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第61行： − 艾伦·图灵（1912年6月23日至1954年6月7日）是英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码分析师、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵在理论计算机科学的发展中有着巨大的影响力，通过图灵机器提供了算法和计算概念的形式化，图灵机器可以被视为通用计算机的模型。图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。+ + + + +
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}}</ref><ref name="AFP">{{cite news |title=Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |work=Time |quote=Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |first=Paul |last=Gray |date=29 March 1999 |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |archive-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref> Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref>
}}</ref><ref name="AFP">{{cite news |title=Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |work=Time |quote=Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. |first=Paul |last=Gray |date=29 March 1999 |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html |archive-date=19 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sipser|2006|p=137}}</ref> Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Beavers|2013|p=481}}</ref>
艾伦·图灵（1912年6月23日至1954年6月7日）是英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码专家、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵在理论计算机科学的发展中有着巨大的影响力，通过图灵机器提供了算法和计算概念的形式化，图灵机器可以被视为通用计算机的模型。图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。
【最终版】阿兰·麦席森·图灵(Alan Mathison Turing, 1912年6月23日- 1954年6月7日)，英国数学家、计算机科学家、逻辑学家、密码专家、哲学家和理论生物学家。图灵对理论计算机科学的发展产生了巨大的影响，他用图灵机(可以被认为是通用计算机的模型)将算法和计算的概念形式化。图灵被广泛认为是理论计算机科学和人工智能之父。
Born in [[Maida Vale]], London, Turing was raised in [[southern England]]. He graduated at [[King's College, Cambridge]], with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a [[fellow]] at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a [[Turing machine]], and went on to prove the [[halting problem]] for Turing machines is [[Decision problem|undecidable]]. In 1938, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Princeton University Department of Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]] at [[Princeton University]]. During the [[Second World War]], Turing worked for the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) at [[Bletchley Park]], Britain's [[cryptanalysis|codebreaking]] centre that produced [[Ultra]] intelligence. For a time he led [[Hut 8]], the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German [[cipher]]s, including improvements to the pre-war Polish [[Bomba (cryptography)|bombe]] method, an [[electromechanics|electromechanical]] machine that could find settings for the [[Enigma machine]]. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the [[Axis powers]] in many crucial engagements, including the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news|last=Copeland|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Copeland|date=18 June 2012|title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'|publisher=BBC News Technology|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both [[The Churchill Centre]] and Turing's biographer [[Andrew Hodges]] have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see {{cite web|last=Schilling|first=Jonathan|date=8 January 2015|title=Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths}} and {{cite web|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Hodges|title=Part 4: The Relay Race|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|archive-date=20 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]]}} A [[BBC News]] profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See {{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Clare|date=11 September 2009|title=Profile: Alan Turing|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=13 December 2017|quote=Update 13 February 2015}} Official war historian [[Harry Hinsley]] estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the [[Manhattan Project|use of the atomic bomb]] and other eventualities.{{citation | last = Hinsley | first = Harry | author-link = Harry Hinsley | title = The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War | origyear = 1993 | year = 1996 | url = http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm }} Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University</ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see and A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
Born in [[Maida Vale]], London, Turing was raised in [[southern England]]. He graduated at [[King's College, Cambridge]], with a degree in mathematics. Whilst he was a [[fellow]] at Cambridge, he published a proof demonstrating that some purely mathematical yes–no questions can never be answered by computation and defined a [[Turing machine]], and went on to prove the [[halting problem]] for Turing machines is [[Decision problem|undecidable]]. In 1938, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Princeton University Department of Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]] at [[Princeton University]]. During the [[Second World War]], Turing worked for the [[Government Communications Headquarters#Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS)|Government Code and Cypher School]] (GC&CS) at [[Bletchley Park]], Britain's [[cryptanalysis|codebreaking]] centre that produced [[Ultra]] intelligence. For a time he led [[Hut 8]], the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German [[cipher]]s, including improvements to the pre-war Polish [[Bomba (cryptography)|bombe]] method, an [[electromechanics|electromechanical]] machine that could find settings for the [[Enigma machine]]. Turing played a crucial role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the [[Axis powers]] in many crucial engagements, including the [[Battle of the Atlantic]].<ref name="bbc-copeland">{{cite news|last=Copeland|first=Jack|author-link=Jack Copeland|date=18 June 2012|title=Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives'|publisher=BBC News Technology|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|url-status=live|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011045451/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both [[The Churchill Centre]] and Turing's biographer [[Andrew Hodges]] have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see {{cite web|last=Schilling|first=Jonathan|date=8 January 2015|title=Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217170510/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory|archive-date=17 February 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=The Churchill Centre: Myths}} and {{cite web|last=Hodges|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Hodges|title=Part 4: The Relay Race|url=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120190931/http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html|archive-date=20 January 2015|access-date=9 January 2015|publisher=Update to [[Alan Turing: The Enigma]]}} A [[BBC News]] profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See {{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Clare|date=11 September 2009|title=Profile: Alan Turing|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm|url-status=live|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213095303/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691|archive-date=13 December 2017|quote=Update 13 February 2015}} Official war historian [[Harry Hinsley]] estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the [[Manhattan Project|use of the atomic bomb]] and other eventualities.{{citation | last = Hinsley | first = Harry | author-link = Harry Hinsley | title = The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War | origyear = 1993 | year = 1996 | url = http://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm }} Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University</ref>A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However, both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have stated they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim, nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see and A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years but added the caveat that this did not account for the use of the atomic bomb and other eventualities. Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
图灵出生于梅达韦尔，在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的研究员时，他发表了一篇论文，证明了一些纯粹的数学上的是非问题永远不能用计算机来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在 Bletchley Park 的英国政府通讯总部情报局工作，这是英国产生超级情报的密码破译中心。有一段时间，他领导第八小组，该小组负责德国海军密码破译。在这里，他设计了一系列加速破解德国密码的技术，包括改进战前的波兰轰炸机方法，这种机电式机器可以找到英格玛密码机的设置。图灵在破译截获的加密信息中扮演了关键角色，这些信息使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔称图灵为盟军在对抗纳粹德国的战争中取得胜利做出了最大贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道据说丘吉尔说这话的日期或背景，丘吉尔中心将其列为他们的丘吉尔神话之一。参见官方战争历史学家哈里 · 辛斯利的估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但是补充说明，这并没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他不测事件。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学演讲的文字稿
图灵出生于梅达韦尔，在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的研究员时，他发表了一篇论文，证明了一些纯粹的数学上的是非问题永远不能用计算机来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他获得了普林斯顿大学数学系的博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在 Bletchley Park 的英国政府通讯总部情报局工作，这是英国产生超级情报的密码破译中心。有一段时间，他领导第八小组，该小组负责德国海军密码破译。在这里，他设计了一系列加速破解德国密码的技术，包括改进战前的波兰轰炸机方法，这种机电式机器可以找到英格玛密码机的设置。图灵在破译截获的加密信息中扮演了关键角色，这些信息使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败轴心国，包括大西洋战役。一些消息来源称，温斯顿·丘吉尔称图灵为盟军在对抗纳粹德国的战争中取得胜利做出了最大贡献。然而，丘吉尔中心和图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯都表示，他们不知道任何文件证据来支持这一说法，也不知道据说丘吉尔说这话的日期或背景，丘吉尔中心将其列为他们的丘吉尔神话之一。参见官方战争历史学家哈里 · 辛斯利的估计，这项工作将欧洲战争缩短了两年多，但是补充说明，这并没有考虑到原子弹的使用和其他不测事件。1993年10月19日星期二在剑桥大学演讲的文字稿
【最终版】图灵出生在伦敦的梅达韦尔（Maida Vale），在英格兰南部长大。他毕业于剑桥大学国王学院，获得了数学学位。当他还是剑桥大学的一名研究员时，他发表了一个证明，证明了一些纯数学的是非问题永远不能通过计算来回答，并定义了一个图灵机，并继续证明了图灵机的停机问题是不可判定的。1938年，他在普林斯顿大学数学系获得了博士学位。第二次世界大战期间，图灵在布莱切利公园的政府密码与密码学校(GC&CS)工作，这是英国的密码破译中心，并且产生了“超级智能”。有一段时间，他领导8号营房，该部门负责德国海军的密码分析工作。在这里，他设计了许多加速破译德国密码的技术，包括对战前的波兰炸弹法的改进，一种可以为恩尼格玛机找到系统设置的机电机器。图灵在破解被截获的编码信息方面发挥了至关重要的作用，这使得盟军在许多关键战役中击败了轴心国，包括大西洋战役。
After the war, Turing worked at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]], where he designed the [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined [[Max Newman]]'s [[Computing Machine Laboratory]], at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], where he helped develop the [[Manchester computers]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> and became interested in [[mathematical biology]]. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of [[morphogenesis]]<ref name="googlescholar" /> and predicted [[Chemical clock|oscillating]] [[chemical reaction]]s such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]].<ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.</ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.
After the war, Turing worked at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]], where he designed the [[Automatic Computing Engine]] (ACE), one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948, Turing joined [[Max Newman]]'s [[Computing Machine Laboratory]], at the [[Victoria University of Manchester]], where he helped develop the [[Manchester computers]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=231–233}}</ref> and became interested in [[mathematical biology]]. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of [[morphogenesis]]<ref name="googlescholar" /> and predicted [[Chemical clock|oscillating]] [[chemical reaction]]s such as the [[Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction]], first observed in the 1960s. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime because much of his work was covered by the [[Official Secrets Act 1939|Official Secrets Act]].<ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.</ref>Olinick, M. (2021). Simply Turing. United States: Simply Charly, ch. 15.