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====昆虫和昆虫传粉的花朵====

====昆虫和昆虫传粉的花朵====

{{Further|Entomophily}}

{{Further|Entomophily}}

[[File:Apis mellifera - Melilotus albus - Keila.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Honey bee]] taking a reward of [[nectar]] and collecting pollen in its [[pollen basket]]s from [[Melilotus albus|white melilot]] flowers|链接=Special:FilePath/Apis_mellifera_-_Melilotus_albus_-_Keila.jpg]]

[[File:Apis mellifera - Melilotus albus - Keila.jpg|thumb|upright|蜜蜂在白草木犀属花朵的花粉筐中采集花粉并获得花蜜的奖励|链接=Special:FilePath/Apis_mellifera_-_Melilotus_albus_-_Keila.jpg]]

Modern [[entomophily|insect-pollinated (entomophilous) flowers]] are conspicuously coadapted with insects to ensure pollination and in return to reward the [[pollinator]]s with nectar and pollen. The two groups have coevolved for over 100 million years, creating a complex network of interactions. Either they evolved together, or at some later stages they came together, likely with pre-adaptations, and became mutually adapted.<ref name=Lunau>{{cite journal |last1=Lunau |first1=Klaus |title=Adaptive radiation and coevolution — pollination biology case studies |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |date=2004 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=207–224 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Pollan, Michael |title=The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-7475-6300-6 |title-link=The Botany of Desire |year=2003}}</ref>

Modern [[entomophily|insect-pollinated (entomophilous) flowers]] are conspicuously coadapted with insects to ensure pollination and in return to reward the [[pollinator]]s with nectar and pollen. The two groups have coevolved for over 100 million years, creating a complex network of interactions. Either they evolved together, or at some later stages they came together, likely with pre-adaptations, and became mutually adapted.<ref name=Lunau>{{cite journal |last1=Lunau |first1=Klaus |title=Adaptive radiation and coevolution — pollination biology case studies |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |date=2004 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=207–224 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Pollan, Michael |title=The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-0-7475-6300-6 |title-link=The Botany of Desire |year=2003}}</ref>

====鸟类和鸟类传粉的花朵====

====鸟类和鸟类传粉的花朵====

{{Further|Ornithophily}}

{{Further|Ornithophily}}

[[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|thumb|left|[[Purple-throated carib]] feeding from and pollinating a flower|链接=Special:FilePath/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg]]

[[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|thumb|left|紫喉蜂鸟在从一朵花中摄食并授粉|链接=Special:FilePath/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg]]

[[Hummingbird]]s and ornithophilous (bird-pollinated) flowers have evolved a [[mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relationship. The flowers have [[nectar]] suited to the birds' diet, their color suits the birds' vision and their shape fits that of the birds' bills. The blooming times of the flowers have also been found to coincide with hummingbirds' breeding seasons. The floral characteristics of ornithophilous plants vary greatly among each other compared to closely related insect-pollinated species. These flowers also tend to be more ornate, complex, and showy than their insect pollinated counterparts. It is generally agreed that plants formed coevolutionary relationships with insects first, and ornithophilous species diverged at a later time. There is not much scientific support for instances of the reverse of this divergence: from ornithophily to insect pollination. The diversity in floral phenotype in ornithophilous species, and the relative consistency observed in bee-pollinated species can be attributed to the direction of the shift in pollinator preference.

[[Hummingbird]]s and ornithophilous (bird-pollinated) flowers have evolved a [[mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] relationship. The flowers have [[nectar]] suited to the birds' diet, their color suits the birds' vision and their shape fits that of the birds' bills. The blooming times of the flowers have also been found to coincide with hummingbirds' breeding seasons. The floral characteristics of ornithophilous plants vary greatly among each other compared to closely related insect-pollinated species. These flowers also tend to be more ornate, complex, and showy than their insect pollinated counterparts. It is generally agreed that plants formed coevolutionary relationships with insects first, and ornithophilous species diverged at a later time. There is not much scientific support for instances of the reverse of this divergence: from ornithophily to insect pollination. The diversity in floral phenotype in ornithophilous species, and the relative consistency observed in bee-pollinated species can be attributed to the direction of the shift in pollinator preference.