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  and systems ecology, and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science.

  and systems ecology, and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science.

==Definition==

==Definition==

The [[Science Education Resource Center]], [[Carleton College]], offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth System science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/earthsystem/nutshell/|title=Earth System Science in a Nutshell|publisher=[[Carleton College]] |access-date=2009-03-10}}</ref>

The [[Science Education Resource Center]], [[Carleton College]], offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth System science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/earthsystem/nutshell/|title=Earth System Science in a Nutshell|publisher=[[Carleton College]] |access-date=2009-03-10}}</ref>

The Science Education Resource Center, Carleton College, offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth System science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability".

The Science Education Resource Center, Carleton College, offers the following description: "Earth System science embraces chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system. It seeks a deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth System science provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability".

= = 定义 = = 卡尔顿学院科学教育资源中心提供以下描述: “地球系统科学包括化学、物理、生物、数学和应用科学，超越学科界限，将地球视为一个完整的系统。它寻求对决定地球过去、现在和未来状态的物理、化学、生物和人类相互作用的更深入的理解。地球系统科学为了解我们生活的世界和人类谋求实现可持续性的世界提供了物理基础”。

卡尔顿学院科学教育资源中心提出: “地球系统科学包括化学、物理、生物、数学和应用科学。它超越学科界限，将地球视为一个完整的系统。它寻求对决定地球过去、现在和未来状态的物理、化学、生物和人类相互作用的更深入的理解。地球系统科学为了解我们生活的世界和人类谋求实现可持续性的世界提供了物理基础”。

Earth System science has articulated four overarching, definitive and critically important features of the Earth System, which include:

Earth System science has articulated four overarching, definitive and critically important features of the Earth System, which include:

# Non-linear: The behaviour of the Earth System is typified by strong non-linearities. This means that abrupt change can result when relatively small changes in a 'forcing function' push the System across a 'threshold'.

# Non-linear: The behaviour of the Earth System is typified by strong non-linearities. This means that abrupt change can result when relatively small changes in a 'forcing function' push the System across a 'threshold'.

# 可变性: 由于最近的全新世的稳定性，地球系统的许多自然模式和跨时空的可变性超出了人类的经验。因此，许多地球系统科学依赖于对地球过去行为和模型的研究，以预测未来对压力的反应。# 生命: 生物过程在地球系统的运作和反应中发挥着比以前认为的更强大的作用。它似乎是整个地球系统的一部分。# 连接性: 过程以前所未知和难以想象的方式、跨越深度和横向距离进行连接。# 非线性: 地球系统的行为表现为强烈的非线性。这意味着，当“强制函数”中相对较小的变化将系统推过“阈值”时，就会产生突然的变化。

# 可变性:由于最近全新世的稳定性，地球系统在空间和时间上的许多自然“模式”和可变性超出了人类的经验。因此，许多地球系统科学依靠对地球过去行为和模型的研究来预测未来对压力的反应。2.生命:生物过程在地球系统的功能和反应中发挥着比以前想象的更强大的作用。它似乎是地球系统每一部分的组成部分。3.连接性: 过程以前所未知和难以想象的方式、跨越深度和横向距离进行连接。4.非线性: 地球系统的行为表现为强烈的非线性。这意味着，当“强制函数”中相对较小的变化将系统推过“阈值”时，就会产生突然的变化。

== Origins ==

== Origins ==

For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion.<ref name="Tickell">{{cite news |last=Tickell |first=Crispin |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/ebulletin-archive/ebulletin/features/2000-2009/2006/11/nparticle.2006-11-20.html |title=Earth Systems Science: Are We Pushing Gaia Too Hard? |work= 46th Annual Bennett Lecture - University of Leicester |location=London |publisher=University of Leicester |year=2006 |access-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref> Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of [[geology]], initially in the Middle East<ref>Fielding H. Garrison, ''An introduction to the history of medicine'', W.B. Saunders, 1921.</ref> and China,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : The Achievements |series=History of civilizations of Central Asia |editor1-first=M. S. |editor1-last=Asimov |editor2-first=Clifford Edmund |editor2-last=Bosworth |isbn=978-92-3-102719-2 |pages=211–214}}</ref> and largely focused on aspects such as the [[age of the Earth]] and the large-scale processes involved in [[Mountain formation|mountain]] and [[Origin of water on Earth|ocean]] formation. As [[History of geology|geology developed as a science]], understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the [[Structure of the Earth|Earth's interior]], [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|planetary geology]] and [[Biosphere|living systems]].

For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion.<ref name="Tickell">{{cite news |last=Tickell |first=Crispin |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/ebulletin-archive/ebulletin/features/2000-2009/2006/11/nparticle.2006-11-20.html |title=Earth Systems Science: Are We Pushing Gaia Too Hard? |work= 46th Annual Bennett Lecture - University of Leicester |location=London |publisher=University of Leicester |year=2006 |access-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref> Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of [[geology]], initially in the Middle East<ref>Fielding H. Garrison, ''An introduction to the history of medicine'', W.B. Saunders, 1921.</ref> and China,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : The Achievements |series=History of civilizations of Central Asia |editor1-first=M. S. |editor1-last=Asimov |editor2-first=Clifford Edmund |editor2-last=Bosworth |isbn=978-92-3-102719-2 |pages=211–214}}</ref> and largely focused on aspects such as the [[age of the Earth]] and the large-scale processes involved in [[Mountain formation|mountain]] and [[Origin of water on Earth|ocean]] formation. As [[History of geology|geology developed as a science]], understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the [[Structure of the Earth|Earth's interior]], [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|planetary geology]] and [[Biosphere|living systems]].

For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion. Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of geology, initially in the Middle EastFielding H. Garrison, An introduction to the history of medicine, W.B. Saunders, 1921. and China, and largely focused on aspects such as the age of the Earth and the large-scale processes involved in mountain and ocean formation. As geology developed as a science, understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the Earth's interior, planetary geology and living systems.

For millennia, humans have speculated how the physical and living elements on the surface of the Earth combine, with gods and goddesses frequently posited to embody specific elements. The notion that the Earth, itself, is alive was a regular theme of Greek philosophy and religion. Early scientific interpretations of the Earth system began in the field of geology, initially in the Middle EastFielding H. Garrison, An introduction to the history of medicine, W.B. Saunders, 1921. and China, and largely focused on aspects such as the age of the Earth and the large-scale processes involved in mountain and ocean formation. As geology developed as a science, understanding of the interplay of different facets of the Earth system increased, leading to the inclusion of factors such as the Earth's interior, planetary geology and living systems.

In many respects, the foundational concepts of Earth System science can be seen in the holistic interpretations of nature promoted by the 19th century geographer [[Alexander von Humboldt]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Science |title=Alexander von Humboldt and the General Physics of the Earth |first=Stephen T. |last=Jackson |year=2009 |volume=324 |issue=5927 |pages=596–597 |doi=10.1126/science.1171659 |pmid=19407186 |s2cid=206518912 |url=http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio176mcfarlane/pdf%20papers/Humboldt%20hsitory.pdf}}</ref> In the 20th century, [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] (1863–1945) saw the functioning of the [[biosphere]] as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium, which in turn promoted the diversity of life. In the mid-1960s, [[James Lovelock]] first postulated a regulatory role for the biosphere in [[feedback]] mechanisms within the Earth system. Initially named the "Earth Feedback hypothesis",<ref>{{cite web| last1=Kasting| first1=James| title=The Gaia Hypothesis is Still Giving Us Feedback| url=http://nautil.us/issue/12/feedback/the-gaia-hypothesis-is-still-giving-us-feedback| access-date=25 July 2015| date=2014-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Schneider 1992">{{cite web |url=http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/GAIA_hypothesis.pdf |title=The Gaia Hypothesis and Earth System Science |last1=Schneider |first1=Stephen |last2=Boston |first2=Penelope |publisher=University of Florida |year=1992 |access-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last1=Highfield| first1=Roger| title=Unlocking Lovelock, science's greatest maverick| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/10735286/Unlocking-James-Lovelock-sciences-greatest-maverick.html| website=The Telegraph| access-date=25 July 2015| date=April 2014}}</ref> Lovelock later renamed it the [[Gaia hypothesis]],<ref name="Tickell"/> and subsequently further developed the theory with American evolutionary theorist [[Lynn Margulis]] during the 1970s.<ref name="Schneider 1992"/><ref>{{cite book| last1=Gribbon| first1=John and Mary| title=James Lovelock: In Search of Gaia| date=2009| publisher=Princeton University Press| location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> In parallel, the field of [[systems science]] was developing across numerous other scientific fields, driven in part by the increasing availability and [[Computer performance|power]] of [[computer]]s, and leading to the development of [[climate model]]s that began to allow the detailed and interacting [[numerical weather prediction|simulation]]s of the Earth's [[weather]] and [[climate]].<ref name=edwards2010>{{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=P.N. |year=2010 |title=History of climate modelling |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change |volume=2 |pages=128–139 |doi=10.1002/wcc.95 |hdl=2027.42/79438 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79438/1/95_ftp.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of "Earth system models" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere.<ref name=washington2009>{{cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=W.M. |last2=Buja |first2=L. |last3=Craig |first3=A. |year=2009 |title=The computational future for climate and Earth system models: on the path to petaflop and beyond |journal=Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A |volume=367 |issue= 1890|pages=833–846 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0219 |pmid=19087933 |bibcode=2009RSPTA.367..833W |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In many respects, the foundational concepts of Earth System science can be seen in the holistic interpretations of nature promoted by the 19th century geographer [[Alexander von Humboldt]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Science |title=Alexander von Humboldt and the General Physics of the Earth |first=Stephen T. |last=Jackson |year=2009 |volume=324 |issue=5927 |pages=596–597 |doi=10.1126/science.1171659 |pmid=19407186 |s2cid=206518912 |url=http://faculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio176mcfarlane/pdf%20papers/Humboldt%20hsitory.pdf}}</ref> In the 20th century, [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] (1863–1945) saw the functioning of the [[biosphere]] as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium, which in turn promoted the diversity of life. In the mid-1960s, [[James Lovelock]] first postulated a regulatory role for the biosphere in [[feedback]] mechanisms within the Earth system. Initially named the "Earth Feedback hypothesis",<ref>{{cite web| last1=Kasting| first1=James| title=The Gaia Hypothesis is Still Giving Us Feedback| url=http://nautil.us/issue/12/feedback/the-gaia-hypothesis-is-still-giving-us-feedback| access-date=25 July 2015| date=2014-04-24}}</ref><ref name="Schneider 1992">{{cite web |url=http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/GAIA_hypothesis.pdf |title=The Gaia Hypothesis and Earth System Science |last1=Schneider |first1=Stephen |last2=Boston |first2=Penelope |publisher=University of Florida |year=1992 |access-date=2015-09-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last1=Highfield| first1=Roger| title=Unlocking Lovelock, science's greatest maverick| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/10735286/Unlocking-James-Lovelock-sciences-greatest-maverick.html| website=The Telegraph| access-date=25 July 2015| date=April 2014}}</ref> Lovelock later renamed it the [[Gaia hypothesis]],<ref name="Tickell"/> and subsequently further developed the theory with American evolutionary theorist [[Lynn Margulis]] during the 1970s.<ref name="Schneider 1992"/><ref>{{cite book| last1=Gribbon| first1=John and Mary| title=James Lovelock: In Search of Gaia| date=2009| publisher=Princeton University Press| location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> In parallel, the field of [[systems science]] was developing across numerous other scientific fields, driven in part by the increasing availability and [[Computer performance|power]] of [[computer]]s, and leading to the development of [[climate model]]s that began to allow the detailed and interacting [[numerical weather prediction|simulation]]s of the Earth's [[weather]] and [[climate]].<ref name=edwards2010>{{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=P.N. |year=2010 |title=History of climate modelling |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change |volume=2 |pages=128–139 |doi=10.1002/wcc.95 |hdl=2027.42/79438 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79438/1/95_ftp.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of "Earth system models" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere.<ref name=washington2009>{{cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=W.M. |last2=Buja |first2=L. |last3=Craig |first3=A. |year=2009 |title=The computational future for climate and Earth system models: on the path to petaflop and beyond |journal=Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A |volume=367 |issue= 1890|pages=833–846 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2008.0219 |pmid=19087933 |bibcode=2009RSPTA.367..833W |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In many respects, the foundational concepts of Earth System science can be seen in the holistic interpretations of nature promoted by the 19th century geographer Alexander von Humboldt. In the 20th century, Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945) saw the functioning of the biosphere as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium, which in turn promoted the diversity of life. In the mid-1960s, James Lovelock first postulated a regulatory role for the biosphere in feedback mechanisms within the Earth system. Initially named the "Earth Feedback hypothesis", Lovelock later renamed it the Gaia hypothesis, and subsequently further developed the theory with American evolutionary theorist Lynn Margulis during the 1970s. In parallel, the field of systems science was developing across numerous other scientific fields, driven in part by the increasing availability and power of computers, and leading to the development of climate models that began to allow the detailed and interacting simulations of the Earth's weather and climate. Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of "Earth system models" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere.

In many respects, the foundational concepts of Earth System science can be seen in the holistic interpretations of nature promoted by the 19th century geographer Alexander von Humboldt. In the 20th century, Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945) saw the functioning of the biosphere as a geological force generating a dynamic disequilibrium, which in turn promoted the diversity of life. In the mid-1960s, James Lovelock first postulated a regulatory role for the biosphere in feedback mechanisms within the Earth system. Initially named the "Earth Feedback hypothesis", Lovelock later renamed it the Gaia hypothesis, and subsequently further developed the theory with American evolutionary theorist Lynn Margulis during the 1970s. In parallel, the field of systems science was developing across numerous other scientific fields, driven in part by the increasing availability and power of computers, and leading to the development of climate models that began to allow the detailed and interacting simulations of the Earth's weather and climate. Subsequent extension of these models has led to the development of "Earth system models" (ESMs) that include facets such as the cryosphere and the biosphere.

从许多方面来看，地球系统科学的基本概念可以从19世纪地理学家亚历山大·冯·洪堡提出的对自然的整体解释中看出来。在20世纪，复杂系统(1863-1945)认为生物圈作为一种地质力量的运作产生了一种动态的不平衡，这反过来促进了生命的多样性。在20世纪60年代中期，詹姆斯 · 洛夫洛克首先假定生物圈在地球系统内的反馈机制中发挥调节作用。洛夫洛克最初将其命名为“地球反馈假说”，后来又将其改名为“盖亚假说”(Gaia hypothesis) ，并在20世纪70年代与美国进化理论学家林恩 · 马古利斯(Lynn Margulis)进一步发展了这一理论。与此同时，系统科学领域正在跨越许多其他科学领域发展，部分原因是计算机的可用性和能力不断提高，并导致气候模型的发展，开始能够对地球的天气和气候进行详细和相互作用的模拟。这些模型的后续扩展导致了”地球系统模型”的发展，其中包括冰冻圈和生物圈等方面。

在许多方面，地球系统科学的基本概念可以在19世纪地理学家亚历山大·冯·洪堡对自然的整体解释中看到。在20世纪，弗拉基米尔·弗纳德斯基(1863-1945)将生物圈的功能视为产生动态不平衡的地质力量，这反过来又促进了生命的多样性。20世纪60年代中期，詹姆斯·洛夫洛克首次提出生物圈在地球系统反馈机制中的调节作用。洛夫洛克最初将其命名为“地球反馈假说”，后来又将其改名为“盖亚假说”(Gaia hypothesis) ，并在20世纪70年代与美国进化理论学家林恩 · 马古利斯进一步发展了这一理论。与此同时，系统科学领域正在跨越许多其他科学领域发展，部分原因是计算机的可用性和能力不断提高，并导致气候模型的发展，开始能够对地球的天气和气候进行详细和相互作用的模拟。这些模型随后的扩展导致了包括冰冻圈和生物圈等方面的“地球系统模型”的发展。

As an integrative field, Earth System science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at [[NASA]], where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112104410706;view=1up;seq=3 ''Earth System Science: Overview''] (1986), and the book-length [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Earth System Science: A Closer View''] (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Mooney| first1=Harold| title=Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| date=26 February 2013| volume= 110| issue = Supplement 1, 3665–3672| pages=3665–3672| doi=10.1073/pnas.1107484110| display-authors=etal| pmid=23297237| pmc=3586612| bibcode=2013PNAS..110.3665M| doi-access=free}}</ref> Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of [[global change]] studies and programs.

As an integrative field, Earth System science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at [[NASA]], where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112104410706;view=1up;seq=3 ''Earth System Science: Overview''] (1986), and the book-length [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vj4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Earth System Science: A Closer View''] (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Mooney| first1=Harold| title=Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| date=26 February 2013| volume= 110| issue = Supplement 1, 3665–3672| pages=3665–3672| doi=10.1073/pnas.1107484110| display-authors=etal| pmid=23297237| pmc=3586612| bibcode=2013PNAS..110.3665M| doi-access=free}}</ref> Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of [[global change]] studies and programs.

As an integrative field, Earth System science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at NASA, where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, Earth System Science: Overview (1986), and the book-length Earth System Science: A Closer View (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science. Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of global change studies and programs.

As an integrative field, Earth System science assumes the histories of a vast range of scientific disciplines, but as a discrete study it evolved in the 1980s, particularly at NASA, where a committee called the Earth System Science Committee was formed in 1983. The earliest reports of NASA's ESSC, Earth System Science: Overview (1986), and the book-length Earth System Science: A Closer View (1988), constitute a major landmark in the formal development of Earth system science. Early works discussing Earth system science, like these NASA reports, generally emphasized the increasing human impacts on the Earth system as a primary driver for the need of greater integration among the life and geo-sciences, making the origins of Earth system science parallel to the beginnings of global change studies and programs.

作为一个综合性领域，地球系统科学假定了大范围科学分支的历史，但作为一个独立的研究，它在20世纪80年代发展起来，特别是在美国航空航天局，在那里一个叫做地球系统科学委员会的委员会成立于1983年。美国宇航局的 ESSC 的最早的报告，地球系统科学: 概述(1986年) ，和书长的地球系统科学: 一个更近的看法(1988年) ，构成了地球系统科学正式发展的一个重要里程碑。早期讨论地球系统科学的工作，如美国航天局的这些报告，一般都强调人类对地球系统的影响日益增加，这是促使生命科学和地球科学需要进一步整合的主要驱动因素，使地球系统科学的起源与全球变化研究和方案的开始并行不悖。

作为一个综合性领域，地球系统科学假定了大范围科学分支的历史。但它在20世纪80年代才作为一个独立的研究发展起来，特别是1983年在美国国家航空航天局中成立的一个叫做地球系统科学委员会的组织。美国国家航空航天局的地球系统科学中心ESSC最早的报告《地球系统科学:概述》(1986年)和长达一本书的《地球系统科学:近距离观察》(1988年)是地球系统科学正式发展的一个重要里程碑。讨论地球系统科学的早期著作，如美国国家航空航天局的这些报告，一般强调人类对地球系统的影响日益增加，这是生命科学和地球科学之间进一步整合的主要驱动力，它使地球系统科学的起源与全球变化研究项目开始平行。

== Climate science ==

== Climate science ==

{{Main|Climate system}}

气候科学{{Main|Climate system}}

[[File:Ocean & Earth System.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The dynamic interaction of the Earth's [[ocean]]s, [[climate|climatological]], [[Geochemical cycle|geochemical systems]].]]

[[File:Ocean & Earth System.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|The dynamic interaction of the Earth's [[ocean]]s, [[climate|climatological]], [[Geochemical cycle|geochemical systems]].地球海洋、气候学、地球化学系统的动态相互作用。|链接=Special:FilePath/Ocean_&_Earth_System.jpg]]

Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's [[climate system]] is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research. As just one example of the centrality of [[climatology]] to the field, leading American climatologist [[Michael E. Mann]] is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mann|first1=Michael|title=Earth System Science Center|url=http://www.essc.psu.edu/|publisher=Penn State University|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's [[climate system]] is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research. As just one example of the centrality of [[climatology]] to the field, leading American climatologist [[Michael E. Mann]] is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mann|first1=Michael|title=Earth System Science Center|url=http://www.essc.psu.edu/|publisher=Penn State University|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research. As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field, leading American climatologist Michael E. Mann is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".

Climatology and climate change have been central to Earth System science since its inception, as evidenced by the prominent place given to climate change in the early NASA reports discussed above. The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and advancement of Earth System science research. As just one example of the centrality of climatology to the field, leading American climatologist Michael E. Mann is the Director of one of the earliest centers for Earth System science research, the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, and its mission statement reads, "the Earth System Science Center (ESSC) maintains a mission to describe, model, and understand the Earth's climate system".

= = 气候科学 = = 气候学和气候变化自地球系统科学诞生以来一直是其核心，上文讨论的美国航天局早期报告将气候变化置于显著位置就证明了这一点。地球的气候系统是整个行星系统涌现特性的一个典型例子，也就是说，如果不把它视为一个单一的综合实体，就无法充分理解它。在这个系统中，人类的影响近几十年来迅速增长，对地球系统科学研究的成功发展和进步具有极大的重要性。美国著名气候学家 Michael e. Mann 是最早的地球系统科学研究中心之一，宾夕法尼亚州立大学地球系统科学中心的主任，他的任务说明是: “地球系统科学中心(ESSC)负责描述、模拟和理解地球的气候系统。”。

气候学和气候变化从一开始就是地球系统科学的核心，正如上文讨论的美国国家航空航天局早期报告中对气候变化的突出重视。地球的气候系统是整个行星系统的一个涌现特性的主要例子，也就是说，如果不把它看作一个单一的整体，就不能完全理解它。这也是一个近几十年来人类影响迅速增长的系统，为地球系统科学研究的成功发展和进步带来了巨大的重要性。作为气候学在该领域的中心地位的例子，美国著名气候学家迈克尔·E·曼是最早的地球系统科学研究中心之一，宾夕法尼亚州立大学地球系统科学中心的主任，他声明说: “地球系统科学中心(ESSC)承担着描述、模拟和理解地球气候系统的使命。”

==Relationship to the Gaia hypothesis==

==Relationship to the Gaia hypothesis==

{{Main|Gaia hypothesis}}

与盖亚假说的关系{{Main|Gaia hypothesis}}

The Gaia hypothesis posits that living systems interact with physical components of the Earth system to form a [[homeostasis|self-regulating]] whole that maintains conditions that are favourable for life. Developed initially by James Lovelock, the hypothesis attempts to account for key features of the Earth system, including the long period (several billion years) of relatively favourable climatic conditions against a backdrop of [[Sun#Main sequence|steadily increasing]] [[Solar irradiance|solar radiation]]. Consequently, the Gaia hypothesis has important implications for Earth system science, as noted by NASA's Director for Planetary Science, James Green, in October 2010: "Dr. Lovelock and Dr. Margulis played a key role in the origins of what we now know as Earth system science".<ref>{{cite web|last1=NASA|first1=50th Anniversary Symposium: Seeking Signs of Life|title=Opening Keynote - 'Exobiology in the Beginning'|url=http://original.livestream.com/astrobiology50th/video?clipId=pla_89adff36-bad9-43a2-b416-29a41cb9fab1|website=livestream.com|access-date=7 September 2015}}</ref>

The Gaia hypothesis posits that living systems interact with physical components of the Earth system to form a [[homeostasis|self-regulating]] whole that maintains conditions that are favourable for life. Developed initially by James Lovelock, the hypothesis attempts to account for key features of the Earth system, including the long period (several billion years) of relatively favourable climatic conditions against a backdrop of [[Sun#Main sequence|steadily increasing]] [[Solar irradiance|solar radiation]]. Consequently, the Gaia hypothesis has important implications for Earth system science, as noted by NASA's Director for Planetary Science, James Green, in October 2010: "Dr. Lovelock and Dr. Margulis played a key role in the origins of what we now know as Earth system science".<ref>{{cite web|last1=NASA|first1=50th Anniversary Symposium: Seeking Signs of Life|title=Opening Keynote - 'Exobiology in the Beginning'|url=http://original.livestream.com/astrobiology50th/video?clipId=pla_89adff36-bad9-43a2-b416-29a41cb9fab1|website=livestream.com|access-date=7 September 2015}}</ref>

The Gaia hypothesis posits that living systems interact with physical components of the Earth system to form a self-regulating whole that maintains conditions that are favourable for life. Developed initially by James Lovelock, the hypothesis attempts to account for key features of the Earth system, including the long period (several billion years) of relatively favourable climatic conditions against a backdrop of steadily increasing solar radiation. Consequently, the Gaia hypothesis has important implications for Earth system science, as noted by NASA's Director for Planetary Science, James Green, in October 2010: "Dr. Lovelock and Dr. Margulis played a key role in the origins of what we now know as Earth system science".

The Gaia hypothesis posits that living systems interact with physical components of the Earth system to form a self-regulating whole that maintains conditions that are favourable for life. Developed initially by James Lovelock, the hypothesis attempts to account for key features of the Earth system, including the long period (several billion years) of relatively favourable climatic conditions against a backdrop of steadily increasing solar radiation. Consequently, the Gaia hypothesis has important implications for Earth system science, as noted by NASA's Director for Planetary Science, James Green, in October 2010: "Dr. Lovelock and Dr. Margulis played a key role in the origins of what we now know as Earth system science".

= = 与盖亚假说的关系盖亚假说认为，生命系统与地球系统的物理组成部分相互作用，形成一个自我调节的整体，维持有利于生命的条件。这一假说最初由 James Lovelock 提出，试图解释地球系统的主要特征，包括在太阳辐射稳步增加的背景下相对有利的长期气候条件(几十亿年)。因此，盖亚假说对地球系统科学具有重要意义，正如美国航天局行星科学主任詹姆斯 · 格林2010年10月指出的那样:”洛夫洛克博士和马古里斯博士在我们现在所知的地球系统科学的起源中发挥了关键作用”。

盖亚假说认为，生命系统与地球系统的物理成分相互作用，形成一个自我调节的整体，维持有利于生命的条件。该假说最初由詹姆斯·洛夫洛克提出，试图解释地球系统的关键特征，包括在太阳辐射稳步增加的背景下相对有利的气候条件的长期(几十亿年)。因此，盖亚假说对地球系统科学具有重要意义，正如美国国家航空航天局行星科学主任詹姆斯·格林在2010年10月指出的那样:“洛夫洛克博士和马古利斯博士在我们现在所知的地球系统科学的起源中发挥了关键作用”。

Although the Gaia hypothesis and Earth system science take an interdisciplinary approach to studying systems operations on a planetary-scale,<ref name="Schneider 1992"/> they are not synonymous with one another. A number of potential Gaian feedback mechanisms have been proposed—such as the [[CLAW hypothesis]]<ref name="CLAW87">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/326655a0 |author=[[Robert Jay Charlson|Charlson, R. J.]], [[James Lovelock|Lovelock, J. E.]], Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. |s2cid=4321239 |title=Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate |journal=Nature |volume=326 |issue=6114 |pages=655–661 |year=1987 |bibcode=1987Natur.326..655C}}</ref>—but the hypothesis does not have universal support within the [[scientific community]],<ref name="kirchner2002">{{Citation |last= Kirchner |first = James W. |title =Toward a future for Gaia theory |journal = Climatic Change |volume = 52 |issue = 4 |pages = 391–408 |year = 2002 | doi = 10.1023/a:1014237331082 |s2cid = 15776141 }}</ref><ref name="volk2002">{{Citation |last= Volk |first = Tyler |title =The Gaia hypothesis: fact, theory, and wishful thinking |journal = Climatic Change |volume = 52 |issue = 4 |pages = 423–430 |year = 2002 | doi = 10.1023/a:1014218227825 |s2cid = 32856540 }}</ref><ref name="beerling2007">{{cite book |last=Beerling |first=David |author-link=David Beerling|date=2007 |title=The Emerald Planet: How plants changed Earth's history |url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192806024.do |location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-280602-4 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Tyrrell |first=Toby |year= 2013|title= On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9959.html |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691121581 }}</ref> though it remains an active research topic.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=W.D. | last1=Hamilton | first2=T.M. | last2=Lenton | title=Spora and Gaia: how microbes fly with their clouds | journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution | volume=10 | pages=1–16 |year=1998 | issue=1 | url=http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/viewFile/787/733| doi=10.1080/08927014.1998.9522867 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055017/http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/viewFile/787/733 | archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid=10968941 |year=2000 | last1=Lenton | first1=TM | last2=Lovelock | first2=JE | title=Daisyworld is Darwinian: Constraints on adaptation are important for planetary self-regulation | volume=206 | issue=1 | pages=109–14 | doi=10.1006/jtbi.2000.2105 | journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1023/A:1023494111532 |year = 2003 | last1 = Kirchner | first1 = James W. | s2cid = 1153044 | journal = Climatic Change | volume = 58 |issue=1–2| pages = 21–45 |title=The Gaia Hypothesis: Conjectures and Refutations }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1= Quinn |first1=P.K. |last2= Bates |first2=T.S. |s2cid=4417436 |title =The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions |journal =Nature |volume=480 |issue=7375 |pages =51–56 |year = 2011 |doi=10.1038/nature10580 |pmid=22129724|bibcode=2011Natur.480...51Q |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233319 }}</ref><!-- more recent examples should be added; there are some -->

Although the Gaia hypothesis and Earth system science take an interdisciplinary approach to studying systems operations on a planetary-scale,<ref name="Schneider 1992"/> they are not synonymous with one another. A number of potential Gaian feedback mechanisms have been proposed—such as the [[CLAW hypothesis]]<ref name="CLAW87">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/326655a0 |author=[[Robert Jay Charlson|Charlson, R. J.]], [[James Lovelock|Lovelock, J. E.]], Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. |s2cid=4321239 |title=Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate |journal=Nature |volume=326 |issue=6114 |pages=655–661 |year=1987 |bibcode=1987Natur.326..655C}}</ref>—but the hypothesis does not have universal support within the [[scientific community]],<ref name="kirchner2002">{{Citation |last= Kirchner |first = James W. |title =Toward a future for Gaia theory |journal = Climatic Change |volume = 52 |issue = 4 |pages = 391–408 |year = 2002 | doi = 10.1023/a:1014237331082 |s2cid = 15776141 }}</ref><ref name="volk2002">{{Citation |last= Volk |first = Tyler |title =The Gaia hypothesis: fact, theory, and wishful thinking |journal = Climatic Change |volume = 52 |issue = 4 |pages = 423–430 |year = 2002 | doi = 10.1023/a:1014218227825 |s2cid = 32856540 }}</ref><ref name="beerling2007">{{cite book |last=Beerling |first=David |author-link=David Beerling|date=2007 |title=The Emerald Planet: How plants changed Earth's history |url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192806024.do |location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-280602-4 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Tyrrell |first=Toby |year= 2013|title= On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9959.html |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691121581 }}</ref> though it remains an active research topic.<ref>{{cite journal | first1=W.D. | last1=Hamilton | first2=T.M. | last2=Lenton | title=Spora and Gaia: how microbes fly with their clouds | journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution | volume=10 | pages=1–16 |year=1998 | issue=1 | url=http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/viewFile/787/733| doi=10.1080/08927014.1998.9522867 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055017/http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/viewFile/787/733 | archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid=10968941 |year=2000 | last1=Lenton | first1=TM | last2=Lovelock | first2=JE | title=Daisyworld is Darwinian: Constraints on adaptation are important for planetary self-regulation | volume=206 | issue=1 | pages=109–14 | doi=10.1006/jtbi.2000.2105 | journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1023/A:1023494111532 |year = 2003 | last1 = Kirchner | first1 = James W. | s2cid = 1153044 | journal = Climatic Change | volume = 58 |issue=1–2| pages = 21–45 |title=The Gaia Hypothesis: Conjectures and Refutations }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1= Quinn |first1=P.K. |last2= Bates |first2=T.S. |s2cid=4417436 |title =The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions |journal =Nature |volume=480 |issue=7375 |pages =51–56 |year = 2011 |doi=10.1038/nature10580 |pmid=22129724|bibcode=2011Natur.480...51Q |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233319 }}</ref><!-- more recent examples should be added; there are some -->

Although the Gaia hypothesis and Earth system science take an interdisciplinary approach to studying systems operations on a planetary-scale, they are not synonymous with one another. A number of potential Gaian feedback mechanisms have been proposed—such as the CLAW hypothesis—but the hypothesis does not have universal support within the scientific community, though it remains an active research topic.

Although the Gaia hypothesis and Earth system science take an interdisciplinary approach to studying systems operations on a planetary-scale, they are not synonymous with one another. A number of potential Gaian feedback mechanisms have been proposed—such as the CLAW hypothesis—but the hypothesis does not have universal support within the scientific community, though it remains an active research topic.

== Education ==

== Education ==

Earth System science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities, with notable programs at such institutions as the [https://www.ess.uci.edu/ University of California, Irvine], [http://www.essc.psu.edu/ Pennsylvania State University], and [https://earth.stanford.edu/ess Stanford University]. In general education, the [[American Geophysical Union]], in cooperation with the [[Keck Geology Consortium]] and with support from five divisions within the [[National Science Foundation]], convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this [[systems approach]], the workshop report recommended that an Earth System science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/spheres/intro.htm |title=Shaping the Future of Undergraduate Earth Science Education |publisher=American Geophysical Union |access-date=2009-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916214004/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/spheres/intro.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008 }}</ref> In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth System Science Education Alliance|url=http://essea.strategies.org/background.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

Earth System science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities, with notable programs at such institutions as the [https://www.ess.uci.edu/ University of California, Irvine], [http://www.essc.psu.edu/ Pennsylvania State University], and [https://earth.stanford.edu/ess Stanford University]. In general education, the [[American Geophysical Union]], in cooperation with the [[Keck Geology Consortium]] and with support from five divisions within the [[National Science Foundation]], convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this [[systems approach]], the workshop report recommended that an Earth System science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/spheres/intro.htm |title=Shaping the Future of Undergraduate Earth Science Education |publisher=American Geophysical Union |access-date=2009-05-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916214004/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/spheres/intro.htm |archive-date=16 September 2008 }}</ref> In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".<ref>{{cite web|title=Earth System Science Education Alliance|url=http://essea.strategies.org/background.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>

Earth System science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities, with notable programs at such institutions as the University of California, Irvine, Pennsylvania State University, and Stanford University. In general education, the American Geophysical Union, in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation, convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this systems approach, the workshop report recommended that an Earth System science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation. In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".

Earth System science can be studied at a postgraduate level at some universities, with notable programs at such institutions as the University of California, Irvine, Pennsylvania State University, and Stanford University. In general education, the American Geophysical Union, in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation, convened a workshop in 1996, "to define common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences". In its report, participants noted that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems". Recognizing the rise of this systems approach, the workshop report recommended that an Earth System science curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation. In 2000, the Earth System Science Education Alliance was begun, and currently includes the participation of 40+ institutions, with over 3,000 teachers having completed an ESSEA course as of fall 2009".

== See also ==

== See also ==

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= = = = = = = 地球系统治理  

地球系统治理  

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