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第19行： − − − Stuart Alan Kauffman (born September 28, 1939) is an American medical doctor, theoretical biologist, and complex systems researcher who studies the origin of life on Earth. He was a professor at the University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Calgary. He is currently emeritus professor of biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania and affiliate faculty at the Institute for Systems Biology. He has a number of awards including a MacArthur Fellowship and a Wiener Medal. − − 斯图亚特·考夫曼(1939年9月28日出生)是一位美国医学博士、理论生物学家和复杂系统研究人员，主要研究地球上生命的起源。他是芝加哥大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和卡尔加里大学的教授。他目前是宾夕法尼亚大学生物化学荣誉退休教授和系统生物学研究所的附属教员。他获得过许多奖项，包括麦克阿瑟奖和维纳奖章。 第29行：
第24行： − He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as discussed in his book Origins of Order (1993). In 1967 and 1969 he used random Boolean networks to investigate generic self-organizing properties of gene regulatory networks, proposing that cell types are dynamical attractors in gene regulatory networks and that cell differentiation can be understood as transitions between attractors. Recent evidence suggests that cell types in humans and other organisms are attractors. In 1971 he suggested that a zygote may not be able to access all the cell type attractors in its gene regulatory network during development and that some of the developmentally inaccessible cell types might be cancer cell types. This suggested the possibility of "cancer differentiation therapy". He also proposed the self-organized emergence of collectively autocatalytic sets of polymers, specifically peptides, for the origin of molecular reproduction, which have found experimental support. − 正如他在1993年出版的《秩序的起源》一书中所讨论的那样，他最为人所知的观点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择。在1967年和1969年，他利用随机布尔网络来研究基因调控网络的通用自组织特性，提出细胞类型是基因调控网络中的动态吸引子，细胞分化可以理解为吸引子之间的转换。最近的证据表明，人类和其他生物体中的细胞类型也是吸引子。1971年，他提出受精卵在发育过程中可能无法接触到其基因调控网络中所有的细胞类型吸引子，一些发育中无法接触到的细胞类型可能是癌细胞类型。这提示了“癌症分化治疗”的可能性。他还提出了聚合物集体自催化集的自组织出现，特别是多肽，作为分子繁殖的起源，这已经得到了实验支持。 第40行：
第33行： − Kauffman graduated from Dartmouth in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by Oxford University (where he was a Marshall Scholar) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the University of California, San Francisco in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into developmental genetics of the fruitfly, holding appointments first at the University of Chicago from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the University of Pennsylvania from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of biochemistry and biophysics. − 考夫曼1960年毕业于达特茅斯大学，1963年被牛津大学授予荣誉学士学位(他是马歇尔学者) ，并于1968年在加州大学旧金山分校获得了医学学位(M.D.)。在完成实习后，他进入了果蝇的发育遗传学领域，1969年至1973年在芝加哥大学任职，1973年至1975年在国家癌症研究所任职，1975年至1994年在宾夕法尼亚大学担任生物化学和生物物理学教授。 第51行：
第42行： − Kauffman became known through his association with the Santa Fe Institute (a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of complex systems), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on models in various areas of biology. These included autocatalytic sets in origin of life research, gene regulatory networks in developmental biology, and fitness landscapes in evolutionary biology. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in combinatorial chemistry and applied molecular evolution, first issued in France in 1987, in England in 1989, and later in North America. − − 考夫曼因与圣达菲研究所(一个致力于研究复杂系统的非营利研究机构)的合作而为人所知，他在1986年至1997年期间担任驻校教员，并通过他在生物学各个领域的模型工作而闻名。这些研究包括生命起源研究中的自动催化机制，发育生物学中的基因调控网络，以及进化生物学中的适应性景观。通过与Marc Ballivet合作，考夫曼在组合化学和应用分子进化领域拥有广泛的生物技术专利，1987年在法国首次发布，1989年在英国发布，后来在北美发布。 第59行：
第47行： − In 1996, with Ernst and Young, Kauffman started BiosGroup, a Santa Fe, New Mexico-based for-profit company that applied complex systems methodology to business problems. BiosGroup was acquired by NuTech Solutions in early 2003. NuTech was bought by Netezza in 2008, and later by IBM. − − 1996年，考夫曼与安永会计师事务所(Ernst and Young)合作，成立了位于新墨西哥州圣达菲(Santa Fe)的营利性公司BiosGroup，该公司将复杂的系统方法应用于商业问题。BiosGroup于2003年初被NuTech Solutions收购。NuTech在2008年被Netezza收购，后来又被IBM收购。 第67行：
第52行： − From 2005 to 2009 Kauffman held a joint appointment at the University of Calgary in biological sciences, physics, and astronomy. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary. He was an iCORE (Informatics Research Circle of Excellence) chair and the director of the Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics. Kauffman was also invited to help launch the Science and Religion initiative at Harvard Divinity School; serving as visiting professor in 2009. − − 从2005年到2009年，考夫曼在卡尔加里大学担任生物科学、物理学和天文学的联合职位。他还是卡尔加里大学哲学系的兼职教授。他是 iCORE (卓越信息学研究圈)主席和生物复杂性和信息学研究所所长。2009年，考夫曼作为客座教授受邀参与哈佛神学院的科学与宗教活动。 第75行：
第57行： − In January 2009 Kauffman became a Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) at Tampere University of Technology, Department of Signal Processing. The appointment ended in December, 2012. The subject of the FiDiPro research project is the development of delayed stochastic models of genetic regulatory networks based on gene expression data at the single molecule level. − 2009年1月考夫曼成为坦佩雷科技大学信号处理系芬兰特聘教授(FiDiPro)。任期于2012年12月结束。FiDiPro研究项目的主题是基于单分子水平的基因表达数据开发基因调控网络的延迟随机模型。 第83行：
第63行： − In January 2010 Kauffman joined the University of Vermont faculty where he continued his work for two years with UVM's Complex Systems Center. From early 2011 to April 2013, Kauffman was a regular contributor to the NPR Blog 13.7, Cosmos and Culture, with topics ranging from the life sciences, systems biology, and medicine, to spirituality, economics, and the law. He was also a regular contributor to Edge.org. − − 2010年1月考夫曼加入佛蒙特大学，在那里他继续在佛蒙特大学的复杂系统中心工作了两年。从2011年初到2013年4月，考夫曼定期为NPR博客13.7“宇宙与文化”撰稿，主题涵盖生命科学、系统生物学、医学、灵性、经济学和法律。他也是Edge网站的定期撰稿人。 第91行：
第68行： − In May 2013 he joined the Institute for Systems Biology, in Seattle, Washington. Following the death of his wife, Kauffman cofounded Transforming Medicine: The Elizabeth Kauffman Institute. − 2013年5月，他加入了位于华盛顿州西雅图的系统生物学研究所。妻子去世后，考夫曼与人共同创立了转化医学: 伊丽莎白 · 考夫曼研究所。 − − In 2014, Kauffman with Samuli Niiranen and Gabor Vattay was issued a founding patent on the poised realm (see below), an apparently new "state of matter" hovering reversibly between quantum and classical realms. − − 2014年，考夫曼与萨穆里·尼拉宁(Samuli Niiranen)和嘉宝·瓦泰(Gabor Vattay)获得了一项关于“平衡状态”(见下文)的创始专利，这是一种显然是新的“物质状态”，在量子领域和经典领域之间可逆地徘徊。 第107行：
第78行： − In 2015, he was invited to help initiate a general a discussion on rethinking economic growth for the United Nations. Around the same time, he did research with University of Oxford professor Teppo Felin. − 2015年，他应邀发起了一场关于重新思考联合国经济增长的一般性讨论。大约在同一时间，他与牛津大学教授Teppo Felin进行了研究。 第116行：
第85行： − + − {{main|Fitness landscape}} − − thumb|Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape. − − NK健康状况的两个维度的可视化。箭头表示种群在适应性环境中进化时可能遵循的各种突变路径。 − 【最终篇】NK适应度地形的两个维度的可视化。箭头表示种群在适应度地形中进化时可能遵循的各种突变路径。 − Kauffman's NK model defines a combinatorial phase space, consisting of every string (chosen from a given alphabet) of length N. For each string in this search space, a scalar value (called the fitness) is defined. If a distance metric is defined between strings, the resulting structure is a landscape. − − 考夫曼的NK模型定义了一个组合相空间，由长度为N的每一个字符串(从给定的字母表中选择)组成。对于这个搜索空间中的每个字符串，将定义一个标量值(称为适应度)。如果在字符串之间定义了距离度量，那么得到的结构就是一个地形。 − − Fitness values are defined according to the specific incarnation of the model, but the key feature of the NK model is that the fitness of a given string S is the sum of contributions from each locus S_i in the string: − − 适应度值是根据模型的详情具体化来定义的，但NK模型的关键特征是给定字符串S的适应度是字符串中每个轨迹S_i的贡献之和: 第146行：
第102行： − and the contribution from each locus in general depends on the value of K other loci: − − 一般来说，每个基因座的贡献取决于 k 个其他基因座的值: 第158行：
第111行： − where S^i_j are the other loci upon which the fitness of S_i depends. − − 其中 s ^ i _ j 是 s _ i 适合度所依赖的其他位点。 第166行：
第116行： − Hence, the fitness function f(S_i, S^i_1, \dots, S^i_K) is a mapping between strings of length K + 1 and scalars, which Weinberger's later work calls "fitness contributions". Such fitness contributions are often chosen randomly from some specified probability distribution. − − 因此，适应度函数 f (s _ i，s ^ i _ 1，dots，s ^ i _ k)是长度为 k + 1的字符串和标量之间的映射，温伯格后来的工作称之为“适应度贡献”。这样的适应度贡献通常是从某些特定的概率分布中随机选择的。 第177行：
第124行： − In 1991, Weinberger published a detailed analysis of the case in which 1 << k \le N and the fitness contributions are chosen randomly. His analytical estimate of the number of local optima was later shown to be flawed. However, numerical experiments included in Weinberger's analysis support his analytical result that the expected fitness of a string is normally distributed with a mean of approximately − \mu + \sigma \sqrt{{2 \ln (k+1)} \over {k+1}} − and a variance of approximately − {{(k+1)\sigma^2} \over {N[k+1 + 2(k+2)\ln(k+1)]}}. − − 1991年，温伯格发表了一篇详细的分析，其中1 < k le n 和适应性贡献是随机选择的。他对局部最优解数量的分析估计后来被证明是有缺陷的。然而，在温伯格的分析中包含的数值实验支持他的分析结果: 一个弦的期望适应度是正态分布的，平均值约为 mu + sigma sqrt {2 ln (k + 1)}/{ k + 1} ，方差约为{(k + 1) sigma ^ 2}/{ n [ k + 1 + 2(k + 2) ln (k + 1)]}。 第191行：
第132行： − Kauffman held a MacArthur Fellowship between 1987–1992. He also holds an Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for Cybernetics in 1973, the Gold Medal of the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2009. − − 考夫曼在1987年至1992年期间获得了麦克阿瑟奖学金。他还获得了卢万大学的荣誉科学学位(1997年) ; 1973年他被授予诺伯特 · 维也纳控制论纪念金奖，1990年在罗马获得罗马意大利猞猁之眼国家科学院金奖，2001年获得特罗信息与复杂性奖，2013年获得赫伯特 · 西蒙复杂系统奖。2009年，他成为加拿大皇家学会会员。 − == Works == − Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection in three areas of evolutionary biology, namely population dynamics, molecular evolution, and morphogenesis. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's structuralist approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of energy in driving biochemical reactions in cells, which can fairly be called self-catalyzing but which do not simply self-organize. Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Roger Sansom's 2011 book Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks. See also: − − 考夫曼最著名的论点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择，在进化生物学的三个领域，即种群动力学、分子进化和形态发生。在分子生物学方面，考夫曼的结构主义方法因忽略了能量在细胞中驱动生化反应中的作用而受到批评。一些在考夫曼领域工作的生物学家和物理学家对他关于自组织和进化的观点提出了质疑。一个恰当的例子是2001年出版的《生物系统中的自我组织》一书中的一些评论。Roger Sansom在2011年出版的《天才基因:基因调控网络如何进化到控制发展》一书，是对考夫曼关于基因调控网络的自组织模型的扩展批评。参见: − − Borrowing from spin glass models in physics, Kauffman invented "N-K" fitness landscapes, which have found applications in biology and economics. In related work, Kauffman and colleagues have examined subcritical, critical, and supracritical behavior in economic systems. − − 考夫曼借鉴物理学中的自旋玻璃模型，发明了“N-K”适应性景观，并在生物学和经济学中得到了应用。在相关的工作中，考夫曼和他的同事研究了经济系统中的次临界、临界和超临界行为。 第218行：
第148行： − Kauffman's work translates his biological findings to the mind-body problem and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new "poised realm" that hovers indefinitely between quantum coherence and classicality. He published on this topic in his paper "Answering Descartes: beyond Turing". With Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil, he wrote (January 2012) "No Entailing Laws, But Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere", which argued that evolution is not "law entailed" like physics. − − 考夫曼的工作将他的生物学发现转化为身心问题和神经科学问题，提出了一个无限期徘徊在量子一致性和古典主义之间的新“平衡领域”的属性。他在他的论文《回答笛卡尔: 超越图灵》中发表了这个主题。与Giuseppe Longo和Maël Montévil一起，他写出了(2012年1月)《生物圈进化中没有必然规律，但存在使能关系》，认为进化不像物理学那样是“必然规律”。 − − Kauffman's work is posted on Physics ArXiv, including "Beyond the Stalemate: Mind/Body, Quantum Mechanics, Free Will, Possible Panpsychism, Possible Solution to the Quantum Enigma" (October 2014) and "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life" (February 2015). − − 考夫曼的作品发表在物理学ArXiv上，包括《超越僵局:身心、量子力学、自由意志、可能的泛心主义、量子谜的可能解决方案》(2014年10月)和《生命起源的量子临界性》(2015年2月)。 − + − Kauffman has contributed to the emerging field of cumulative technological evolution by introducing a mathematics of the adjacent possible. − 考夫曼通过引入相邻可能的数学，为累积技术进化这一新兴领域做出了贡献。+ − − − − He has published over 350 articles and 6 books: The Origins of Order (1993), At Home in the Universe (1995), Investigations (2000), Reinventing the Sacred (2008), Humanity in a Creative Universe (2016), and A World Beyond Physics (2019). − − 他发表了350多篇文章和6本书:《秩序的起源》(1993年)、《在宇宙中安家》(1995年)、《调查》(2000年)、《重新创造神圣》(2008年)、《创造性宇宙中的人类》(2016年)和《超越物理学的世界》(2019年)。 第250行：
第166行： − In 2016, Kauffman wrote a children's story, "Patrick, Rupert, Sly & Gus Protocells", a narrative about unprestatable niche creation in the biosphere, which was later produced as a short animated video.The story can be read here: Kauffman narrates the story in 2017 here: Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: An animated version is here: Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: − − 2016年，考夫曼写了一篇儿童故事《帕特里克、鲁伯特、斯莱和格斯的原始细胞》，讲述了生物圈中难以描述的生态位创造，后来被制作成动画短片。这个故事可以在这里阅读:考夫曼在这里讲述了2017年的故事:存档在Ghostarchive和Wayback Machine:这里有一个动画版本:存档在Ghostarchive和Wayback Machine。 第258行：
第171行： − In 2017, exploring the concept that reality consists of both ontologically real "possibles" (res potentia) and ontologically real "actuals" (res extensa), Kauffman co-authored, with Ruth Kastner and Michael Epperson, "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously". − − 2017年，考夫曼与露丝·卡斯特纳(Ruth Kastner)和迈克尔·艾伯森(Michael Epperson)合著了《认真对待海森堡的潜能》，探讨了现实既包括本体论上真实的“可能性”，也包括本体论上真实的“实际”这一概念。 − − ==Publications== 第290行：
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第206行： − * − * − − ; − − * − − * − − * − − * − − * − − * − − ==Note== − ==References== 第365行：
第217行： − * − ==Further reading== − − * − − * − − * − − * 第384行：
第226行： − * − − == External links == − * 第394行：
第232行： − − − * − * − {{Cybernetics}} − {{Authority control}} − {{DEFAULTSORT:Kauffman, Stuart}} − [[Category:1939 births]] − [[Category:Living people]] 第420行：
第249行： − − − Category:1939 births − Category:Living people − Category:American atheists − Category:American biophysicists − Category:American systems scientists − Category:Complex systems scientists − Category:Dartmouth College alumni − Category:Extended evolutionary synthesis − Category:MacArthur Fellows − Category:Theoretical biologists − Category:Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico − Category:Santa Fe Institute people − Category:University of California, San Francisco alumni − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Stuart Kauffman]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[考夫曼/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
无编辑摘要
【最终篇】斯图尔特·艾伦·考夫曼(Stuart Alan Kauffman, 1939年9月28日出生)，美国医学博士、理论生物学家和复杂系统研究员，主要研究地球上生命的起源。他是芝加哥大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和卡尔加里大学的教授。他目前是宾夕法尼亚大学生物化学荣誉退休教授和系统生物学研究所的附属教员。他获得过许多奖项，包括麦克阿瑟奖学金和维也纳奖章。
【最终篇】斯图尔特·艾伦·考夫曼(Stuart Alan Kauffman, 1939年9月28日出生)，美国医学博士、理论生物学家和复杂系统研究员，主要研究地球上生命的起源。他是芝加哥大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和卡尔加里大学的教授。他目前是宾夕法尼亚大学生物化学荣誉退休教授和系统生物学研究所的附属教员。他获得过许多奖项，包括麦克阿瑟奖学金和维也纳奖章。
He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]], as discussed in his book ''Origins of Order'' (1993). In 1967{{sfn|Kauffman|McCulloch|1967}} and 1969{{sfn|Kauffman|1969}} he used random [[Boolean network]]s to investigate generic self-organizing properties of gene regulatory networks, proposing that cell types are dynamical attractors in gene regulatory networks and that cell differentiation can be understood as transitions between attractors. Recent evidence suggests that cell types in humans and other organisms are attractors.{{sfn|Huang|Kauffman|2009}}{{sfn|Nykter|Price|Aldana|Ramsey|2008}} In 1971 he suggested that a zygote may not be able to access all the cell type attractors in its gene regulatory network during development and that some of the developmentally inaccessible cell types might be cancer cell types.{{sfn|Kauffman|1971b}} This suggested the possibility of "cancer differentiation therapy". He also proposed the self-organized emergence of collectively [[autocatalytic set]]s of [[polymers]], specifically [[peptides]], for the origin of molecular reproduction,{{sfn|Kauffman|1971a}}{{sfn|Kauffman|2011}} which have found experimental support.{{sfn|Dadon|Wagner|Ashkenasy|2008}}{{sfn|Dadon|Wagner|Cohen-Luria|Ashkenasy|2012}}
He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]], as discussed in his book ''Origins of Order'' (1993). In 1967{{sfn|Kauffman|McCulloch|1967}} and 1969{{sfn|Kauffman|1969}} he used random [[Boolean network]]s to investigate generic self-organizing properties of gene regulatory networks, proposing that cell types are dynamical attractors in gene regulatory networks and that cell differentiation can be understood as transitions between attractors. Recent evidence suggests that cell types in humans and other organisms are attractors.{{sfn|Huang|Kauffman|2009}}{{sfn|Nykter|Price|Aldana|Ramsey|2008}} In 1971 he suggested that a zygote may not be able to access all the cell type attractors in its gene regulatory network during development and that some of the developmentally inaccessible cell types might be cancer cell types.{{sfn|Kauffman|1971b}} This suggested the possibility of "cancer differentiation therapy". He also proposed the self-organized emergence of collectively [[autocatalytic set]]s of [[polymers]], specifically [[peptides]], for the origin of molecular reproduction,{{sfn|Kauffman|1971a}}{{sfn|Kauffman|2011}} which have found experimental support.{{sfn|Dadon|Wagner|Ashkenasy|2008}}{{sfn|Dadon|Wagner|Cohen-Luria|Ashkenasy|2012}}
【最终篇】正如他在1993年出版的《秩序的起源》(Origins of Order)一书中所讨论的那样，他最为人所知的观点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择。1967年和1969年，他利用随机布尔网络研究基因调控网络的一般自组织特性，提出细胞类型是基因调控网络中的动态吸引子，细胞分化可以理解为吸引子之间的过渡。最近的证据表明，人类和其他生物体中的细胞类型是吸引物。1971年，他提出受精卵在发育过程中可能无法接触到其基因调控网络中所有的细胞类型吸引子，一些发育中无法接触到的细胞类型可能是癌细胞类型。这暗示了“癌症分化治疗”的可能性。他还提出了聚合物集体自催化集的自组织出现，特别是多肽，作为分子繁殖的起源，这已经得到了实验支持。
【最终篇】正如他在1993年出版的《秩序的起源》(Origins of Order)一书中所讨论的那样，他最为人所知的观点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择。1967年和1969年，他利用随机布尔网络研究基因调控网络的一般自组织特性，提出细胞类型是基因调控网络中的动态吸引子，细胞分化可以理解为吸引子之间的过渡。最近的证据表明，人类和其他生物体中的细胞类型是吸引物。1971年，他提出受精卵在发育过程中可能无法接触到其基因调控网络中所有的细胞类型吸引子，一些发育中无法接触到的细胞类型可能是癌细胞类型。这暗示了“癌症分化治疗”的可能性。他还提出了聚合物集体自催化集的自组织出现，特别是多肽，作为分子繁殖的起源，这已经得到了实验支持。
Kauffman graduated from [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by [[Oxford University]] (where he was a [[Marshall Scholar]]) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into [[developmental genetics]] of the fruitfly, holding appointments first at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of [[biochemistry]] and [[biophysics]].
Kauffman graduated from [[Dartmouth College|Dartmouth]] in 1960, was awarded the BA (Hons) by [[Oxford University]] (where he was a [[Marshall Scholar]]) in 1963, and completed a medical degree (M.D.) at the [[University of California, San Francisco]] in 1968. After completing his internship, he moved into [[developmental genetics]] of the fruitfly, holding appointments first at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1969 to 1973, the National Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1975, and then at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] from 1975 to 1994, where he rose to professor of [[biochemistry]] and [[biophysics]].
【最终篇】1960年考夫曼毕业于达特茅斯大学，1963年被牛津大学授予荣誉文学士学位(马歇尔奖学金)，1968年在加州大学旧金山分校获得医学学位(医学博士)。完成实习之后,他搬进了果蝇的发育遗传学,持有任命第一芝加哥大学从1969年到1973年,美国国家癌症研究所从1973年到1975年,然后在宾夕法尼亚大学从1975年到1994年,他在那里的生物化学和生物物理学教授。
【最终篇】1960年考夫曼毕业于达特茅斯大学，1963年被牛津大学授予荣誉文学士学位(马歇尔奖学金)，1968年在加州大学旧金山分校获得医学学位(医学博士)。完成实习之后,他搬进了果蝇的发育遗传学,持有任命第一芝加哥大学从1969年到1973年,美国国家癌症研究所从1973年到1975年,然后在宾夕法尼亚大学从1975年到1994年,他在那里的生物化学和生物物理学教授。
Kauffman became known through his association with the [[Santa Fe Institute]] (a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of [[complex systems]]), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on [[model (abstract)|models]] in various areas of [[biology]]. These included [[autocatalytic set]]s in [[origin of life]] research, [[gene regulatory network]]s in [[developmental biology]], and [[fitness landscape]]s in [[evolutionary biology]]. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in [[combinatorial chemistry]] and applied [[molecular evolution]], first issued in France in 1987,<ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/EP0229046A1 |country=EP |number=0229046A1 |title=Procédé d'obtention d'ADN, ARN, peptides, polypeptides ou protéines, par une technique de recombinaison d'ADN}}</ref> in England in 1989, and later in North America.<ref>{{patent|US|5,723,323|"Method of identifying a stochastically-generated peptide, polypeptide, or protein having ligand binding property and compositions thereof"}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/CA1339937C |country=CA |number=1339937C |title=Procedure for obtaining DNA, RNA peptides, polypeptides, or proteins by recombinant DNA techniques}}</ref>
Kauffman became known through his association with the [[Santa Fe Institute]] (a non-profit research institute dedicated to the study of [[complex systems]]), where he was faculty in residence from 1986 to 1997, and through his work on [[model (abstract)|models]] in various areas of [[biology]]. These included [[autocatalytic set]]s in [[origin of life]] research, [[gene regulatory network]]s in [[developmental biology]], and [[fitness landscape]]s in [[evolutionary biology]]. With Marc Ballivet, Kauffman holds the founding broad biotechnology patents in [[combinatorial chemistry]] and applied [[molecular evolution]], first issued in France in 1987,<ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/EP0229046A1 |country=EP |number=0229046A1 |title=Procédé d'obtention d'ADN, ARN, peptides, polypeptides ou protéines, par une technique de recombinaison d'ADN}}</ref> in England in 1989, and later in North America.<ref>{{patent|US|5,723,323|"Method of identifying a stochastically-generated peptide, polypeptide, or protein having ligand binding property and compositions thereof"}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |url=https://www.google.com/patents/CA1339937C |country=CA |number=1339937C |title=Procedure for obtaining DNA, RNA peptides, polypeptides, or proteins by recombinant DNA techniques}}</ref>
【最终篇】考夫曼之所以为人所知，是因为他与圣达菲研究所(一个致力于研究复杂系统的非营利研究机构)的合作，他在1986年至1997年期间担任该研究所的常驻教员，以及他在生物学各个领域的模型研究工作。这些包括生命起源研究中的自催化集，发育生物学中的基因调控网络，以及进化生物学中的健康景观。与Marc Ballivet合作，考夫曼在组合化学和应用分子进化领域拥有广泛的生物技术专利，1987年在法国首次发布，1989年在英国发布，后来在北美发布。
【最终篇】考夫曼之所以为人所知，是因为他与圣达菲研究所(一个致力于研究复杂系统的非营利研究机构)的合作，他在1986年至1997年期间担任该研究所的常驻教员，以及他在生物学各个领域的模型研究工作。这些包括生命起源研究中的自催化集，发育生物学中的基因调控网络，以及进化生物学中的健康景观。与Marc Ballivet合作，考夫曼在组合化学和应用分子进化领域拥有广泛的生物技术专利，1987年在法国首次发布，1989年在英国发布，后来在北美发布。
In 1996, with [[Ernst & Young|Ernst and Young]], Kauffman started [[BiosGroup]], a [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]]-based for-profit company that applied [[complex systems]] methodology to business problems. BiosGroup was acquired by [[NuTech Solutions]] in early 2003. NuTech was bought by [[Netezza]] in 2008, and later by IBM.<ref>{{cite news|title=NuTech Solutions to Acquire BiosGroup's Software Development Operations|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030220005174/en/NuTech-Solutions-Acquire-BiosGroups-Software-Development-Operations|access-date=5 July 2015|agency=BusinessWire|date=20 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Netezza Corporation Acquires NuTech Solutions|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080515006480/en/Netezza-Corporation-Acquires-NuTech-Solutions|access-date=5 July 2015|agency=BusinessWire|date=15 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to Acquire Netezza|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/32514.wss|website=IBM News Room|publisher=IBM|access-date=5 July 2015|date=20 September 2010}}</ref>
In 1996, with [[Ernst & Young|Ernst and Young]], Kauffman started [[BiosGroup]], a [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]]-based for-profit company that applied [[complex systems]] methodology to business problems. BiosGroup was acquired by [[NuTech Solutions]] in early 2003. NuTech was bought by [[Netezza]] in 2008, and later by IBM.<ref>{{cite news|title=NuTech Solutions to Acquire BiosGroup's Software Development Operations|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030220005174/en/NuTech-Solutions-Acquire-BiosGroups-Software-Development-Operations|access-date=5 July 2015|agency=BusinessWire|date=20 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Netezza Corporation Acquires NuTech Solutions|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080515006480/en/Netezza-Corporation-Acquires-NuTech-Solutions|access-date=5 July 2015|agency=BusinessWire|date=15 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to Acquire Netezza|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/32514.wss|website=IBM News Room|publisher=IBM|access-date=5 July 2015|date=20 September 2010}}</ref>
【最终篇】1996年，考夫曼与安永会计师事务所(Ernst and Young)合作，成立了位于新墨西哥州圣达菲(Santa Fe)的营利性公司BiosGroup，该公司将复杂的系统方法应用于商业问题。BiosGroup于2003年初被NuTech Solutions收购。NuTech在2008年被Netezza收购，后来又被IBM收购。
【最终篇】1996年，考夫曼与安永会计师事务所(Ernst and Young)合作，成立了位于新墨西哥州圣达菲(Santa Fe)的营利性公司BiosGroup，该公司将复杂的系统方法应用于商业问题。BiosGroup于2003年初被NuTech Solutions收购。NuTech在2008年被Netezza收购，后来又被IBM收购。
From 2005 to 2009 Kauffman held a joint appointment at the [[University of Calgary]] in biological sciences, physics, and astronomy. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Philosophy at the [[University of Calgary]]. He was an iCORE (Informatics Research Circle of Excellence) chair and the director of the Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics. Kauffman was also invited to help launch the Science and Religion initiative at [[Harvard Divinity School]]; serving as visiting professor in 2009.
From 2005 to 2009 Kauffman held a joint appointment at the [[University of Calgary]] in biological sciences, physics, and astronomy. He was also an adjunct professor in the Department of Philosophy at the [[University of Calgary]]. He was an iCORE (Informatics Research Circle of Excellence) chair and the director of the Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics. Kauffman was also invited to help launch the Science and Religion initiative at [[Harvard Divinity School]]; serving as visiting professor in 2009.
【最终篇】从2005年到2009年，考夫曼在卡尔加里大学担任生物科学、物理学和天文学的联合职位。他也是卡尔加里大学哲学系的兼职教授。他曾担任iCORE(信息学卓越研究圈)主席和生物复杂性和信息学研究所所长。考夫曼还被邀请帮助在哈佛神学院发起科学与宗教倡议，并于2009年担任客座教授。
【最终篇】从2005年到2009年，考夫曼在卡尔加里大学担任生物科学、物理学和天文学的联合职位。他也是卡尔加里大学哲学系的兼职教授。他曾担任iCORE(信息学卓越研究圈)主席和生物复杂性和信息学研究所所长。考夫曼还被邀请帮助在哈佛神学院发起科学与宗教倡议，并于2009年担任客座教授。
In January 2009 Kauffman became a Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) at [[Tampere University of Technology]], Department of Signal Processing. The appointment ended in December, 2012. The subject of the FiDiPro research project is the development of delayed [[stochastic calculus|stochastic models]] of [[genetic regulatory network]]s based on [[gene expression]] data at the [[single-molecule experiment|single molecule]] level.
In January 2009 Kauffman became a Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) at [[Tampere University of Technology]], Department of Signal Processing. The appointment ended in December, 2012. The subject of the FiDiPro research project is the development of delayed [[stochastic calculus|stochastic models]] of [[genetic regulatory network]]s based on [[gene expression]] data at the [[single-molecule experiment|single molecule]] level.
【最终篇】2009年1月考夫曼成为坦佩雷科技大学信号处理系芬兰特聘教授(FiDiPro)，该任命于2012年12月结束。FiDiPro研究项目的主题是基于单分子水平的基因表达数据开发基因调控网络的延迟随机模型。
【最终篇】2009年1月考夫曼成为坦佩雷科技大学信号处理系芬兰特聘教授(FiDiPro)，该任命于2012年12月结束。FiDiPro研究项目的主题是基于单分子水平的基因表达数据开发基因调控网络的延迟随机模型。
In January 2010 Kauffman joined the [[University of Vermont]] faculty where he continued his work for two years with UVM's Complex Systems Center.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vermontbiz.com/people/september/stuart-kauffman-complex-systems-pioneer-join-uvm-faculty |title=Stuart Kauffman, complex systems pioneer, to join UVM faculty |work=Vermontbiz.com |publisher=Vermont Business Magazine |date= September 30, 2009 |access-date=2015-04-28}}</ref> From early 2011 to April 2013, Kauffman was a regular contributor to the [[NPR]] Blog 13.7, Cosmos and Culture,<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/people/340090638/stuart-kauffman |title=Stuart Kauffman |work=NPR.org |access-date=2015-04-28}}</ref> with topics ranging from the life sciences, systems biology, and medicine, to spirituality, economics, and the law.<ref name=NPR/> He was also a regular contributor to [[Edge.org]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edge.org/memberbio/stuart_a_kauffman |title=Stuart A. Kauffman |work=Edge.org |publisher=Edge Foundation |access-date=2015-04-28}}</ref>
In January 2010 Kauffman joined the [[University of Vermont]] faculty where he continued his work for two years with UVM's Complex Systems Center.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vermontbiz.com/people/september/stuart-kauffman-complex-systems-pioneer-join-uvm-faculty |title=Stuart Kauffman, complex systems pioneer, to join UVM faculty |work=Vermontbiz.com |publisher=Vermont Business Magazine |date= September 30, 2009 |access-date=2015-04-28}}</ref> From early 2011 to April 2013, Kauffman was a regular contributor to the [[NPR]] Blog 13.7, Cosmos and Culture,<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/people/340090638/stuart-kauffman |title=Stuart Kauffman |work=NPR.org |access-date=2015-04-28}}</ref> with topics ranging from the life sciences, systems biology, and medicine, to spirituality, economics, and the law.<ref name=NPR/> He was also a regular contributor to [[Edge.org]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edge.org/memberbio/stuart_a_kauffman |title=Stuart A. Kauffman |work=Edge.org |publisher=Edge Foundation |access-date=2015-04-28}}</ref>
【最终篇】2010年1月考夫曼加入佛蒙特大学，在那里他继续在佛蒙特大学的复杂系统中心工作了两年。从2011年初到2013年4月，考夫曼定期为NPR博客13.7“宇宙与文化”撰稿，主题涵盖生命科学、系统生物学、医学、灵性、经济学和法律。他也是Edge.org的定期撰稿人。
【最终篇】2010年1月考夫曼加入佛蒙特大学，在那里他继续在佛蒙特大学的复杂系统中心工作了两年。从2011年初到2013年4月，考夫曼定期为NPR博客13.7“宇宙与文化”撰稿，主题涵盖生命科学、系统生物学、医学、灵性、经济学和法律。他也是Edge.org的定期撰稿人。
In May 2013 he joined the Institute for Systems Biology, in Seattle, Washington. Following the death of his wife, Kauffman cofounded Transforming Medicine: The Elizabeth Kauffman Institute.{{sfn|Kauffman|Hill|Hood|Huang|2014b}}
In May 2013 he joined the Institute for Systems Biology, in Seattle, Washington. Following the death of his wife, Kauffman cofounded Transforming Medicine: The Elizabeth Kauffman Institute.{{sfn|Kauffman|Hill|Hood|Huang|2014b}}
【最终篇】2013年5月，他加入了位于华盛顿州西雅图的系统生物学研究所。在他的妻子去世后，考夫曼与人共同创办了转化医学:伊丽莎白考夫曼研究所。
【最终篇】2013年5月，他加入了位于华盛顿州西雅图的系统生物学研究所。在他的妻子去世后，考夫曼与人共同创办了转化医学:伊丽莎白考夫曼研究所。
In 2014, Kauffman with Samuli Niiranen and Gabor Vattay was issued a founding patent<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120071333 |title=Uses of systems with degrees of freedom poised between fully quantum and fully classical states }}</ref> on the ''poised realm'' (see below), an apparently new "state of matter" hovering reversibly between quantum and classical realms.{{sfn|Vattay|Salahub|Csaibai|Nassmi|2015}}
In 2014, Kauffman with Samuli Niiranen and Gabor Vattay was issued a founding patent<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120071333 |title=Uses of systems with degrees of freedom poised between fully quantum and fully classical states }}</ref> on the ''poised realm'' (see below), an apparently new "state of matter" hovering reversibly between quantum and classical realms.{{sfn|Vattay|Salahub|Csaibai|Nassmi|2015}}
【最终篇】2014年，考夫曼与萨穆里·尼拉宁(Samuli Niiranen)和嘉宝·瓦泰(Gabor Vattay)获得了一项关于“平衡状态”(realm，见下文)的创始专利，这是一种显然是新的“物质状态”，在量子领域和经典领域之间可逆地徘徊。
【最终篇】2014年，考夫曼与萨穆里·尼拉宁(Samuli Niiranen)和嘉宝·瓦泰(Gabor Vattay)获得了一项关于“平衡状态”(realm，见下文)的创始专利，这是一种显然是新的“物质状态”，在量子领域和经典领域之间可逆地徘徊。
In 2015, he was invited to help initiate a general a discussion on rethinking economic growth for the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://academicimpact.un.org/content/rethinking-economic-growth/ |title=Rethinking Economic Growth |date=11 May 2015 |website=academicimpact.un.org |access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> Around the same time, he did research with [[University of Oxford]] professor [[Teppo Felin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Felin | first1 = Teppo | last2 = Kauffman | first2 = Stuart | last3 = Koppl | first3 = Roger | last4 = Longo | first4 = Giuseppe | year = 2014 | title = Economic opportunity and evolution: Beyond landscapes and bounded rationality | url =https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01415115/file/FelinKauffmanKopplLongoSEJ2014.pdf | journal = Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 269–282 | doi=10.1002/sej.1184}}</ref>
In 2015, he was invited to help initiate a general a discussion on rethinking economic growth for the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://academicimpact.un.org/content/rethinking-economic-growth/ |title=Rethinking Economic Growth |date=11 May 2015 |website=academicimpact.un.org |access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> Around the same time, he did research with [[University of Oxford]] professor [[Teppo Felin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Felin | first1 = Teppo | last2 = Kauffman | first2 = Stuart | last3 = Koppl | first3 = Roger | last4 = Longo | first4 = Giuseppe | year = 2014 | title = Economic opportunity and evolution: Beyond landscapes and bounded rationality | url =https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01415115/file/FelinKauffmanKopplLongoSEJ2014.pdf | journal = Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 269–282 | doi=10.1002/sej.1184}}</ref>
【最终篇】2015年，他应邀发起了一场关于重新思考联合国经济增长的一般性讨论。大约在同一时间，他与牛津大学教授Teppo Felin进行了合作研究。
【最终篇】2015年，他应邀发起了一场关于重新思考联合国经济增长的一般性讨论。大约在同一时间，他与牛津大学教授Teppo Felin进行了合作研究。
== 适应度地形 ==
== 适应度地形 ==
[[File:Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape.png|thumb|Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape.|链接=Special:FilePath/Visualization_of_two_dimensions_of_a_NK_fitness_landscape.png]]
[[File:Visualization of two dimensions of a NK fitness landscape.png|thumb|NK适应度地形的两个维度的可视化。箭头表示种群在适应度地形中进化时可能遵循的各种突变路径。]]
Kauffman's NK model defines a [[combinatorial]] [[phase space]], consisting of every string (chosen from a given alphabet) of length <math>N</math>. For each string in this search space, a [[scalar (mathematics)|scalar]] value (called the ''[[fitness function|fitness]]'') is defined. If a distance [[metric (mathematics)|metric]] is defined between strings, the resulting structure is a ''landscape''.
Kauffman's NK model defines a [[combinatorial]] [[phase space]], consisting of every string (chosen from a given alphabet) of length <math>N</math>. For each string in this search space, a [[scalar (mathematics)|scalar]] value (called the ''[[fitness function|fitness]]'') is defined. If a distance [[metric (mathematics)|metric]] is defined between strings, the resulting structure is a ''landscape''.
【最终篇】考夫曼的NK模型定义了一个组合相空间，由长度为N的每个字符串(从给定的字母表中选择)组成。对于这个搜索空间中的每个字符串，定义了一个标量值(称为适应度)。如果在字符串之间定义了距离度量，那么得到的结构就是一个地形。
【最终篇】考夫曼的NK模型定义了一个组合相空间，由长度为N的每个字符串(从给定的字母表中选择)组成。对于这个搜索空间中的每个字符串，定义了一个标量值(称为适应度)。如果在字符串之间定义了距离度量，那么得到的结构就是一个地形。
Fitness values are defined according to the specific incarnation of the model, but the key feature of the NK model is that the fitness of a given string <math>S</math> is the sum of contributions from each locus <math>S_i</math> in the string:
Fitness values are defined according to the specific incarnation of the model, but the key feature of the NK model is that the fitness of a given string <math>S</math> is the sum of contributions from each locus <math>S_i</math> in the string:
:F(S) = \sum_i f(S_i),
:F(S) = \sum_i f(S_i),
and the contribution from each locus in general depends on the value of <math>K</math> other loci:
and the contribution from each locus in general depends on the value of <math>K</math> other loci:
:<math>f(S_i) = f(S_i, S^i_1, \dots, S^i_K), \, </math>
:<math>f(S_i) = f(S_i, S^i_1, \dots, S^i_K), \, </math>
where <math>S^i_j</math> are the other loci upon which the fitness of <math>S_i</math> depends.
where <math>S^i_j</math> are the other loci upon which the fitness of <math>S_i</math> depends.
【最终篇】其中 s ^ i _ j 是 s _ i 适合度所依赖的其他位点。
【最终篇】其中 s ^ i _ j 是 s _ i 适合度所依赖的其他位点。
Hence, the fitness function <math>f(S_i, S^i_1, \dots, S^i_K)</math> is a [[Map (mathematics)|mapping]] between strings of length ''K'' + 1 and scalars, which Weinberger's later work calls "fitness contributions". Such fitness contributions are often chosen randomly from some specified probability distribution.
Hence, the fitness function <math>f(S_i, S^i_1, \dots, S^i_K)</math> is a [[Map (mathematics)|mapping]] between strings of length ''K'' + 1 and scalars, which Weinberger's later work calls "fitness contributions". Such fitness contributions are often chosen randomly from some specified probability distribution.
【最终篇】因此，适应度函数f(S_i, S^i_1， \dots, S^i_K)是长度为K + 1的字符串和标量之间的映射，温伯格（Weinberger）后来的工作称之为“适应度贡献”。这样的适应度贡献通常是从某些特定的概率分布中随机选择的。
【最终篇】因此，适应度函数f(S_i, S^i_1， \dots, S^i_K)是长度为K + 1的字符串和标量之间的映射，温伯格（Weinberger）后来的工作称之为“适应度贡献”。这样的适应度贡献通常是从某些特定的概率分布中随机选择的。
<math> {{(k+1)\sigma^2} \over {N[k+1 + 2(k+2)\ln(k+1)]}}</math>.
<math> {{(k+1)\sigma^2} \over {N[k+1 + 2(k+2)\ln(k+1)]}}</math>.
【最终篇】1991年，温伯格发表了一篇详细的案例分析，其中1 < k le N和适应度贡献是随机选择的。他对局部最优解数目的分析估计后来被证明是有缺陷的。然而，温伯格Weinberger的分析中包含的数值实验支持了他的分析结果，即弦的期望适合度是正态分布的，其平均值和方差都是近似的。平均值约为 mu + sigma sqrt {2 ln (k + 1)}/{ k + 1} ，方差约为{(k + 1) sigma ^ 2}/{ n [ k + 1 + 2(k + 2) ln (k + 1)]}。
【最终篇】1991年，温伯格发表了一篇详细的案例分析，其中1 < k le N和适应度贡献是随机选择的。他对局部最优解数目的分析估计后来被证明是有缺陷的。然而，温伯格Weinberger的分析中包含的数值实验支持了他的分析结果，即弦的期望适合度是正态分布的，其平均值和方差都是近似的。平均值约为 mu + sigma sqrt {2 ln (k + 1)}/{ k + 1} ，方差约为{(k + 1) sigma ^ 2}/{ n [ k + 1 + 2(k + 2) ln (k + 1)]}。
Kauffman held a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] between 1987–1992. He also holds an Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for Cybernetics in 1973, the Gold Medal of the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]] in 2009.
Kauffman held a [[MacArthur Fellowship]] between 1987–1992. He also holds an Honorary Degree in Science from the University of Louvain (1997); He was awarded the Norbert Wiener Memorial Gold Medal for Cybernetics in 1973, the Gold Medal of the [[Accademia dei Lincei]] in Rome in 1990, the Trotter Prize for Information and Complexity in 2001, and the Herbert Simon award for Complex Systems in 2013. He became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]] in 2009.
【最终篇】考夫曼在1987年至1992年期间举办了麦克阿瑟奖学金。他还获得卢万大学科学荣誉学位(1997年);他在1973年获得了诺伯特·维也纳控制论纪念奖金奖，1990年获得了罗马意大利猞猁之眼国家科学院（dei Lincei）金奖，2001年获得了特罗（Trotter）信息和复杂性奖，2013年获得了赫伯特 · 西蒙（Herbert Simon）复杂系统奖。他于2009年成为加拿大皇家学会会员。
【最终篇】考夫曼在1987年至1992年期间举办了麦克阿瑟奖学金。他还获得卢万大学科学荣誉学位(1997年);他在1973年获得了诺伯特·维也纳控制论纪念奖金奖，1990年获得了罗马意大利猞猁之眼国家科学院（dei Lincei）金奖，2001年获得了特罗（Trotter）信息和复杂性奖，2013年获得了赫伯特 · 西蒙（Herbert Simon）复杂系统奖。他于2009年成为加拿大皇家学会会员。
== 工作 ==
== 工作 ==
Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization#Biology|self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]] in three areas of [[evolutionary biology]], namely [[population dynamics]], [[molecular evolution]], and [[morphogenesis]]. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's [[Structuralism (biology)|structuralist]] approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of [[energy]] in driving [[biochemistry|biochemical reactions]] in cells, which can fairly be called self-[[catalysis|catalyzing]] but which do not simply self-organize.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref> Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref> Roger Sansom's 2011 book ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} See also: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from [[self-organization#Biology|self-organization]] and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian [[natural selection]] in three areas of [[evolutionary biology]], namely [[population dynamics]], [[molecular evolution]], and [[morphogenesis]]. With respect to molecular biology, Kauffman's [[Structuralism (biology)|structuralist]] approach has been criticized for ignoring the role of [[energy]] in driving [[biochemistry|biochemical reactions]] in cells, which can fairly be called self-[[catalysis|catalyzing]] but which do not simply self-organize.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Ronald F. |title=Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution |journal=Biophys. J. |date=December 1993 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=2698–2699 |pmc=1226010 |doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 |bibcode=1993BpJ....65.2698F}}</ref> Some biologists and physicists working in Kauffman's area have questioned his claims about self-organization and evolution. A case in point is some comments in the 2001 book ''Self-Organization in Biological Systems''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Camazine |first1=Scott |last2=Deneubourg |first2=Jean-Louis |last3=Franks |first3=Nigel R. |last4=Sneyd |first4=James |last5=Theraulaz |first5=Guy |last6=Bonabeau |first6=Eric |date=2001 |title=Self-Organization in Biological Systems |series=Princeton Studies in Complexity |location=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 88–89], [https://books.google.com/books?id=_OXaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283] |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzxx9tx |isbn=0691012113 |oclc=44876868 |jstor=j.ctvzxx9tx}}</ref> Roger Sansom's 2011 book ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' is an extended criticism of Kauffman's model of self-organization in relation to gene regulatory networks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sansom |first=Roger |date=2011 |title=Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve To Control Development |series=Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262195812 |oclc=694600461 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262195812.001.0001}} See also: {{cite journal |last=Wray |first=Gregory A. |date=December 2012 |title=Adaptation and Gene Networks: ''Ingenious Genes: How Gene Regulation Networks Evolve to Control Development'' [book review] |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1084–1085 |doi=10.1525/bio.2012.62.12.10 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
【最终篇】考夫曼最著名的论点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择，在进化生物学的三个领域，即种群动力学、分子进化和形态发生。在分子生物学方面，考夫曼的结构主义方法因忽视了能量在驱动细胞生化反应中的作用而受到批评，这种作用可以被称为自催化，但不是简单的自组织。一些在考夫曼领域工作的生物学家和物理学家对他关于自组织和进化的观点提出了质疑。一个恰当的例子是2001年出版的《生物系统中的自组织》一书中的一些评论。Roger Sansom在2011年出版的《天才基因:基因调控网络如何进化到控制发展》一书，是对考夫曼关于基因调控网络的自组织模型的扩展批评。参见:
【最终篇】考夫曼最著名的论点是，生物系统和有机体的复杂性可能来自自组织和远离平衡的动力学，也可能来自达尔文的自然选择，在进化生物学的三个领域，即种群动力学、分子进化和形态发生。在分子生物学方面，考夫曼的结构主义方法因忽视了能量在驱动细胞生化反应中的作用而受到批评，这种作用可以被称为自催化，但不是简单的自组织。一些在考夫曼领域工作的生物学家和物理学家对他关于自组织和进化的观点提出了质疑。一个恰当的例子是2001年出版的《生物系统中的自组织》一书中的一些评论。Roger Sansom在2011年出版的《天才基因:基因调控网络如何进化到控制发展》一书，是对考夫曼关于基因调控网络的自组织模型的扩展批评。参见:
Borrowing from [[spin glass]] models in physics, Kauffman invented "N-K" fitness landscapes, which have found applications in biology{{sfn|Kauffman|Johnsen|1991}} and economics.{{sfn|Rivkin|Siggelkow|2002}}{{sfn|Felin|Kauffman|Koppl|Longo|2014}} In related work, Kauffman and colleagues have examined subcritical, critical, and supracritical behavior in economic systems.{{sfn|Hanel|Kauffman|Thurner|2007}}
Borrowing from [[spin glass]] models in physics, Kauffman invented "N-K" fitness landscapes, which have found applications in biology{{sfn|Kauffman|Johnsen|1991}} and economics.{{sfn|Rivkin|Siggelkow|2002}}{{sfn|Felin|Kauffman|Koppl|Longo|2014}} In related work, Kauffman and colleagues have examined subcritical, critical, and supracritical behavior in economic systems.{{sfn|Hanel|Kauffman|Thurner|2007}}
【最终篇】考夫曼借鉴物理学中的自旋玻璃模型，发明了“N-K”适应性地形，并在生物学和经济学中得到了应用。在相关的工作中，考夫曼和他的同事研究了经济系统中的次批判、批判和超实践行为。
【最终篇】考夫曼借鉴物理学中的自旋玻璃模型，发明了“N-K”适应性地形，并在生物学和经济学中得到了应用。在相关的工作中，考夫曼和他的同事研究了经济系统中的次批判、批判和超实践行为。
Kauffman's work translates his biological findings to the [[mind-body problem]] and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new "poised realm" that hovers indefinitely between [[quantum coherence]] and [[Classical physics|classicality]]. He published on this topic in his paper "Answering Descartes: beyond Turing".{{sfn|Kauffman|2016}} With Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil, he wrote (January 2012) "No Entailing Laws, But Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere",{{sfn|Longo|Montévil|Kauffman|2012}} which argued that evolution is not "law entailed" like physics.
Kauffman's work translates his biological findings to the [[mind-body problem]] and issues in neuroscience, proposing attributes of a new "poised realm" that hovers indefinitely between [[quantum coherence]] and [[Classical physics|classicality]]. He published on this topic in his paper "Answering Descartes: beyond Turing".{{sfn|Kauffman|2016}} With Giuseppe Longo and Maël Montévil, he wrote (January 2012) "No Entailing Laws, But Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere",{{sfn|Longo|Montévil|Kauffman|2012}} which argued that evolution is not "law entailed" like physics.
【最终篇】考夫曼的工作将他的生物学发现转化为身心问题和神经科学问题，提出了一个无限期徘徊在量子一致性和古典主义之间的新“平衡领域”的属性。他在他的论文《回答笛卡尔:超越图灵》中发表了这一主题。与Giuseppe Longo和Maël Montévil，他写道(2012年1月)《生物圈进化中没有必然规律，但存在使能关系》，认为进化不像物理学那样是“必然规律”。
【最终篇】考夫曼的工作将他的生物学发现转化为身心问题和神经科学问题，提出了一个无限期徘徊在量子一致性和古典主义之间的新“平衡领域”的属性。他在他的论文《回答笛卡尔:超越图灵》中发表了这一主题。与Giuseppe Longo和Maël Montévil，他写道(2012年1月)《生物圈进化中没有必然规律，但存在使能关系》，认为进化不像物理学那样是“必然规律”。
Kauffman's work is posted on Physics [[ArXiv]], including "Beyond the Stalemate: Mind/Body, Quantum Mechanics, Free Will, Possible Panpsychism, Possible Solution to the Quantum Enigma" (October 2014){{sfn|Kauffman|2014}} and "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life" (February 2015).{{sfn|Vattay|Salahub|Csaibai|Nassmi|2015}}
Kauffman's work is posted on Physics [[ArXiv]], including "Beyond the Stalemate: Mind/Body, Quantum Mechanics, Free Will, Possible Panpsychism, Possible Solution to the Quantum Enigma" (October 2014){{sfn|Kauffman|2014}} and "Quantum Criticality at the Origin of Life" (February 2015).{{sfn|Vattay|Salahub|Csaibai|Nassmi|2015}}
【最终篇】考夫曼的作品发表在Physics ArXiv上，包括《超越僵局:身心、量子力学、自由意志、可能的泛心主义、量子谜的可能解决方案》(2014年10月)和《生命起源的量子临界性》(2015年2月)。
【最终篇】考夫曼的作品发表在Physics ArXiv上，包括《超越僵局:身心、量子力学、自由意志、可能的泛心主义、量子谜的可能解决方案》(2014年10月)和《生命起源的量子临界性》(2015年2月)。
Kauffman has contributed to the emerging field of cumulative technological evolution by introducing a mathematics of the ''adjacent possible''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tria |first1=F. |last2=Loreto |first2=V. |last3=Servedio |first3=V. D. P. |last4=Strogatz |first4=S. H. |date=July 2014 |title=The dynamics of correlated novelties |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=4 |pages=5890 |doi=10.1038/srep05890 |pmid=25080941 |pmc=5376195|arxiv=1310.1953 |bibcode=2014NatSR...4E5890T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monechi |first1=Bernardo |last2=Ruiz-Serrano |first2=Álvaro |last3=Tria |first3=Francesca |last4=Loreto |first4=Vittorio |date=June 2017 |title=Waves of novelties in the expansion into the adjacent possible |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0179303 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179303 |pmid=28594909|pmc=5464662 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279303M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Kauffman has contributed to the emerging field of cumulative technological evolution by introducing a mathematics of the ''adjacent possible''.
【最终篇】考夫曼通过引入相邻可能的数学，为累积技术进化这一新兴领域做出了贡献。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tria |first1=F. |last2=Loreto |first2=V. |last3=Servedio |first3=V. D. P. |last4=Strogatz |first4=S. H. |date=July 2014 |title=The dynamics of correlated novelties |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=4 |pages=5890 |doi=10.1038/srep05890 |pmid=25080941 |pmc=5376195|arxiv=1310.1953 |bibcode=2014NatSR...4E5890T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monechi |first1=Bernardo |last2=Ruiz-Serrano |first2=Álvaro |last3=Tria |first3=Francesca |last4=Loreto |first4=Vittorio |date=June 2017 |title=Waves of novelties in the expansion into the adjacent possible |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=e0179303 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0179303 |pmid=28594909|pmc=5464662 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1279303M |doi-access=free }}</ref>
【最终篇】考夫曼通过引入相邻可能的数学，为累积技术进化这一新兴领域做出了贡献。
He has published over 350 articles and 6 books: ''The Origins of Order'' (1993), ''At Home in the Universe'' (1995), ''Investigations'' (2000), ''Reinventing the Sacred'' (2008), ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'' (2016), and ''A World Beyond Physics'' (2019).
He has published over 350 articles and 6 books: ''The Origins of Order'' (1993), ''At Home in the Universe'' (1995), ''Investigations'' (2000), ''Reinventing the Sacred'' (2008), ''Humanity in a Creative Universe'' (2016), and ''A World Beyond Physics'' (2019).
【最终篇】他发表了350多篇文章和6本书:《秩序的起源》(1993年)、《在宇宙中安家》(1995年)、《调查》(2000年)、《重新创造神圣》(2008年)、《创造性宇宙中的人类》(2016年)和《超越物理学的世界》(2019年)。
【最终篇】他发表了350多篇文章和6本书:《秩序的起源》(1993年)、《在宇宙中安家》(1995年)、《调查》(2000年)、《重新创造神圣》(2008年)、《创造性宇宙中的人类》(2016年)和《超越物理学的世界》(2019年)。
In 2016, Kauffman wrote a children's story, "Patrick, Rupert, Sly & Gus Protocells", a narrative about unprestatable niche creation in the biosphere, which was later produced as a short animated video.<ref>The story can be read here: {{cite web |url=https://iscpif.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/THE-SURPRISING-TRUE-2STORY-OF-PATRICK-S-RUPERT-R.-SLY-S.-AND-GUS-G.-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527002318/https://iscpif.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/THE-SURPRISING-TRUE-2STORY-OF-PATRICK-S-RUPERT-R.-SLY-S.-AND-GUS-G.-.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-27 |url-status=live |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick S., Rupert R., Sly S., and Gus G. Protocells in Their Very Early Years |date=16 August 2016}} Kauffman narrates the story in 2017 here: Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mxALd-rqSBc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312233945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick, Rupert, Sly, and Gus |website=[[YouTube]] |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2020-05-26}}{{cbignore}} An animated version is here: Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qKXt7zdLVR4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201002012309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4&t=663s Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4|title=The origins of life and its continuing wonder |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Science Animated |date=24 August 2020 |quote=Stuart Kauffman explains how life evolved from its earlier origins some 3,700 million years ago through the story of four protocells—Patrick, Rupert, Sly and Gus. He explains why our knowledge of the origins and early evolution of life can greatly help us understand our true place in the world.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In 2016, Kauffman wrote a children's story, "Patrick, Rupert, Sly & Gus Protocells", a narrative about unprestatable niche creation in the biosphere, which was later produced as a short animated video.<ref>The story can be read here: {{cite web |url=https://iscpif.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/THE-SURPRISING-TRUE-2STORY-OF-PATRICK-S-RUPERT-R.-SLY-S.-AND-GUS-G.-.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527002318/https://iscpif.fr/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/THE-SURPRISING-TRUE-2STORY-OF-PATRICK-S-RUPERT-R.-SLY-S.-AND-GUS-G.-.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-27 |url-status=live |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick S., Rupert R., Sly S., and Gus G. Protocells in Their Very Early Years |date=16 August 2016}} Kauffman narrates the story in 2017 here: Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/mxALd-rqSBc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170312233945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc&feature=youtu.be Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxALd-rqSBc |title=The Surprising True Story of Patrick, Rupert, Sly, and Gus |website=[[YouTube]] |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2020-05-26}}{{cbignore}} An animated version is here: Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/qKXt7zdLVR4 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20201002012309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4&t=663s Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKXt7zdLVR4|title=The origins of life and its continuing wonder |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Science Animated |date=24 August 2020 |quote=Stuart Kauffman explains how life evolved from its earlier origins some 3,700 million years ago through the story of four protocells—Patrick, Rupert, Sly and Gus. He explains why our knowledge of the origins and early evolution of life can greatly help us understand our true place in the world.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
【最终篇】2016年，考夫曼写了一篇儿童故事《帕特里克、鲁伯特、斯莱和格斯的原始细胞》，讲述了生物圈中难以描述的生态位创造，后来被制作成动画短片。这个故事可以在这里阅读:考夫曼在这里讲述了2017年的故事:存档在Ghostarchive和Wayback Machine:这里有一个动画版本:存档在Ghostarchive和Wayback Machine。
【最终篇】2016年，考夫曼写了一篇儿童故事《帕特里克、鲁伯特、斯莱和格斯的原始细胞》，讲述了生物圈中难以描述的生态位创造，后来被制作成动画短片。这个故事可以在这里阅读:考夫曼在这里讲述了2017年的故事:存档在Ghostarchive和Wayback Machine:这里有一个动画版本:存档在Ghostarchive和Wayback Machine。
In 2017, exploring the concept that reality consists of both ontologically real "possibles" (res potentia) and ontologically real "actuals" (res extensa), Kauffman co-authored, with Ruth Kastner and Michael Epperson, "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kastner |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Kauffman |first2=Stuart |last3=Epperson |first3=Michael |date=2019 |chapter=Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously |title=Adventures in Quantumland: Exploring Our Unseen Reality |location=London ; Hackensack, NJ |publisher=World Scientific |pages=223–237 |isbn=978-1-78634-641-4 |oclc=1083673555 |doi=10.1142/9781786346421_0011|arxiv=1709.03595 |s2cid=4882205 }}</ref>
In 2017, exploring the concept that reality consists of both ontologically real "possibles" (res potentia) and ontologically real "actuals" (res extensa), Kauffman co-authored, with Ruth Kastner and Michael Epperson, "Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kastner |first1=Ruth E. |last2=Kauffman |first2=Stuart |last3=Epperson |first3=Michael |date=2019 |chapter=Taking Heisenberg's Potentia Seriously |title=Adventures in Quantumland: Exploring Our Unseen Reality |location=London ; Hackensack, NJ |publisher=World Scientific |pages=223–237 |isbn=978-1-78634-641-4 |oclc=1083673555 |doi=10.1142/9781786346421_0011|arxiv=1709.03595 |s2cid=4882205 }}</ref>
【最终篇】2017年，考夫曼与露丝·卡斯特纳(Ruth Kastner)和迈克尔·艾伯森(Michael Epperson)合著了《认真对待海森堡的潜能》，探讨了现实既包括本体论上真实的“可能性”，也包括本体论上真实的“实际”这一概念。
【最终篇】2017年，考夫曼与露丝·卡斯特纳(Ruth Kastner)和迈克尔·艾伯森(Michael Epperson)合著了《认真对待海森堡的潜能》，探讨了现实既包括本体论上真实的“可能性”，也包括本体论上真实的“实际”这一概念。
== 出版物 ==
== 出版物 ==
*{{cite book |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. |year=2016 |chapter=Answering Descartes: Beyond Turing |title=The Once and Future Turing |editor1=Cooper, S. Barry |editor-link=S. Barry Cooper |editor2=Hodges, Andrew |editor2-link=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kauffman |first1=S. |year=2016 |chapter=Answering Descartes: Beyond Turing |title=The Once and Future Turing |editor1=Cooper, S. Barry |editor-link=S. Barry Cooper |editor2=Hodges, Andrew |editor2-link=Andrew Hodges |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
;Books
;Books
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Humanity in a Creative Universe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-939045-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Stuart |last=Kauffman |title=Humanity in a Creative Universe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-939045-8}}
== 注释 ==
== 注释 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
*{{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=J. W. |last2=Siggelkow |first2=N. |title=Organizational Sticking Points on NK Landscapes |journal=Complexity |volume=7 |issue=5 |date=May–June 2002 |pages=31–43 |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=14814 |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1002/cplx.10037|bibcode=2002Cmplx...7e..31R }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rivkin |first1=J. W. |last2=Siggelkow |first2=N. |title=Organizational Sticking Points on NK Landscapes |journal=Complexity |volume=7 |issue=5 |date=May–June 2002 |pages=31–43 |url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=14814 |access-date=2015-04-28 |doi=10.1002/cplx.10037|bibcode=2002Cmplx...7e..31R }}
==进一步阅读==
==进一步阅读==
* {{cite journal |last=Rizzo |first=Francesco |url=https://www.academia.edu/36810553 |title=Kauffman lettore di Wittgenstein |publisher=Università degli studi di Palermo |location=Palermo |year=2017 |language=it}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rizzo |first=Francesco |url=https://www.academia.edu/36810553 |title=Kauffman lettore di Wittgenstein |publisher=Università degli studi di Palermo |location=Palermo |year=2017 |language=it}}
== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* {{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/stuartkauffman |title=Thinker of Untold Dreams: A Portrait of Stuart Kauffman |website=[[Vimeo]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/stuartkauffman |title=Thinker of Untold Dreams: A Portrait of Stuart Kauffman |website=[[Vimeo]]}}
* Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/R9Mn1bppV7U Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426234744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9Mn1bppV7U&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9Mn1bppV7U |title=The Shape of History |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} A talk at the New England Complex Systems Institute, January 28, 2019.
* Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/R9Mn1bppV7U Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200426234744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9Mn1bppV7U&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9Mn1bppV7U |title=The Shape of History |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}} A talk at the New England Complex Systems Institute, January 28, 2019.
* Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: A talk at the New England Complex Systems Institute, January 28, 2019.
* Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: A talk at the New England Complex Systems Institute, January 28, 2019.
2019年1月28日，在新英格兰复杂系统研究所的一次演讲中，我们发现了一个叫做 Ghostarchive 和时光机的存档文件。
2019年1月28日，在新英格兰复杂系统研究所的一次演讲中，我们发现了一个叫做 Ghostarchive 和时光机的存档文件。
[[Category:American atheists]]
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[[Category:American biophysicists]]
[[Category:American biophysicists]]
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[[Category:Santa Fe Institute people]]
[[Category:University of California, San Francisco alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, San Francisco alumni]]