更改

【最终版】2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登·布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的恶劣对待”正式公开道歉。2013年，英国女王伊丽莎白二世赦免了图灵。“艾伦·图灵法”现在是英国2017年颁布的一项法律的非正式用语，该法律对在历史上禁止同性恋行为的法律中被警告或被定罪的人进行追溯性赦免。图灵留下了很多他的雕像和许多以他命名的东西，包括年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在英格兰银行50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是为了配合他的生日而发行的。在2019年的BBC系列节目中，观众投票选出他为20世纪最伟大的人。

【最终版】2009年，在一场网络运动之后，英国首相戈登·布朗代表英国政府就“他受到的恶劣对待”正式公开道歉。2013年，英国女王伊丽莎白二世赦免了图灵。“艾伦·图灵法”现在是英国2017年颁布的一项法律的非正式用语，该法律对在历史上禁止同性恋行为的法律中被警告或被定罪的人进行追溯性赦免。图灵留下了很多他的雕像和许多以他命名的东西，包括年度计算机科学创新奖。他出现在英格兰银行50英镑纸币上，这张纸币是为了配合他的生日而发行的。在2019年的BBC系列节目中，观众投票选出他为20世纪最伟大的人。

==Early life and education==

==Early life and education==

==早年生活与教育==

'''<big>早年生活与教育</big>'''

=== Family ===

=== Family ===

Turing was born in [[Maida Vale]], London,<ref name="whoswho" /> while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) at [[Chatrapur]], then in the [[Madras Presidency]] and presently in [[Odisha]] state, in India.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |publisher=[[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOrKl1DB?url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev.&nbsp;John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a [[baronet]]. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing ({{nee|Stoney}}; 1881–1976),<ref name="whoswho" /> daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Railways]]. The Stoneys were a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] [[Anglo-Irish]] [[gentry]] family from both [[County Tipperary]] and [[County Longford]], while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in [[County Clare]].<ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 23 June 2012.</ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.

Turing was born in [[Maida Vale]], London,<ref name="whoswho" /> while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) at [[Chatrapur]], then in the [[Madras Presidency]] and presently in [[Odisha]] state, in India.<ref name="Hodges1983P5">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |title=The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook |publisher=[[Alan Turing: The Enigma]] |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BOrKl1DB?url=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev.&nbsp;John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a [[baronet]]. Turing's mother, Julius's wife, was Ethel Sara Turing ({{nee|Stoney}}; 1881–1976),<ref name="whoswho" /> daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras Railways]]. The Stoneys were a [[Protestantism in Ireland|Protestant]] [[Anglo-Irish]] [[gentry]] family from both [[County Tipperary]] and [[County Longford]], while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in [[County Clare]].<ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 23 June 2012.</ref>Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", p. 5. The Irish Times, 23 June 2012.

【最终版】在很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，他后来也表现得非常出色。1927年，图灵的父母在吉尔福德买了一套房子，他在学校放假的时候就住在那里。这个地点也用一块蓝色的牌子做了标记。

【最终版】在很小的时候，图灵就表现出了天才的迹象，他后来也表现得非常出色。1927年，图灵的父母在吉尔福德买了一套房子，他在学校放假的时候就住在那里。这个地点也用一块蓝色的牌子做了标记。

===School  ===

===School  ===

===学校 ===

'''学校'''

 

Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890938716|title=Alan Turing : the enigma man|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78404-535-7|location=London|pages=18|oclc=890938716}}</ref>

Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a primary school at 20 Charles Road, [[St Leonards-on-Sea]], from the age of six to nine. The headmistress recognised his talent, noting that she has "...had clever boys and hardworking boys, but Alan is a genius."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cawthorne|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890938716|title=Alan Turing : the enigma man|date=2014|isbn=978-1-78404-535-7|location=London|pages=18|oclc=890938716}}</ref>

【最终版】图灵对数学和科学的自然倾向并没有赢得舍尔伯尼一些老师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更强调经典。他的校长在给父母的信中说:“我希望他不要两头落空。如果他要留在公立学校，他必须以受教育为目标。如果他仅仅是一个科学专家，他在公立学校是在浪费时间。”尽管如此，图灵仍然在他所热爱的研究中表现出非凡的能力，1927年，他在没有学习初级微积分的情况下就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵看到了爱因斯坦的作品;他不仅理解了这一点，而且有可能他成功地从一篇从来没有明确说明的文本中推断出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。

【最终版】图灵对数学和科学的自然倾向并没有赢得舍尔伯尼一些老师的尊重，他们对教育的定义更强调经典。他的校长在给父母的信中说:“我希望他不要两头落空。如果他要留在公立学校，他必须以受教育为目标。如果他仅仅是一个科学专家，他在公立学校是在浪费时间。”尽管如此，图灵仍然在他所热爱的研究中表现出非凡的能力，1927年，他在没有学习初级微积分的情况下就解决了高级问题。1928年，16岁的图灵看到了爱因斯坦的作品;他不仅理解了这一点，而且有可能他成功地从一篇从来没有明确说明的文本中推断出爱因斯坦对牛顿运动定律的质疑。

===Christopher Morcom===

===Christopher Morcom===

At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),<ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Obituary-for-Christopher-Morcom-The-Shirburnian-March-1930.pdf ''The Shirburnian'']</ref> who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of [[bovine tuberculosis]], contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<ref name="NYReviewBooks">{{cite web|author=Caryl, Christian|title=Poor Imitation of Alan Turing|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|newspaper=[[New York Review of Books]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107010418/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rachel Hassall, [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082353/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf |date=15 April 2014 }} 'Vivat!' 2012/13</ref><ref name="teuscher">{{Cite book|editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof|editor-link=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-20020-8 |oclc=53434737 }}</ref>Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'  'Vivat!' 2012/13

At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Collan Morcom (13 July 1911 – 13 February 1930),<ref>[https://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Obituary-for-Christopher-Morcom-The-Shirburnian-March-1930.pdf ''The Shirburnian'']</ref> who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of [[bovine tuberculosis]], contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<ref name="NYReviewBooks">{{cite web|author=Caryl, Christian|title=Poor Imitation of Alan Turing|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|newspaper=[[New York Review of Books]]|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107010418/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/|archive-date=7 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rachel Hassall, [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415082353/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf |date=15 April 2014 }} 'Vivat!' 2012/13</ref><ref name="teuscher">{{Cite book|editor-last=Teuscher |editor-first=Christof|editor-link=Christof Teuscher |title=Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-540-20020-8 |oclc=53434737 }}</ref>Rachel Hassall, 'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'  'Vivat!' 2012/13

就我个人而言，我相信精神确实与物质永恒地联系在一起，但肯定不是由同一种肉体联系在一起……至于精神和身体之间的实际联系，我认为身体可以抓住一个“灵魂”，当身体活着和醒着的时候，两者是紧密联系的。当身体睡着的时候，我猜不出会发生什么，但当身体死亡的时候，身体的“机制”，承载着灵魂的东西就消失了，而灵魂迟早会找到一个新的身体，也许马上就会找到。

就我个人而言，我相信精神确实与物质永恒地联系在一起，但肯定不是由同一种肉体联系在一起……至于精神和身体之间的实际联系，我认为身体可以抓住一个“灵魂”，当身体活着和醒着的时候，两者是紧密联系的。当身体睡着的时候，我猜不出会发生什么，但当身体死亡的时候，身体的“机制”，承载着灵魂的东西就消失了，而灵魂迟早会找到一个新的身体，也许马上就会找到。

===University and work on computability===

===University and work on computability===

After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref name="whoswho" /> where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a [[Fellow]] of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the [[central limit theorem]].<ref>See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html Decembre 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105727/http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html |date=21 April 2018 }} Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 Decembre 2009  Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by [[Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=88, 94}}</ref>

After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at [[King's College, Cambridge]],<ref name="whoswho" /> where he was awarded first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the age of 22, he was elected a [[Fellow]] of King's College on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the [[central limit theorem]].<ref>See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 [http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html Decembre 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421105727/http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html |date=21 April 2018 }} Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</ref> See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 Decembre 2009  Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique Unknown to the committee, the theorem had already been proven, in 1922, by [[Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=88, 94}}</ref>

【最终版】从1936年9月到1938年7月，图灵在普林斯顿大学的第二年，作为简·伊丽莎·普罗克特的访问学者，跟随丘奇学习。除了他的纯数学工作，他还研究了密码学，并建立了电子机械二进制乘数的四个阶段中的三个。1938年6月，他在普林斯顿大学数学系获得博士学位;他的论文《基于序数的逻辑系统》引入了序数逻辑的概念和相对计算的概念，在这些概念中，图灵机被所谓的预言扩充，从而可以研究图灵机无法解决的问题。约翰·冯·诺伊曼想雇他做博士后助理，但他回到了英国。《约翰·冯·诺伊曼:引领现代计算机、博弈论、核威慑等的科学天才》，诺曼·麦克雷，1999年，美国数学学会，第8章

【最终版】从1936年9月到1938年7月，图灵在普林斯顿大学的第二年，作为简·伊丽莎·普罗克特的访问学者，跟随丘奇学习。除了他的纯数学工作，他还研究了密码学，并建立了电子机械二进制乘数的四个阶段中的三个。1938年6月，他在普林斯顿大学数学系获得博士学位;他的论文《基于序数的逻辑系统》引入了序数逻辑的概念和相对计算的概念，在这些概念中，图灵机被所谓的预言扩充，从而可以研究图灵机无法解决的问题。约翰·冯·诺伊曼想雇他做博士后助理，但他回到了英国。《约翰·冯·诺伊曼:引领现代计算机、博弈论、核威慑等的科学天才》，诺曼·麦克雷，1999年，美国数学学会，第8章

==Career and research==

===Career and research===

== 职业和研究 ==

=== '''职业和研究''' ===

When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] about the [[foundations of mathematics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> The lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes.<ref>[[Cora Diamond]] (ed.), ''Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics'', University of Chicago Press, 1976</ref> Cora Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, 1976Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending [[Philosophy of mathematics#Formalism|formalism]] and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref>

When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] about the [[foundations of mathematics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=152}}</ref> The lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes.<ref>[[Cora Diamond]] (ed.), ''Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics'', University of Chicago Press, 1976</ref> Cora Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, 1976Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending [[Philosophy of mathematics#Formalism|formalism]] and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|pp=153–154}}</ref>