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== 突触前调制 ==

== 突触前调制 ==

Modulation of neurotransmitter release by [[G protein-coupled receptor|G-protein-coupled receptors]] (GPCRs) is a prominent presynaptic mechanism for regulation of [[Neurotransmission|synaptic transmission]]. The activation of GPCRs located at the presynaptic terminal, can decrease the probability of neurotransmitter release. This presynaptic depression involves activation of [[Gi alpha subunit|Gi/o]]-type [[G protein|G-proteins]] that mediate different inhibitory mechanisms, including inhibition of [[voltage-gated calcium channel]]s, activation of [[potassium channel]]s, and direct inhibition of the [[vesicle fusion]] process. [[Cannabinoid#Endocannabinoids|Endocannabinoids]], synthesized in and released from postsynaptic [[neuron]]al elements, and their cognate [[Receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]], including the (GPCR) [[Cannabinoid receptor type 1|CB1 receptor]], located at the presynaptic terminal, are involved in this modulation by an [[retrograde signaling]] process, in which these compounds are synthesized in and released from postsynaptic neuronal elements, and travel back to the presynaptic terminal to act on the CB1 receptor for short-term (STD) or long-term synaptic depression (LTD), that cause a short or long lasting decrease in neurotransmitter release.<ref name=":15">{{Citation|last=Lovinger|first=David M.|chapter=Presynaptic Modulation by Endocannabinoids|date=2008|pages=435–477|editor-last=Südhof|editor-first=Thomas C.|series=Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_14|pmid=18064422|isbn=9783540748052|editor2-last=Starke|editor2-first=Klaus|title=Pharmacology of Neurotransmitter Release|volume=184|issue=184}}</ref>

通过 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）对神经递质释放进行调节是突触传递的主要突触前机制。GPCR 位于突触前末端，激活 GPCRs 可以降低神经递质释放的概率。这种突触前抑制涉及 Gi/o 型的 G 蛋白的激活，介导不同的抑制机制，包括抑制电压门控钙离子通道、激活钾离子通道，或直接抑制囊泡融合过程。一个例子是内源性大麻素，其在突触后神经元合成和释放，通过逆向信号通路（突触后神经元合成与释放的分子反向作用到突触前末梢），作用于突触前膜的同源受体，比如 CB1 受体，引起短期（STD）或长期的突触抑制（LTD），导致短期或长期神经递质释放减少<ref name=":15">{{Citation|last=Lovinger|first=David M.|chapter=Presynaptic Modulation by Endocannabinoids|date=2008|pages=435–477|editor-last=Südhof|editor-first=Thomas C.|series=Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_14|pmid=18064422|isbn=9783540748052|editor2-last=Starke|editor2-first=Klaus|title=Pharmacology of Neurotransmitter Release|volume=184|issue=184}}</ref>。

 

通过 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）对神经递质释放进行调节是突触传递的主要突触前机制。GPCR 位于突触前末端，激活 GPCRs 可以降低神经递质释放的概率。这种突触前抑制涉及 Gi/o 型的 G 蛋白的激活，介导不同的抑制机制，包括抑制电压门控钙离子通道、激活钾离子通道，或直接抑制囊泡融合过程。内源性大麻素在突触后神经元合成和释放，通过逆向信号通路，作用于突触前膜的同源受体，比如 CB1 受体，引起短期（STD）或长期的突触抑制（LTD），导致短期或长期神经递质释放减少<ref name=":15" />。

==Additional images ==

==Additional images ==