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从另一个意义上说,电子系统有时是同步的,以使远距离的事件从某种角度看似乎是同时发生的或近乎同时发生的。阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦在1905年他的第一篇相对论论文中证明,事实上并不存在绝对同时发生的事情。全球定位系统卫星和'''<font color="#ff8000">网络时间协议Network Time Protocol(NTP)</font>'''等计时技术提供了接近协调世界时时间尺度的实时接入,并用于许多此类地面同步应用。
 
从另一个意义上说,电子系统有时是同步的,以使远距离的事件从某种角度看似乎是同时发生的或近乎同时发生的。阿尔伯特 · 爱因斯坦在1905年他的第一篇相对论论文中证明,事实上并不存在绝对同时发生的事情。全球定位系统卫星和'''<font color="#ff8000">网络时间协议Network Time Protocol(NTP)</font>'''等计时技术提供了接近协调世界时时间尺度的实时接入,并用于许多此类地面同步应用。
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同步也是以下各种领域的重要概念:
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* 计算机科学(在计算机科学中,特别是并行计算,同步是指同步的线程或进程之间的协调,以正确的运行时间顺序和没有意外的竞争条件完成任务。线程同步解决的是在一个程序中多个线程之间的关系的协调,对竞争资源的访问的一种处理方式,避免一个线程长期占用一个资源的目的。有synchronized,lock ,volatile,消息传递机制等处理方式达到线程同步。比如在java中使用synchronized关键字修饰一个方法,用这个关键字修饰的方法称为“同步方法”,语法:访问控制符 +synchronized + 返回值类型(参数列表) +方法体;具有这个关键字的方法有一个重要的特性,就是该方法每次只能有一个线程执行这个方法;后来的线程处于挂起状态,直到前面的调用该方法的线程退出该方法,才能调用调用该方法体执行)
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*电子文件(文件同步的含义就是让两个或多个文件夹里的文件保持一致,或者按需要部分保持一致。需要同步的文件夹可以是同一台计算机上,也可以是在不同计算机上,甚至是异地的。如果要同步的文件夹在同一台计算机上,则属于单机文件同步,如果要同步的文件夹在不同的计算机上,就是远程文件同步了。同步处理时,扫描分析双方文件夹中的文件,然后进行对比找出有修改或增加或缺少的文件,按需要进行文件传送或删除多余文件,最终使文件夹内容保持一致,或者按需要部分保持一致。)
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*密码学Cryptography
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*口型同步Lip sync
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*节奏
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*神经科学(在神经集合的层次上,大量神经元的同步活动可以引起宏观振荡,可以在脑电图中观察到。神经元组中的振荡活动通常源于神经元之间的反馈连接,导致它们的放电模式同步。)
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*摄影
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*物理学(同步性的概念在实践和理论中都有很多困难)
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*合成器Synthesizer(振荡器同步自模拟合成器诞生之日就已经存在,是各种合成器上的功能之一。)
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* 音频视频多媒体同步(根据媒体的播放过程同步显示文本、图形、图像和执行其他内容,媒体可以是包含声音或数字化电影等基于时间的数据。)
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*数据库同步(数据库同步的含义就是让两个或多个数据库内容保持一致,或者按需要部分保持一致。)
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*通信帧同步、计算机网络同步(在计算机网络中,“同步”的意思很广泛,它没有一个简单的定义。在很多地方都用到“同步”的概念。例如在协议的定义中,协议的三个要素之一就是“同步”。在网络通信编程中常提到的“同步”,则主要指某函数的执行方式,即函数调用者需等待函数执行完成后才能进到下一步。在数据通信中的同步通信则是与异步通信有很大的区别。“同步通信”的通信双方必须先建立同步,即双方的时钟要调整到同一个频率。收发双方不停地发送和接收连续的同步比特流。但这时还有两种不同的同步方式。一种是使用全网同步,用一个非常精确的主时钟对全网所有结点上的时钟进行同步。另一种是使用准同步,各结点的时钟之间允许有微小的误差,然后采用其他措施实现同步传输。“异步通信”是一种很常用的通信方式。异步通信在发送字符时,所发送的字符之间的时间间隔可以是任意的。当然,接收端必须时刻做好接收的准备(如果接收端主机的电源都没有加上,那么发送端发送字符就没有意义,因为接收端根本无法接收)。发送端可以在任意时刻开始发送字符,因此必须在每一个字符的开始和结束的地方加上标志,即加上开始位和停止位,以便使接收端能够正确地将每一个字符接收下来。)
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Synchronization is an important concept in the following fields:
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==动力系统Dynamical systems==
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Synchronization is an important concept in the following fields:
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{{See also|混沌同步Synchronization of chaos}}
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同步是以下领域的一个重要概念:
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[[File:Wesphysdemo - Synchronized Metronomes.webm|thumb|275px|振荡器同步的机械演示:节拍器最初是不同步的,通过放置它们的基座的微小运动来实现同步。|链接=Special:FilePath/Wesphysdemo_-_Synchronized_Metronomes.webm|替代=]]
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*[[Synchronization (computer science)|Computer science]] (In computer science, especially [[parallel computing]], synchronization refers to the coordination of simultaneous [[thread (computing)|threads]] or [[Process (computing)|processes]] to complete a task with correct runtime order and no unexpected [[race condition]]s.)
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*[[Cryptography]]
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对振荡器同步的机械演示: :[[节拍器,最初不同相位,通过放置它们的基座的微小运动同步]]
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*[[Lip sync]]
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*[[Multimedia]]
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当多个相互作用的动力系统是'''<font color="#ff8000">自治振子autonomous oscillators</font>'''时,可以实现同步。例如,具有双向(对称)或单向耦合的集成和发射振荡器可以在耦合强度(以频率单位计算)大于自由运行的固有振荡器频率之间的差异时进行同步。'''<font color="#ff8000">庞加莱相位振荡器Poincare phase oscillators</font>'''是可以在随机或规则网络中相互作用和部分同步的模型系统<ref name="Nolte">{{cite book | first = David | last = Nolte | title = Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time  | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |  year = 2015 }}</ref> 。在相位振荡器全局同步的情况下,当耦合强度超过一个临界阈值时,将发生从非同步到完全同步的突变。这就是所谓的'''<font color="#ff8000">藏本模型Kuramoto model</font>'''相变。同步是一种涌现性的特性,它发生在广泛的动力系统中,包括神经信号、心脏跳动和萤火虫光波的同步。
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*[[Rhythm]]
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混沌同步是自然界中的一种自然现象。它通常指至少两个振动系统相位间的协调一致现象。关于同步现象最早的研究可以追溯到1673年惠更斯关于耦合单摆的同步现象的观察。实际上,若干个耦合单元之间通过相互作用达到同步的现象在许多领域中屡见不鲜。 同步现象不仅在自然界广泛存在,而且它在实际应用中更是非常重要的。尤其是进入20世纪90年代以来,佩拉卡和卡罗尔提出相同混沌子系统间,在不同的初始条件下,通过某种驱动(或耦合),仍然可以实现混沌轨道的同步化。他们提出了一种混沌控制方法,并在电子线路上首次观察到混沌同步现象。他们的工作和控制混沌的工作,极大的推动了混沌同步和混沌控制的理论研究,拉开了利用混沌的序幕。近些年来,混沌同步的方法不断涌现,其应用领域也从物理学迅速扩展到生物学、化学、医学、电子学、信息科学和保密通信等领域。由于混沌同步在工程技术上的重要价值和广阔的应用前景,一直是非线性科学领域的研究热点课题之一。
 
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==人类运动系统Human movement==
*[[Neural synchronization|Neuroscience]]
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*Photography
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*[[Physics]] (The idea of [[simultaneity]] has many difficulties, both in practice and theory.)
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*[[Oscillator sync|Synthesizers]]
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*Telecommunication
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**[[Frame synchronization]]
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**[[Synchronization (video)]]
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== Dynamical systems==
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{{See also|Synchronization of chaos}}
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[[File:Wesphysdemo - Synchronized Metronomes.webm|thumb|275px|A mechanical demonstration of synchronization of oscillators: [[metronome]]s, initially out of phase, synchronize through small motions of the base on which they are placed|链接=Special:FilePath/Wesphysdemo_-_Synchronized_Metronomes.webm]]
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A mechanical demonstration of synchronization of oscillators: [[metronomes, initially out of phase, synchronize through small motions of the base on which they are placed]]
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对振荡器同步的机械演示: [[节拍器,最初不同相位,通过放置它们的基座的微小运动同步]]
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Synchronization of multiple interacting [[dynamical system]]s can occur when the systems are [[Self-oscillation|autonomous oscillators]].  For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies.  Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.<ref name="Nolte">{{cite book | first = David | last = Nolte | title = Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time  | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |  year = 2015 }}</ref> In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold.  This is known as the [[Kuramoto model]] phase transition.  Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
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Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators.  For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies.  Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks. In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold.  This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition.  Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.
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当系统是自治振子时,多个相互作用的动力系统可以发生同步。例如,当耦合强度(频率单位)大于自由运行的固有振荡器频率之间的差异时,具有双向(对称)或单向耦合的集成激发振荡器可以同步。庞加莱相位振荡器是一种模型系统,它可以在随机或规则的网络中相互作用和部分同步。当耦合强度超过一个临界阈值时,相位振荡器的全局同步会发生从不同步到完全同步的突变。这就是仓本模型的相变。同步是一个突现的性质,发生在广泛的动态系统,包括神经信号,心脏的跳动和同步的消防蝇光波。
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==Human movement==
      
{{primary sources|section|date=February 2017}}
 
{{primary sources|section|date=February 2017}}
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Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Condon|first1=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005|s2cid=19384588}}</ref> This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref> [[Muscular bonding]] is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref> This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.
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Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people who are temporally aligned. This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay. Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions. This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.
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运动同步定义为两个或两个以上时间排列的人之间相似的运动。这与模仿不同,因为这些动作是在短暂的延迟之后发生的。肌肉粘合是指时间的移动能够唤起特定的情感。这引发了一些关于运动同步及其对人类情感影响的第一次研究。
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许多群体活动都能增强我们的归属感,最新研究表明,同步行为可以建立更加牢固的社会关系、带来更大的幸福。划船、集体舞、合唱——哪怕最基础的拍节奏都能增强人与人之间的信任与包容。同步运动带来的效果比分头行动要好很多,甚至能提高人忍耐痛苦的能力。为什么我们直到今天才理解同步行为的益处,多伦多大学的心理学家兼同步现象研究员劳拉·海利给出了她的分析。神经激素、认知和感知方面的因素在此过程中都有所贡献。劳拉表示,“这是一个复杂的相互作用系统”。进一步,有证据表明我们人类有一种对同步的偏好。这种偏好可能是人类在演化的过程中的选择,这样我们就能与他人联系在一起,增强生存优势。
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人类并不是唯一善于同步运动的生物——其他生物也有这样的能力。例如,宽吻海豚会整齐地游泳,萤火虫会协调他们的闪光。动物行为学家认为,与人类相同,这种协调的行为也会给动物带来社交上的收益——比如吸引异性。不过人类确实很特别:我们在很多事情中都会进行同步行为,有些是有组织的(如祈祷/合唱/阅兵/快闪),而有些是无组织的(如观众鼓掌/步调一致的散步等)。甚至有研究表明,如果两人坐在相邻摇椅上,他们的前后摆动也会一致。
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In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref> cooperation and trust.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2019}} [[Military step]] has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In [[Dyad (sociology)|dyads]], groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref> self-esteem,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumsden|first1=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090}}</ref> compassion and altruistic behaviour<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valdesolo|first1=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref> and increase rapport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vacharkulksemsuk|first1=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref> During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paxton|first1=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology  |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888|s2cid=9565508}}</ref> There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad.<ref name=":0" /> This is known as interpersonal synchrony.
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运动同步定义为两个或两个以上时间一致的人之间相似的运动<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Condon|first1=W. S.|last2=Ogston|first2=W. D.|date=1 October 1966|title=Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=143|issue=4|pages=338–347|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5958766|doi=10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005|s2cid=19384588}}</ref>。这与模仿不同,因为这些动作是在短暂的延迟之后发生的<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Michael J.|last2=Marsh|first2=Kerry L.|last3=Schmidt|first3=R. C.|date=1 February 2005|title=Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance|volume=31|issue=1|pages=62–79|doi=10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62|issn=0096-1523|pmid=15709863|citeseerx=10.1.1.176.8093}}</ref>。肌肉粘合是指时间的移动能够唤起特定的情感<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5QqSt6umWsC|hdl=2027/heb.04002.0001.001|title=Keeping Together in Time|isbn=978-0-674-50230-7|last1=McNeill|first1=William Hardy|date=30 September 1997}}</ref>。这引发了一些关于运动同步及其对人类情感影响的初步研究。
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In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity, cooperation and trust. Military step has long been used for these purposes but more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In dyads, groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation, self-esteem, compassion and altruistic behaviour and increase rapport. During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors. There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside the dyad. More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.
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在群体中,运动的同步性被证明可以增加顺从性、合作性和信任度。军事步骤一直被用于这些目的,但需要更多的研究组同步,以确定其对群体作为一个整体和群体中的个人的影响。在两人一组的情况下,同步性被证明可以增加亲密关系、自尊、同情心和利他行为,并且增加融洽的关系。在争吵过程中,争吵双方的同步性降低了,但是不清楚这是由于情绪的变化还是其他因素。有证据表明,运动同步需要其他人产生其有益的效果,因为当其中一个二分体同步他们的运动到二分体之外的某个东西时,对联系的影响不会发生。需要进行更多的研究,以区分意向性的效果和同步性的有利效果。
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在群体中,运动的同步性被证明可以增加顺从性<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Ping|last2=Dai|first2=Xianchi|last3=Wyer|first3=Robert S.|date=1 January 2015|title=Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=108|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.1037/pspi0000001|issn=1939-1315|pmid=25437130}}</ref>、合作性和信任度<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Synchrony+and+Cooperation|title=Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results|access-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>。军事步骤一直被用于这些目的,但需要更多的研究组同步,以确定其对群体作为一个整体和群体中的个人的影响。在两人一组的情况下,同步性被证明可以增加亲密关系<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949 |title=It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation |journal=Social Cognition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=949 |year=2009 |last1=Hove |first1=Michael J. |last2=Risen |first2=Jane L. }}</ref>、自尊<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lumsden|first1=Joanne|last2=Miles|first2=Lynden K.|last3=Macrae|first3=C. Neil|date=1 January 2014|title=Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1064|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064|pmc=4168669|pmid=25285090}}</ref>、同情心和利他行为<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valdesolo|first1=Piercarlo|last2=Desteno|first2=David|date=1 April 2011|title=Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion|journal=Emotion|volume=11|issue=2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1037/a0021302|issn=1931-1516|pmid=21500895}}</ref>,并且增加融洽的关系<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vacharkulksemsuk|first1=Tanya|last2=Fredrickson|first2=Barbara L.|date=1 January 2012|title=Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=399–402|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015|issn=0022-1031|pmc=3290409|pmid=22389521}}</ref>。在争吵过程中,争吵双方的同步性降低了,但是不清楚这是由于情绪的变化还是其他因素<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paxton|first1=Alexandra|last2=Dale|first2=Rick|date=1 January 2013|title=Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology  |volume=66|issue=11|pages=2092–2102|doi=10.1080/17470218.2013.853089|issn=1747-0226|pmid=24303888|s2cid=9565508}}</ref>。有证据表明,运动同步需要其他人产生其有益的效果,因为当其中一个二分体同步他们的运动到二分体之外的某个东西时,对联系的影响不会发生<ref name=":0" />。这就是所谓的人际同步,需要进行更多的研究,以区分意向性的效果和同步性的有利效果。
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在这些研究中,关于同步性的真正影响一直存在争议。这一领域的研究详细阐述了同步性的积极影响,并将其归因于同步性本身;然而,许多实验都包含了实现同步的共同意图。事实上,合作的强化模型表明,对同步性的感知导致了对合作正在发生的强化,这导致了同步性的亲社会效应<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reddish|first1=Paul|last2=Fischer|first2=Ronald|last3=Bulbulia|first3=Joseph|date=1 January 2013|title=Let's dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e71182|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071182|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3737148|pmid=23951106|bibcode=2013PLoSO...871182R}}</ref>。需要更多的研究来区分意图性的影响和同步性的有益影响<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ellamil|first1=Melissa|last2=Berson|first2=Josh|last3=Margulies|first3=Daniel S.|date=1 January 2016|title=Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=7|pages=1744|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01744|pmc=5101201|pmid=27881968}}</ref>。
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There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reddish|first1=Paul|last2=Fischer|first2=Ronald|last3=Bulbulia|first3=Joseph|date=1 January 2013|title=Let's dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e71182|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0071182|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3737148|pmid=23951106|bibcode=2013PLoSO...871182R}}</ref> More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ellamil|first1=Melissa|last2=Berson|first2=Josh|last3=Margulies|first3=Daniel S.|date=1 January 2016|title=Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=7|pages=1744|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01744|pmc=5101201|pmid=27881968}}</ref>
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==用途Uses==
==Uses==
      
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*Film synchronization of image and sound in [[sound film]]. Synchronization is important in fields such as [[digital telephony]], video and [[digital audio]] where streams of sampled data are manipulated. More sophisticated film, video, and [[sound|audio]] applications use [[time code]] to synchronize audio and video.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
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*Synchronization of video frames from multiple cameras for [[3D reconstruction]]<ref>Moore, Carl, et al. "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5636714/ Synchronization of images from multiple cameras to reconstruct a moving human]." 2010 IEEE/ACM 14th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications. IEEE, 2010.</ref>
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*In [[electric power]] systems, [[alternator synchronization]] is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
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*[[Arbiter (electronics)|Arbiters]] are needed in digital electronic systems such as [[microprocessor]]s to deal with asynchronous inputs.  There are also electronic digital circuits called ''synchronizers'' that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle.  Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure.  (See [[metastability in electronics]]).
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在有声电影中图象和声音的同步。同步在诸如数字电话、视频和数字音频等领域非常重要,因为在这些领域中,数据流的采样被操纵。更复杂的电影、视频和音频应用程序使用时间代码来同步音频和视频。
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*[[Encryption]] systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.
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同步视频帧从多个相机的三维重建<ref>Moore, Carl, et al. "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5636714/ Synchronization of images from multiple cameras to reconstruct a moving human]." 2010 IEEE/ACM 14th International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications. IEEE, 2010.</ref>
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*Automotive [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] contain [[synchromesh|synchronizers]] that bring the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.
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在电力系统中,当多个发电机连接到一个电网时,需要交流发电机同步。
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*[[Flash synchronization]] synchronizes the [[Flash (photography)|flash]] with the [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]].
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数字电子系统(如微处理器)需要仲裁者来处理异步输入。也有电子数字电路称为同步器,试图执行仲裁在一个时钟周期。与仲裁者不同,同步者很容易失败。(参见电子学中的亚稳态)
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Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important.
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加密系统通常需要一些同步机制来确保接收密码在正确的时间解码正确的位。
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有些系统可能只是近似同步的,或者是同步的。有些应用程序要求确定事件之间的相对偏移量。对于其他人来说,只有事件的顺序才是重要的。
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汽车变速器包含同步器,使带齿的旋转部件(齿轮和花键轴)在啮合齿之前达到相同的旋转速度。
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闪光同步是指将闪光与快门进行同步。
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有些系统可能只是近似同步的,或者近似同步的。一些应用程序需要确定事件之间的相对偏移量。在这种近似同步系统的情况下,关注更多的是以近似同步的相对偏移量确定的事件的顺序。
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Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or [[plesiochronous]]. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the [[Partially ordered set|order]] of the event is important.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
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==其他参阅See also==
==See also==
      
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*[[Synchronicity]], an alternative organizing principle to causality conceived by [[Carl Jung]].
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*卡尔·荣格提出的同步性原理synchronicity,是与因果关系不同的组织原则。
 
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*荣格是一位心理学家和精神病学家。荣格把一个人梦见某人,不久就看到了这个人,或者一个人幻想着某件事,这件事就发生了等等这种有意义的偶合性称为同步性。按照荣格的观点,这些事件对个人的生活是极其重要的,因此必须对它们作更清晰地了解。正是这种本来毫无意义的事件以一种有意义的方式结合起来就称为同步性。
<nowiki>}}</nowiki>
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*同步性理论是说特定时间发生的事情与同时发生的任何事情都是有联系的。自然的基本法则有因果关系法则和同步性法则,谁占上风谁起作用。而通常情况下起作用的都是因果关系法则,这也许与地球的空间位置有关。也就是说当某天地球转到某个位置时,同步性法则开始起作用,这时就会出现一般人所认为的“巧合”,这根本就不是巧合,而是相关事物同时发生而已。比如“说曹操曹操到”就是一个最普通的例子。
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*同步性概念能以更复杂的形式运用到集体潜意识和我们所获得的各种经验间的联系上。正如我们已看到过的,每种原型都可看作一种对某类环境事件做出反应的先天倾向。实际上,原型可被认为是一种为获取某种经验的需要。在这种情况下,当我们获得一种用象征性形式来表示原型的体验时,这种体验就会像饥饿不堪的人寻见食物一样令人满意。这也可用以解释为什么人类对某些音乐、艺术形象、生命中的各种象征物会产生激情。同步性的例子在每个人的生活中屡见不鲜。但是荣格是唯一探讨这种现象的理论家。要了解有关同步性的详细论述清参阅普洛哥夫的《荣格,同步性,和人类命运;人类经验和非因果范围》(1973)
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==References==
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==参考文献References==
    
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==External links==
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==外部链接External links==
    
{{Wiktionary}}
 
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* J. Domański [http://en.synesthesia.domanski.pro/theory/synchronization/ "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film"]
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*J. Domański [http://en.synesthesia.domanski.pro/theory/synchronization/ "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film"动画电影中图像和声音的数学同步]
     
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