020125029/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37711518 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing has an [[Legacy of Alan Turing|extensive legacy]] with statues of him and [[List of things named after Alan Turing|many things named after him]], including an [[Turing Award|annual award]] for computer science innovations. He appears on the current [[Bank of England £50 note]], which was released to coincide with his birthday. A [[Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century|2019 BBC series]], as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century. {{TOC limit|3}}

In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations. He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.

In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013. The "Alan Turing law" is now an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts. Turing has an extensive legacy with statues of him and many things named after him, including an annual award for computer science innovations. He appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which was released to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series, as voted by the audience, named him the greatest person of the 20th century.

2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登 · 布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的骇人听闻的对待”发表了正式的公开道歉。伊丽莎白二世在2013年给予图灵死后赦免。“阿兰 · 图灵法”现在是英国2017年一项法律的非正式术语，该法律追溯性地赦免了那些根据历史法律被警告或定罪的同性恋行为。图灵有着广泛的遗产，他的雕像和许多以他的名字命名的东西，包括一个年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在当前英格兰银行发行的50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是在他生日那天发行的。2019年 BBC 的一个系列节目，经过观众投票，将他评为20世纪最伟大的人物。

2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登 · 布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的骇人听闻的对待”发表了正式的公开道歉。伊丽莎白二世在2013年给予图灵死后赦免。“阿兰 · 图灵法”现在是英国2017年一项法律的非正式术语，该法律追溯性地赦免了那些根据历史法律被警告或定罪的同性恋行为。图灵有着广泛的遗产，雕像和许多以他的名字命名的东西，包括一个年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在当前英格兰银行发行的50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是在他生日那天发行的。2019年 BBC 的一个系列节目，经过观众投票，将他评为20世纪最伟大的人物。

==Early life and education==

==Early life and education==

==Early life and education==

==Early life and education==