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第1行： + + + + + + + − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共2700，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。 − − {{good article}} − {{short description|Interactions that create Earth's climate and may result in climate change}} − [[File:Climate-system.jpg|thumb|The five components of the climate system all interact. − − − [终译]气候系统的五个组成部分在相互作用|330x330px|链接=Special:FilePath/Climate-system.jpg]] − Earth's [[climate]] arises from the interaction of five major '''climate system''' components: the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] (air), the [[hydrosphere]] (water), the [[cryosphere]] (ice and permafrost), the [[lithosphere]] (earth's upper rocky layer) and the [[biosphere]] (living things).{{sfn|Planton|2013|p=1451}} ''Climate'' is the average [[weather]], typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/About-climate-change-in-NSW/Climate-systems|title=Climate systems|website=climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506123249/https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/About-climate-change-in-NSW/Climate-systems|archive-date=2019-05-06|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-1/climate-system/earth-climate-system/|title=Earth's climate system|website=World Ocean Review|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref> Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar [[radiation]] and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components. − − Earth's climate arises from the interaction of five major climate system components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things). Climate is the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns. Circulation in the atmosphere and oceans is primarily driven by solar radiation and transports heat from the tropical regions to regions that receive less energy from the Sun. The water cycle also moves energy throughout the climate system. In addition, different chemical elements, necessary for life, are constantly recycled between the different components. − − 气候系统的五个组成部分都相互作用。地球的气候起源于五个主要气候系统组成部分的相互作用: 大气层(空气)、水圈(水)、冰圈(冰和永久冻土)、岩石圈(地球的上层岩石层)和生物圈(生物体)。气候是平均天气，通常持续30年，并且是由气候系统中的一系列过程决定的，比如洋流和风的模式。大气和海洋中的环流主要是由太阳辐射驱动的，并将热量从热带地区输送到太阳能量较少的地区。水循环也在整个气候系统中移动能量。此外，不同的化学元素，生命所必需的，不断循环之间的不同成分。 − − [终译]地球的气候由主要气候系统的五个组成部分相互作用产生：大气层（空气）、水圈（水）、冰圈（冰和永久冻土）、岩石圈（地球的上层岩石层）和生物圈（生物）。气候是一种平均的天气，通常以30年为周期，由气候系统中的各种过程（如洋流和风型）共同决定。大气层和海洋中的环流主要由太阳辐射驱动，能够将热量从热带地区输送到从太阳获得能量较少的地区。水循环也将能量转移到整个气候系统中。此外，生命所必需的不同化学元素在不同成分之间不断地循环。 − − The climate system can change due to [[climate variability|internal variability]] and [[radiative forcing|external forcings]]. These external forcings can be natural, such as [[Solar activity and climate|variations in solar intensity]] and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of heat-trapping [[greenhouse gas]]es, mainly being emitted by people burning [[fossil fuel]]s, is causing [[global warming]]. Human activity also releases cooling [[aerosols]], but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases.{{sfn|Planton|2013|p=1451}} Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components. − − The climate system can change due to internal variability and external forcings. These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. Human activity also releases cooling aerosols, but their net effect is far less than that of greenhouse gases. Changes can be amplified by feedback processes in the different climate system components. − − 由于内部变异和外部强迫，气候系统可能发生变化。这些外部强迫可能是自然现象，比如太阳活动强度的变化和火山爆发，或者是人为造成的。温室气体的积累，主要是由燃烧化石燃料的人们排放的，正在导致全球变暖。人类活动也会释放冷却气溶胶，但其净效应远远小于温室气体。不同气候系统组成部分的反馈过程可以放大这些变化。 − − [终译]气候系统可能会由于内部的变化和外部的强迫而发生变化。这些外部强迫可能是自然现象，比如太阳强度的变化和火山爆发，也可能是由人类引起的。吸热性温室气体的积累正在导致全球变暖，主要是由人类燃烧的化石燃料排放。人类的活动也会释放起冷却作用的气溶胶，但是它们的净效应远小于温室气体。不同气候系统组成部分的反馈过程可以放大这些变化。 − − == Components of the climate system == − [终译]气候系统的组成部分 − − The ''atmosphere'' envelops the earth and extends hundreds of kilometres from the surface. It consists mostly of inert [[nitrogen]] (78%), [[oxygen]] (21%) and [[argon]] (0.9%).<ref>{{harvnb|Barry|Hall-McKim|2014|p=22}}; {{harvnb|Goosse|2015|loc=section 1.2.1}}.</ref> Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as [[water vapour]] and [[carbon dioxide]], are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are [[greenhouse gases]] which allow visible light from the [[Sun]] to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the [[infra-red]] radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation. This causes surface temperatures to rise.{{sfn|Gettelman|Rood|2016|pp=14–15}} The [[hydrological cycle]] is the movement of water through the atmosphere. Not only does the hydrological cycle determine patterns of [[precipitation]], it also has an influence on the movement of energy throughout the climate system.{{sfn|Gettelman|Rood|2016|p=16}} − − The atmosphere envelops the earth and extends hundreds of kilometres from the surface. It consists mostly of inert nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%) and argon (0.9%).; . Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation. This causes surface temperatures to rise. The hydrological cycle is the movement of water through the atmosphere. Not only does the hydrological cycle determine patterns of precipitation, it also has an influence on the movement of energy throughout the climate system. − − 气候系统的组成大气层包裹着地球，从地表向外延伸数百公里。它主要由惰性氮(78%)、氧(21%)和氩(0.9%)组成。; .大气中的一些示踪气体，如水蒸气和二氧化碳，是对气候系统运作最为重要的气体，因为它们是温室气体，可以让太阳的可见光穿透到地球表面，但阻止地球表面放射出的一些红外线辐射，以平衡太阳辐射。这导致表面温度上升。水文循环是水在大气中的运动。水文循环不仅决定降水的模式，而且影响整个气候系统的能量运动。 − − [终译]大气层包裹着地球，从地表延伸了数百公里。它主要由惰性氮气（78%）、氧气（21%）和氩气（0.9%）组成。大气中一些微量气体是对气候系统运行最为重要的气体，如水蒸气和二氧化碳，因为它们是温室气体，允许来自太阳的可见光穿透到地球表面，但是阻止地球表面放射出的一些红外线辐射，以平衡太阳辐射。这种现象使地球表面温度上升。这将导致表面温度上升。水循环是水在大气中的运动。水循环不仅决定了降水的模式，而且影响整个气候系统的能量运动。 − The ''hydrosphere'' proper contains all the liquid water on Earth, with most of it contained in the world's oceans.{{sfn|Kundzewicz|2008}} The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface to an average depth of nearly {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=off}},{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=11}} and can hold substantially more heat than the atmosphere.{{sfn|Gettelman|Rood|2016|p=17}} It contains [[seawater]] with a salt content of about 3.5% on average, but this varies spatially.{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=11}} [[Brackish water]] is found in [[Estuary|estuaries]] and some lakes, and most [[Fresh water|freshwater]], 2.5% of all water, is held in ice and snow.{{sfn|Desonie|2008|p=4}}+ − The hydrosphere proper contains all the liquid water on Earth, with most of it contained in the world's oceans. The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface to an average depth of nearly , and can hold substantially more heat than the atmosphere. It contains seawater with a salt content of about 3.5% on average, but this varies spatially. Brackish water is found in estuaries and some lakes, and most freshwater, 2.5% of all water, is held in ice and snow. − 水圈本身包含地球上所有的液态水，其中大部分包含在世界的海洋中。海洋覆盖了地球表面的71% ，平均深度接近，并且能够承受比大气层更多的热量。它所含的海水平均含盐量约为3.5% ，但这在空间上有所不同。咸水存在于河口和一些湖泊中，大部分淡水，占全部水量的2.5% ，存在于冰和雪中。 − + + − The ''[[cryosphere]]'' contains all parts of the climate system where [[water]] is solid. This includes [[sea ice]], [[ice sheets]], [[permafrost]] and [[snow cover]]. Because there is more land in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] compared to the [[Southern Hemisphere]], a larger part of that hemisphere is covered in snow.{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=20}} Both hemispheres have about the same amount of sea ice. Most frozen water is contained in the ice sheets on [[Greenland]] and [[Antarctica]], which average about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=off}} in height. These ice sheets slowly flow towards their margins.{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=22}} − The cryosphere contains all parts of the climate system where water is solid. This includes sea ice, ice sheets, permafrost and snow cover. Because there is more land in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, a larger part of that hemisphere is covered in snow. Both hemispheres have about the same amount of sea ice. Most frozen water is contained in the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica, which average about in height. These ice sheets slowly flow towards their margins.+ − 冰冻圈包含了气候系统中水是固体的所有部分。这包括海冰、冰盖、永久冻土和积雪。因为南北半球的陆地面积比南南半球大，所以南半球大部分地区都被雪覆盖。两个半球的海冰数量大致相同。格陵兰岛和南极洲的冰原中含有大部分结冰的水，这些地方的平均高度约为。这些冰原慢慢地向它们的边缘流动。 − + − The ''[[Earth's crust]],'' specifically mountains and valleys, shapes global wind patterns: vast mountain ranges form a barrier to winds and impact where and how much it rains.{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=25}}{{sfn|Houze|2012}} Land closer to open ocean has a more moderate climate than land farther from the ocean.{{sfn|Barry|Hall-McKim|2014|pp=135–137}} For the purpose of [[Climate model|modelling the climate]], the land is often considered static as it changes very slowly compared to the other elements that make up the climate system.{{sfn|Gettelman|Rood|2016|pp=18–19}} The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation. The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate.{{sfn|Haug|Keigwin|2004}} − The Earth's crust, specifically mountains and valleys, shapes global wind patterns: vast mountain ranges form a barrier to winds and impact where and how much it rains. Land closer to open ocean has a more moderate climate than land farther from the ocean. For the purpose of modelling the climate, the land is often considered static as it changes very slowly compared to the other elements that make up the climate system. The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation. The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determining global climate.+ − 地壳，特别是山脉和山谷，形成了全球风的模式: 广阔的山脉形成了一道屏障，阻挡风和影响降雨的地点和数量。靠近开阔海洋的陆地比远离海洋的陆地气候更温和。为了建立气候模型，土地通常被认为是静止的，因为与构成气候系统的其他元素相比，土地的变化非常缓慢。大陆的位置决定了海洋的几何形状，因此影响了海洋环流的模式。海洋的位置对于控制全球热量和湿度的传递，因此对于确定全球气候非常重要。 − [终译]地壳，特别是山脉和山谷，塑造了全球的风型：广阔的山脉形成了抵御风的屏障，并影响了降雨的地点和数量。靠近开阔海洋的陆地比远离海洋的陆地的气候更为温和。为了模拟气候，土地通常被认为是静态的，因为与构成气候系统的其他元素相比，土地的变化非常缓慢。大陆的位置决定了海洋的几何形状，并因此影响了海洋环流的模式。海洋的位置对于控制全球热量和水分的传递非常重要，因此，对于决定全球气候也非常重要。+ − Lastly, the ''biosphere'' also interacts with the rest of the climate system. [[Vegetation]] is often darker or lighter than the soil beneath, so that more or less of the Sun's heat gets trapped in areas with vegetation.{{sfn|Gettelman|Rood|2016|p=19}} Vegetation is good at trapping water, which is then taken up by its roots. Without vegetation, this water would have run off to the closest rivers or other water bodies. Water taken up by plants instead evaporates, contributing to the hydrological cycle.{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=26}} Precipitation and temperature influences the distribution of different vegetation zones.{{sfn|Goosse|2015|p=28}} [[Carbon assimilation]] from seawater by the growth of small [[phytoplankton]] is almost as much as land plants from the atmosphere.{{sfn|Smil|2003|p=133}} While humans are technically part of the [[biosphere]], they are often treated as a separate components of Earth's climate system, the ''[[anthroposphere]],'' because of human's large impact on the planet.{{sfn|Gettelman|Rood|2016|p=19}} − − Lastly, the biosphere also interacts with the rest of the climate system. Vegetation is often darker or lighter than the soil beneath, so that more or less of the Sun's heat gets trapped in areas with vegetation. Vegetation is good at trapping water, which is then taken up by its roots. Without vegetation, this water would have run off to the closest rivers or other water bodies. Water taken up by plants instead evaporates, contributing to the hydrological cycle. Precipitation and temperature influences the distribution of different vegetation zones. Carbon assimilation from seawater by the growth of small phytoplankton is almost as much as land plants from the atmosphere. While humans are technically part of the biosphere, they are often treated as a separate components of Earth's climate system, the anthroposphere, because of human's large impact on the planet. − − 最后，生物圈也与气候系统的其他部分相互作用。植被往往比下面的土壤颜色更深或更浅，因此，或多或少的太阳热量被植被覆盖的地区所吸收。植物善于捕捉水分，然后用它的根吸收水分。如果没有植被，这些水会流向最近的河流或其他水体。植物吸收的水反而蒸发了，从而促进了水循环。降水和温度影响着不同植被带的分布。小型浮游植物从海水中吸收的碳几乎和从大气中吸收的陆地植物一样多。虽然从技术上讲，人类是生物圈的一部分，但由于人类对地球的巨大影响，他们往往被视为地球气候系统——人类圈——的一个独立组成部分。 − − [终译]最后，生物圈也与气候系统的其他部分相互作用。植被通常比下面的土壤更暗或更浅，所以太阳的热量或多或少会被植被覆盖的地区吸收。植被善于捕获水分，然后水被植被的根吸收。如果没有植被，这些水就会流向最近的河流或其他水体。最后，生物圈也与气候系统的其他部分相互作用。植被通常比下面的土壤更暗或更浅，所以太阳的热量或多或少会被植被覆盖的地区吸收。植被善于捕获水分，然后水被植被的根吸收。如果没有植被，这些水就会流向最近的河流或其他水体。被植物吸收的水会蒸发，从而促进水循环。降水和温度影响着不同植被带的分布。小型浮游植物的生长从海水中吸收的碳几乎和大气中的陆地植物一样多。虽然从技术上讲，人类是生物圈的一部分，但由于人类对地球的巨大影响，它们通常被视为地球气候系统的独立组成部分，即人类圈。 − + − [终译]能量和一般循环+
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[[File:Climate-system.jpg|thumb|气候系统的五个组成部分在相互作用|330px|right]]
地球的气候由主要'''气候系统 Climate system'''的五个组成部分相互作用产生：大气层（空气）、水圈（水）、冰圈（冰和永久冻土）、岩石圈（地球的上层岩石层）和生物圈（生物）。气候是一种平均的天气，通常以30年为周期，由气候系统中的各种过程（如洋流和风型）共同决定。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/About-climate-change-in-NSW/Climate-systems|title=Climate systems|website=climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506123249/https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/About-climate-change-in-NSW/Climate-systems|archive-date=2019-05-06|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-1/climate-system/earth-climate-system/|title=Earth's climate system|website=World Ocean Review|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref>大气层和海洋中的环流主要由太阳辐射驱动，能够将热量从热带地区输送到从太阳获得能量较少的地区。水循环也将能量转移到整个气候系统中。此外，生命所必需的不同化学元素在不同成分之间不断地循环。
气候系统可能会由于内部的变化和外部的强迫而发生变化。这些外部强迫可能是自然现象，比如太阳强度的变化和火山爆发，也可能是由人类引起的。吸热性温室气体的积累正在导致全球变暖，主要是由人类燃烧的化石燃料排放。人类的活动也会释放起冷却作用的气溶胶，但是它们的净效应远小于温室气体。<ref name='Planton2013'>Planton, S. (2013). "Annex III: Glossary" (PDF). In Stocker, T.F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; Allen, S.K.; Boschung, J.; Nauels, A.; Xia, Y.; Bex, V.; Midgley, P.M. (eds.). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref>不同气候系统组成部分的反馈过程可以放大这些变化。
[终译]水圈包含了地球上所有的液态水，其中大部分都在海洋中。海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%，平均深度接近4公里（2.5英里），海洋热量的含量远远大于大气层承载的热量。海水含盐量平均约为3.5%，但在空间上有所不同。微咸水存在于河口和一些湖泊中。大多数淡水都被保存在冰雪中，总量占所有水量的2.5%。
== 气候系统的组成部分 ==
[[大气层]]包裹着地球，从地表延伸了数百公里。它主要由惰性氮气（78%）、氧气（21%）和氩气（0.9%）组成。<ref name='Barry&Hall-McKim2014'>Barry, Roger G.; Hall-McKim, Eileen A. (2014). Essentials of the Earth's Climate System. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03725-0.</ref><ref name='Goosse2015'>Goosse, Hugues (2015). Climate System Dynamics and Modelling. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08389-9.</ref>大气中一些微量气体是对气候系统运行最为重要的气体，如水蒸气和二氧化碳，因为它们是温室气体，允许来自太阳的可见光穿透到地球表面，但是阻止地球表面放射出的一些红外线辐射，以平衡太阳辐射。这种现象使地球表面温度上升。这将导致表面温度上升。<ref name='Gettelman&Rood2016'>Gettelman, Andrew; Rood, Richard B. (2016). "Components of the Climate System". Demystifying Climate Models. Earth Systems Data and Models. Vol. 2. pp. 13–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48959-8_2. ISBN 978-3-662-48957-4.</ref>水循环是水在大气中的运动。水循环不仅决定了降水的模式，而且影响整个气候系统的能量运动。<ref name='Gettelman&Rood2016'/>
[[水圈]]包含了地球上所有的液态水，其中大部分都在海洋中。海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%，平均深度接近4公里（2.5英里），<ref name='Goosse2015'/>海洋热量的含量远远大于大气层承载的热量。<ref name='Gettelman&Rood2016'/>海水含盐量平均约为3.5%，但在空间上有所不同。<ref name='Goosse2015'/>微咸水存在于河口和一些湖泊中。大多数淡水都被保存在冰雪中，总量占所有水量的2.5%。<ref name='Desonie2008'>Desonie, Dana (2008). Hydrosphere: Freshwater Systems and Pollution (Our Fragile Planet): Fresh Water Systems and Pollution. Chelsea House books. ISBN 9780816062157.</ref>
[终译]气候系统中固态的水都在冰冻圈中。冰冻圈包括海冰、冰原、永久冻土层和积雪覆盖层。因为北半球比南半球有更多的土地，所以北半球的大部分地区都被雪覆盖了。南北半球有相同数量的海冰。格陵兰岛和南极洲的冰原中含有大量结冰的水，平均高度约为2公里（1.2英里）。这些冰原慢慢地流向它们的边缘。
气候系统中固态的水都在冰冻圈中。[[冰冻圈]]包括海冰、冰原、永久冻土层和积雪覆盖层。因为北半球比南半球有更多的土地，所以北半球的大部分地区都被雪覆盖了。<ref name='Goosse2015'/>南北半球有相同数量的海冰。格陵兰岛和南极洲的冰原中含有大量结冰的水，平均高度约为2公里（1.2英里）。这些冰原慢慢地流向它们的边缘。<ref name='Goosse2015'/>
[[地壳]]，特别是山脉和山谷，塑造了全球的风型：广阔的山脉形成了抵御风的屏障，并影响了降雨的地点和数量。<ref name='Goosse2015'/><ref name='Houze2012'>Houze, Robert A. (6 January 2012). "Orographic effects on precipitating clouds". Reviews of Geophysics. 50 (1): RG1001. Bibcode:2012RvGeo..50.1001H. doi:10.1029/2011RG000365. S2CID 46645620.</ref>靠近开阔海洋的陆地比远离海洋的陆地的气候更为温和。<ref name='Barry&Hall-McKim2014'/>为了模拟气候，土地通常被认为是静态的，因为与构成气候系统的其他元素相比，土地的变化非常缓慢。<ref name='Gettelman&Rood2016'/>大陆的位置决定了海洋的几何形状，并因此影响了海洋环流的模式。海洋的位置对于控制全球热量和水分的传递非常重要，因此，对于决定全球气候也非常重要。<ref name='Haug&Keigwin2004'>Haug, Gerald H.; Keigwin, Lloyd D. (22 March 2004). "How the Isthmus of Panama Put Ice in the Arctic". Oceanus. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 42 (2).</ref>
最后，生物圈也与气候系统的其他部分相互作用。植被通常比下面的土壤更暗或更浅，所以太阳的热量或多或少会被植被覆盖的地区吸收。<ref name='Gettelman&Rood2016'/>植被善于捕获水分，然后水被植被的根吸收。如果没有植被，这些水就会流向最近的河流或其他水体。最后，生物圈也与气候系统的其他部分相互作用。植被通常比下面的土壤更暗或更浅，所以太阳的热量或多或少会被植被覆盖的地区吸收。植被善于捕获水分，然后水被植被的根吸收。如果没有植被，这些水就会流向最近的河流或其他水体。被植物吸收的水会蒸发，从而促进水循环。降水和温度影响着不同植被带的分布。<ref name='Goosse2015'/>小型浮游植物的生长从海水中吸收的碳几乎和大气中的陆地植物一样多。<ref name='smil2003'>Smil, Vaclav (2003). The Earth's Biosphere: Evolution, Dynamics, and Change. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262692984.</ref>虽然从技术上讲，人类是生物圈的一部分，但由于人类对地球的巨大影响，它们通常被视为地球气候系统的独立组成部分，即人类圈。<ref name='Gettelman&Rood2016'/>
== Flows of energy, water and elements ==
== Flows of energy, water and elements ==
[[File:NASA depiction of earth global atmospheric circulation.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Earth's atmospheric circulation is driven by the energy imbalance between the equator and the poles. It is further influenced by the [[Earth's rotation|rotation of Earth]] around its own axis.{{sfn|Barry|Hall-McKim|2014|p=101}}[终译]地球的大气环流是由赤道和两极之间的能量不平衡驱动的。它还进一步受到地球绕其自身轴线自转的影响。|链接=Special:FilePath/NASA_depiction_of_earth_global_atmospheric_circulation.jpg]][终译]能量、水和元素的流量
[[File:NASA depiction of earth global atmospheric circulation.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Earth's atmospheric circulation is driven by the energy imbalance between the equator and the poles. It is further influenced by the [[Earth's rotation|rotation of Earth]] around its own axis.{{sfn|Barry|Hall-McKim|2014|p=101}}[终译]地球的大气环流是由赤道和两极之间的能量不平衡驱动的。它还进一步受到地球绕其自身轴线自转的影响。|链接=Special:FilePath/NASA_depiction_of_earth_global_atmospheric_circulation.jpg]][终译]能量、水和元素的流量
=== Energy and general circulation ===
=== 能量和一般循环 ===
The climate system receives energy from the Sun, and to a far lesser extent from the Earth's core, as well as tidal energy from the Moon. The Earth gives off energy to outer space in two forms: it directly reflects a part of the radiation of the Sun and it emits infra-red radiation as [[black-body radiation]]. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines [[Earth's energy budget]]. When the total of incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, Earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and Earth experiences cooling.{{sfn|Barry|Hall-McKim|2014|pp=15–23}}
The climate system receives energy from the Sun, and to a far lesser extent from the Earth's core, as well as tidal energy from the Moon. The Earth gives off energy to outer space in two forms: it directly reflects a part of the radiation of the Sun and it emits infra-red radiation as [[black-body radiation]]. The balance of incoming and outgoing energy, and the passage of the energy through the climate system, determines [[Earth's energy budget]]. When the total of incoming energy is greater than the outgoing energy, Earth's energy budget is positive and the climate system is warming. If more energy goes out, the energy budget is negative and Earth experiences cooling.{{sfn|Barry|Hall-McKim|2014|pp=15–23}}