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| pages = 1–23
 
| pages = 1–23
 
|date=March 2006
 
|date=March 2006
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| s2cid = 122095161
   
| quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
 
| quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
 
}}</ref>
 
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罗伯特罗森的工作结合了复杂的数学观点和潜在激进的关于生命系统和科学本质的新观点，他被称为“生物学的牛顿”。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikulecky|first1=Donald C|title=Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton|journal=Computers & Chemistry|date=July 2001|volume=25|issue=4|pages=317–327|doi=10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00079-1|pmid=11459348}}</ref>基于集合理论，他的工作也被认为是有争议的，人们担心他使用的一些数学方法缺乏足够的证据，但罗伯特罗森的遗作《生命本身》(2000)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A.H.|title=More than life itself : a synthetic continuation in relational biology|date=2009|publisher=Ontos Verlag|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3868380446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A. H.|title=Reflection of life : functional entailment and imminence in relational biology|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4614-6927-8}}</ref>以及最近由他的学生Aloisius Louie撰写的专著阐明并解释了其作品中的数学内容。
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罗伯特罗森的工作结合了复杂的数学观点和潜在激进的关于生命系统和科学本质的新观点，他被称为“生物学的牛顿”。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikulecky|first1=Donald C|title=Robert Rosen (1934–1998): a snapshot of biology's Newton|journal=Computers & Chemistry|date=July 2001|volume=25|issue=4|pages=317–327|doi=10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00079-1|pmid=11459348}}</ref>基于集合理论，他的工作也被认为是有争议的，人们担心他使用的一些数学方法缺乏足够的证据，但罗伯特罗森的遗作《生命本身》(2000)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A.H.|title=More than life itself : a synthetic continuation in relational biology|date=2009|publisher=Ontos Verlag|location=Frankfurt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Louie|first1=A. H.|title=Reflection of life : functional entailment and imminence in relational biology|date=2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc.|location=New York, NY}}</ref>以及最近由他的学生Aloisius Louie撰写的专著阐明并解释了其作品中的数学内容。
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| pages = 25–34
 
| pages = 25–34
 
|date=March 2006
 
|date=March 2006
−
| s2cid = 4673166
   
| quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
 
| quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
 
}}</ref>许多人将复杂系统的这一方面总结为“整体大于部分之和”。在某种意义上，部件之间的关系和交互效果之间的关系必须被视为附加的“关系”部件。
 
}}</ref>许多人将复杂系统的这一方面总结为“整体大于部分之和”。在某种意义上，部件之间的关系和交互效果之间的关系必须被视为附加的“关系”部件。
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他有意地选择“最简单的”图和类别来表示只赋予离散集合的“有效”拓扑小类别集合中的代谢-修复系统，并且设想这种选择是最一般和限制较少的。然而，事实证明 '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''系统的有效衍生是“有效因果闭合的”。唐纳德·c·米库勒基·罗伯特·罗森: 这是一个恰当的问题及其答案——为什么有机体不同于机器？或者用简单的术语来说，新陈代谢的催化剂(新陈代谢的“有效原因”，<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html Donald C. Mikulecky Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer - Why are organisms different from machines?]</ref>通常被认为是酶)本身就是新陈代谢的产物，因此，从严格的数学意义上来说，可能不会被认为是连续机器或自动机范畴的子范畴: 这与法国哲学家笛卡尔的假设直接矛盾，即所有的动物都只是复杂的机器或机制。罗森说:“我认为，解决这些问题(主体-客体边界和什么构成客观性)的唯一办法是承认因果关系的闭环是‘客观的’;即科学审查的合法对象。任何机器论或机械论都明确禁止这些操作。”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=Robert|date=June 1, 1993|title=Drawing the boundary between subject and object: Comments on the mind-brain problem|journal=Theoretical Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=89–100|doi=10.1007/BF00997269|pmid=8236065|s2cid=24953932|issn=1573-1200}}</ref>罗森关于“有效闭合”的论证，是为了在机械论科学中提出这样一个明确的悖论: 一方面，生物体是由这种因果闭合定义的，另一方面，机制又禁止它们; 因此，我们需要修正我们对自然的理解。这种机械论的观点甚至在今天的大多数普通生物学和大多数科学中依然盛行，尽管有些人声称社会学和心理学中的还原论方法已经失败，并且自20世纪70年代初以来已经失宠。然而，这些领域尚未就新观点应该是什么达成共识，大多数其他学科也是如此，这些学科努力保留生命和复杂系统的”机器隐喻”的各个方面。
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他有意地选择“最简单的”图和类别来表示只赋予离散集合的“有效”拓扑小类别集合中的代谢-修复系统，并且设想这种选择是最一般和限制较少的。然而，事实证明 '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''系统的有效衍生是“有效因果闭合的”。唐纳德·c·米库勒基·罗伯特·罗森: 这是一个恰当的问题及其答案——为什么有机体不同于机器？或者用简单的术语来说，新陈代谢的催化剂(新陈代谢的“有效原因”，<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html Donald C. Mikulecky Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer - Why are organisms different from machines?]</ref>通常被认为是酶)本身就是新陈代谢的产物，因此，从严格的数学意义上来说，可能不会被认为是连续机器或自动机范畴的子范畴: 这与法国哲学家笛卡尔的假设直接矛盾，即所有的动物都只是复杂的机器或机制。罗森说:“我认为，解决这些问题(主体-客体边界和什么构成客观性)的唯一办法是承认因果关系的闭环是‘客观的’;即科学审查的合法对象。任何机器论或机械论都明确禁止这些操作。”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosen|first=Robert|date=June 1, 1993|title=Drawing the boundary between subject and object: Comments on the mind-brain problem|journal=Theoretical Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=89–100|doi=10.1007/BF00997269|pmid=8236065|issn=1573-1200}}</ref>罗森关于“有效闭合”的论证，是为了在机械论科学中提出这样一个明确的悖论: 一方面，生物体是由这种因果闭合定义的，另一方面，机制又禁止它们; 因此，我们需要修正我们对自然的理解。这种机械论的观点甚至在今天的大多数普通生物学和大多数科学中依然盛行，尽管有些人声称社会学和心理学中的还原论方法已经失败，并且自20世纪70年代初以来已经失宠。然而，这些领域尚未就新观点应该是什么达成共识，大多数其他学科也是如此，这些学科努力保留生命和复杂系统的”机器隐喻”的各个方面。
       
== 复杂性和复杂科学模型系统 ==  
 
== 复杂性和复杂科学模型系统 ==  
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澄清简单科学模型和复杂科学模型之间的区别成为罗森后来发表报告的主要目标。罗森认为建模是科学和思想的本质。他的著作《预防系统》<ref>''Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and  Methodological Foundations'', Robert Rosen, 2nd edition, with contributions by Judith Rosen, John J. Klineman and Mihai Nadin, 2012, lx + 472 pp., Springer, New York {{ISBN|978-1-4614-1268-7}}</ref>详细描述了他所说的建模关系。他展示了真实的建模关系和仿真之间的深刻区别，后者不是基于这样的建模关系。
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澄清简单科学模型和复杂科学模型之间的区别成为罗森后来发表报告的主要目标。罗森认为建模是科学和思想的本质。他的著作《预防系统》<ref>''Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical, and  Methodological Foundations'', Robert Rosen, 2nd edition, with contributions by Judith Rosen, John J. Klineman and Mihai Nadin, 2012, lx + 472 pp., Springer, New York</ref>详细描述了他所说的建模关系。他展示了真实的建模关系和仿真之间的深刻区别，后者不是基于这样的建模关系。
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==与其他生命理论的比较 ==
 
==与其他生命理论的比较 ==
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'''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''系统只是目前几种生命理论中的一种<ref name="gantibook">{{cite book| isbn= 9780198507260| title = The Principles of Life | last = Gánti | first = Tibor |publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2003|editor1 = Eörs Száthmary | editor2 = James Griesemer}}</ref>，包括Tibor的化子Gánti, Manfred Eigen和Peter Schuster的超循环<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.11007/bf00450633|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. A: emergence of the hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 64|issue = 11|pages = 541–565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. B: the abstract hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 1 |pages = 7–41}}</ref>
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'''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''系统只是目前几种生命理论中的一种<ref name="gantibook">{{cite book| title = The Principles of Life | last = Gánti | first = Tibor |publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2003|editor1 = Eörs Száthmary | editor2 = James Griesemer}}</ref>，包括Tibor的化子Gánti, Manfred Eigen和Peter Schuster的超循环<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.11007/bf00450633|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. A: emergence of the hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 64|issue = 11|pages = 541–565}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. B: the abstract hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 1 |pages = 7–41}}</ref>
 
<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. C: the realistic hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 7 |pages = 41–369}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1=Maturana |first1 = H. R.|last2 =Varela|first2 = F. |title = Autopoiesis and cognition: the realisation of the living|date=1980|publisher= D. Reidel Publishing Company| place = Dordrecht}}</ref>，Humberto Maturana 和 Francisco Varela 的自创生(或自我构建) ，以及Stuart Kauffman<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0|last1 = Kauffman|first1= S. A. |title = Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets| journal = J. Theor. Biol. |volume =22|issue=3|date=1969|pages=437–467}}</ref>的自催化集，类似于Dyson早期的提议<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf01733901 | title =A model for the origin of life| last = Dyson| first = F. J.|journal = J. Mol. Evol.| volume = 18| issue = 5| pages=344–350| date =1982}}</ref>。
 
<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf00420631|last1 = Eigen |first1 = M| last2 = Schuster |first2 =P | title = The hypercycle: a principle of natural self-organization. C: the realistic hypercycle| journal= Naturwissenschaften|volume = 65|issue = 7 |pages = 41–369}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1=Maturana |first1 = H. R.|last2 =Varela|first2 = F. |title = Autopoiesis and cognition: the realisation of the living|date=1980|publisher= D. Reidel Publishing Company| place = Dordrecht}}</ref>，Humberto Maturana 和 Francisco Varela 的自创生(或自我构建) ，以及Stuart Kauffman<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1016/0022-5193(69)90015-0|last1 = Kauffman|first1= S. A. |title = Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets| journal = J. Theor. Biol. |volume =22|issue=3|date=1969|pages=437–467}}</ref>的自催化集，类似于Dyson早期的提议<ref>{{cite journal | doi= 10.1007/bf01733901 | title =A model for the origin of life| last = Dyson| first = F. J.|journal = J. Mol. Evol.| volume = 18| issue = 5| pages=344–350| date =1982}}</ref>。
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| publisher = Springer
 
| publisher = Springer
 
| date = 2013
 
| date = 2013
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| isbn = 978-1489964205
   
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
 
* 1978, ''Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems'', Elsevier Science Ltd,
 
* 1978, ''Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems'', Elsevier Science Ltd,
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== 拓展阅读 ==
 
== 拓展阅读 ==
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi=10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z| s2cid = 4673166 }}
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi=10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z }}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I.C. | year = 1970 | title = Organismic Supercategories: II. On Multistable Systems | url = http://cogprints.org/7752/3/OSIImultist1970.pdf| journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 539–561 | doi=10.1007/bf02476770 | pmid=4327361}}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I.C. | year = 1970 | title = Organismic Supercategories: II. On Multistable Systems | url = http://cogprints.org/7752/3/OSIImultist1970.pdf| journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 539–561 | doi=10.1007/bf02476770 | pmid=4327361}}
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I.C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi = 10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z | s2cid = 4673166 }}
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I.C. | year = 2006 | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 25–34 | doi = 10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z }}
 
* Elsasser, M.W.: 1981, "A Form of Logic Suited for Biology.", In: Robert, Rosen, ed., ''Progress in Theoretical Biology'', Volume '''6''', Academic Press, New York and London, pp 23–62.
 
* Elsasser, M.W.: 1981, "A Form of Logic Suited for Biology.", In: Robert, Rosen, ed., ''Progress in Theoretical Biology'', Volume '''6''', Academic Press, New York and London, pp 23–62.
 
* Christopher Landauer and Kirstie L. Bellman [https://archive.today/20130223074217/http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/627/1/59_1 ''Theoretical Biology: Organisms and Mechanisms'']
 
* Christopher Landauer and Kirstie L. Bellman [https://archive.today/20130223074217/http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/627/1/59_1 ''Theoretical Biology: Organisms and Mechanisms'']
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Rosen | first1 = R. | year = 1958b | title = The Representation of Biological Systems from the Standpoint of the Theory of Categories | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 317–341 | doi=10.1007/bf02477890}}
 
* {{cite journal | last1 = Rosen | first1 = R. | year = 1958b | title = The Representation of Biological Systems from the Standpoint of the Theory of Categories | journal = Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 317–341 | doi=10.1007/bf02477890}}
 
* "''Reminiscences of Nicolas Rashevsky''". (Late) 1972. by Robert Rosen.
 
* "''Reminiscences of Nicolas Rashevsky''". (Late) 1972. by Robert Rosen.
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Rosen| first1 = Robert| year = 2006 | title = Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.1007/s10516-006-0001-6 | s2cid = 122095161}}
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Rosen| first1 = Robert| year = 2006 | title = Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen | journal = Axiomathes | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2| pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.1007/s10516-006-0001-6 }}
 
* Elsasser, M.W.: 1981, "A Form of Logic Suited for Biology.", In: Robert, Rosen, ed., Progress in Theoretical Biology, Volume 6, Academic Press, New York and London, pp 23–62.
 
* Elsasser, M.W.: 1981, "A Form of Logic Suited for Biology.", In: Robert, Rosen, ed., Progress in Theoretical Biology, Volume 6, Academic Press, New York and London, pp 23–62.
 
* Christopher Landauer and Kirstie L. Bellman Theoretical Biology: Organisms and Mechanisms
 
* Christopher Landauer and Kirstie L. Bellman Theoretical Biology: Organisms and Mechanisms
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