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{{Main|Bombe}}Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park,<ref name="Copeland2006p378" /> Turing had specified an electromechanical machine called the [[bombe]], which could break Enigma more effectively than the Polish ''[[bomba (cryptography)|bomba kryptologiczna]]'', from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician [[Gordon Welchman]], became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.<ref>{{Citation |last= Welchman |first= Gordon |author-link= Gordon Welchman |orig-year= 1982 |year= 1997 |title= The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes |page= 81 |location= Cleobury Mortimer, England |publisher= M&M Baldwin |isbn= 978-0-947712-34-1 }}</ref>

{{Main|Bombe}}Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park,<ref name="Copeland2006p378" /> Turing had specified an electromechanical machine called the [[bombe]], which could break Enigma more effectively than the Polish ''[[bomba (cryptography)|bomba kryptologiczna]]'', from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician [[Gordon Welchman]], became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.<ref>{{Citation |last= Welchman |first= Gordon |author-link= Gordon Welchman |orig-year= 1982 |year= 1997 |title= The Hut Six story: Breaking the Enigma codes |page= 81 |location= Cleobury Mortimer, England |publisher= M&M Baldwin |isbn= 978-0-947712-34-1 }}</ref>

在抵达 Bletchley Park 的几周内，图灵就指定了一种叫做解码器的机电设备，这种设备能够比波兰炸弹机(波兰)更有效地破解英格玛密码机，而波兰密码机正是源于此。通过数学家戈登 · 威尔奇曼提出的改进，解码器成为主要的工具之一，也是主要的自动化工具，用于攻击密码信息。

【最终版】在到达布莱切利公园的几周内，图灵指定了一台名为Bombe的机电机器，它可以比波兰的bomba kryptologiczna更有效地破解英格玛，它的名字就来源于此。Bombe，加上数学家戈登-韦尔奇曼建议的改进，成为用于攻击英格玛加密信息的主要工具之一，也是主要的自动化工具。[[File:Bombe-rebuild.jpg|thumbnail|right|A working replica of a [[bombe]] now at [[The National Museum of Computing]] on Bletchley Park|链接=Special:FilePath/Bombe-rebuild.jpg]]The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message (i.e., rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings) using a suitable ''[[crib (cryptanalysis)|crib]]'': a fragment of probable [[plaintext]]. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had on the order of 10¹⁹ states, or 10²² states for the four-rotor U-boat variant),<ref>Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct".</ref> Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct". the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented [[Electromechanics|electromechanically]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnmoc.org/bombe |title=The Turing-Welchman Bombe |website=The National Museum of Computing |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

【最终版】在到达布莱切利公园的几周内，图灵指定了一种叫做解码器的机电机器，它比波兰的bomba kryptologiczna更能破解谜机。数学家戈登·韦尔奇曼(Gordon Welchman)提出了一种增强技术，解码器成为攻击谜机加密信息的主要工具之一，也是主要的自动化工具。[[File:Bombe-rebuild.jpg|thumbnail|right|A working replica of a [[bombe]] now at [[The National Museum of Computing]] on Bletchley Park|链接=Special:FilePath/Bombe-rebuild.jpg]]The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message (i.e., rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings) using a suitable ''[[crib (cryptanalysis)|crib]]'': a fragment of probable [[plaintext]]. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had on the order of 10¹⁹ states, or 10²² states for the four-rotor U-boat variant),<ref>Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct".</ref> Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct". the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented [[Electromechanics|electromechanically]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnmoc.org/bombe |title=The Turing-Welchman Bombe |website=The National Museum of Computing |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

【最终版】Bombe使用一个可能的明文片段搜索英格玛信息可能使用的正确设置（即转子顺序、转子设置和插板设置）。对于每个可能的转子设置（有1019个状态，或1022个状态的四转子U型船变体），杰克-古德在 2003年《破解英格玛的人》警告："如果我的记忆是正确的。"Bombe执行一连串的逻辑推理的基础上，通过电机械实现。

 

 

The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. A contradiction would occur when an enciphered letter would be turned back into the same plaintext letter, which was impossible with the Enigma. The first bombe was installed on 18 March 1940.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oakley|2006|p=40/03B}}</ref>

The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. A contradiction would occur when an enciphered letter would be turned back into the same plaintext letter, which was impossible with the Enigma. The first bombe was installed on 18 March 1940.<ref>{{Harvnb|Oakley|2006|p=40/03B}}</ref>

 

By late 1941, Turing and his fellow cryptanalysts Gordon Welchman, [[Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander|Hugh Alexander]] and [[Stuart Milner-Barry]] were frustrated. Building on the [[Biuro Szyfrów#Gift to allies|work of the Poles]], they had set up a good working system for decrypting Enigma signals, but their limited staff and bombes meant they could not translate all the signals. In the summer, they had considerable success, and shipping losses had fallen to under 100,000 tons a month; however, they badly needed more resources to keep abreast of German adjustments. They had tried to get more people and fund more bombes through the proper channels, but had failed.<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=218}}</ref>

By late 1941, Turing and his fellow cryptanalysts Gordon Welchman, [[Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander|Hugh Alexander]] and [[Stuart Milner-Barry]] were frustrated. Building on the [[Biuro Szyfrów#Gift to allies|work of the Poles]], they had set up a good working system for decrypting Enigma signals, but their limited staff and bombes meant they could not translate all the signals. In the summer, they had considerable success, and shipping losses had fallen to under 100,000 tons a month; however, they badly needed more resources to keep abreast of German adjustments. They had tried to get more people and fund more bombes through the proper channels, but had failed.<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=218}}</ref>

到1941年底，图灵和他的密码分析师同事戈登 · 威尔奇曼、休 · 亚历山大和斯图尔特 · 米尔纳-巴里都感到沮丧。在波兰人工作的基础上，他们建立了一个很好的解密英格玛信号的工作系统，但是他们有限的人员和炸弹意味着他们无法翻译所有的信号。在夏天，他们取得了相当大的成功，信息传输损失已经降到每月不到10万的量值; 然而，他们急需更多的资源来跟上德国的调整。他们试图通过适当的渠道获得更多的人和资金更多的炸弹，但失败了。

【最终版】到了1941年末，图灵和他的密码学同事戈登-韦尔奇曼、休-亚历山大和斯图尔特-米尔纳-巴里感到很沮丧。在波兰人的工作基础上，他们建立了一个良好的工作系统来解密英格玛信号，但他们有限的工作人员和炸弹意味着他们无法翻译所有的信号。在夏季，他们取得了相当大的成功，信息传输损失已经降到每月不到10万的量值;然而，他们急需更多的资源来跟上德国的调整步伐。他们试图通过适当的渠道招募更多的人，资助了更多的解码器，但失败了。

 

【最终版】1941年末，图灵和他的密码分析师同事戈登·韦尔奇曼、休·亚历山大和斯图尔特·米尔纳-巴里感到很沮丧。在波兰人工作的基础上，他们建立了一个很好的破译Enigma信号的工作系统，但他们有限的人手和解码器意味着他们无法翻译所有的信号。在夏季，他们取得了相当大的成功，信息传输损失已经降到每月不到10万的量值;然而，他们急需更多的资源来跟上德国的调整步伐。他们试图通过适当的渠道招募更多的人，资助了更多的解码器，但失败了。

On 28 October they wrote directly to [[Winston Churchill]] explaining their difficulties, with Turing as the first named. They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the forces.<ref name=":0" /> As [[Andrew Hodges]], biographer of Turing, later wrote, "This letter had an electric effect."<ref name="Hodges 1983 221">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=221}}</ref> Churchill wrote a memo to [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|General Ismay]], which read: "ACTION THIS DAY. Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." On 18 November, the chief of the secret service reported that every possible measure was being taken.<ref name="Hodges 1983 221" /> The cryptographers at Bletchley Park did not know of the Prime Minister's response, but as Milner-Barry recalled, "All that we did notice was that almost from that day the rough ways began miraculously to be made smooth."<ref>Copeland, ''The Essential Turing'', [http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/turingletter.pdf pp. 336–337] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218142127/http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/turingletter.pdf |date=18 February 2015 }}.</ref> More than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.<ref name="codebreaker">{{cite web | last1 = Copeland | first1 = Jack | last2 = Proudfoot | first2 = Diane | author-link = Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer | url = http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html | publisher = alanturing.net | date = May 2004 | access-date = 27 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070709065520/http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html | archive-date = 9 July 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

On 28 October they wrote directly to [[Winston Churchill]] explaining their difficulties, with Turing as the first named. They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the forces.<ref name=":0" /> As [[Andrew Hodges]], biographer of Turing, later wrote, "This letter had an electric effect."<ref name="Hodges 1983 221">{{Harvnb|Hodges|1983|p=221}}</ref> Churchill wrote a memo to [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|General Ismay]], which read: "ACTION THIS DAY. Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." On 18 November, the chief of the secret service reported that every possible measure was being taken.<ref name="Hodges 1983 221" /> The cryptographers at Bletchley Park did not know of the Prime Minister's response, but as Milner-Barry recalled, "All that we did notice was that almost from that day the rough ways began miraculously to be made smooth."<ref>Copeland, ''The Essential Turing'', [http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/turingletter.pdf pp. 336–337] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218142127/http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/turingletter.pdf |date=18 February 2015 }}.</ref> More than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.<ref name="codebreaker">{{cite web | last1 = Copeland | first1 = Jack | last2 = Proudfoot | first2 = Diane | author-link = Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer | url = http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html | publisher = alanturing.net | date = May 2004 | access-date = 27 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070709065520/http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html | archive-date = 9 July 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>

 

【最终版】10月28日，他们直接给温斯顿-丘吉尔写信，解释他们的困难，图灵是第一个。他们强调，与部队大量的人员和资金支出相比，他们的需求是多么的小，与他们能够提供给部队的援助水平相比也是如此。正如图灵的传记作者安德鲁-霍奇斯（Andrew Hodges）后来写道："这封信产生了一种电光火石的效果。" 丘吉尔给伊斯梅将军写了一份备忘录，其中写道。"今天采取行动。确保他们在极度优先的情况下拥有他们想要的一切，并向我报告这已经完成了。" 11月18日，特工处处长报告说，正在采取一切可能的措施。布莱切利公园的密码学家们并不知道首相的回应，但正如米尔纳-巴利所回忆的那样，"我们所注意到的是，几乎从那天起，崎岖的道路开始奇迹般地变得平坦了。到战争结束时，有两百多枚Bombe在运行。[[File:Turing-statue-Bletchley 14.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of Turing by [[Stephen Kettle]] at Bletchley Park, commissioned by [[Sidney Frank]], built from half a million pieces of Welsh slate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing |url=http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |access-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083823/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing-statue-Bletchley_14.jpg]]

 

10月28日，他们直接写信给温斯顿·丘吉尔解释他们的困难，首先提到的是图灵。她们强调，与军队花费的大量人力和财力相比，她们的需求是多么微不足道，与她们能够提供给军队的援助水平相比，她们的需求又是多么微不足道。正如图灵的传记作者安德鲁 · 霍奇斯后来写道: “这封信产生了电子效应。”丘吉尔给伊斯梅将军写了一份备忘录，上面写着: “今日行动。确保他们得到了他们想要的一切，并给我报告说已经完成了这项工作。”11月18日，特勤处处长报告说，正在采取一切可能的措施。Bletchley Park 的密码专家们并不知道首相的反应，但正如米尔纳-巴里回忆的那样，“我们所注意到的是，几乎从那天起，崎岖的道路奇迹般地变得平坦起来。“ Copeland，The Essential Turing，pp。336–337 .到战争结束时，已有两百多个解码器投入使用。

 

【最终版】10月28日，他们直接写信给温斯顿·丘吉尔，解释他们的困难，图灵是第一个。他们强调，与军队的巨大人力和资金支出相比，他们的需求是多么小，与他们能够提供给军队的援助水平相比。正如图灵的传记作者安德鲁·霍奇斯(Andrew Hodges)后来写道:“这封信有一种令人震惊的效果。”丘吉尔给伊斯梅将军写了一份备忘录，上面写道:“今天就行动起来。确保他们能优先得到他们想要的一切，并向我报告，这件事已经完成了。”11月18日，特勤局局长报告说，正在采取一切可能的措施。布莱切利公园的密码学家并不知道首相的反应，但据米尔纳-巴里回忆，“我们所注意到的是，几乎从那天起，崎岖的道路奇迹般地变得平坦了。”到战争结束时，有两百多个解码器投入使用。[[File:Turing-statue-Bletchley 14.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Statue of Turing by [[Stephen Kettle]] at Bletchley Park, commissioned by [[Sidney Frank]], built from half a million pieces of Welsh slate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing |url=http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |access-date=30 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630083823/http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075 |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Turing-statue-Bletchley_14.jpg]]

===Hut 8 and the naval Enigma8号营房和海军谜机===

===Hut 8 and the naval Enigma8号营房和海军谜机===

Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Naval Enigma|German naval Enigma]] "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval [[Enigma machine#Indicator|indicator]] system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.<ref name="MahonP14" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref>

Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma#German Naval Enigma|German naval Enigma]] "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".<ref name="MahonP14">{{Harvnb|Mahon|1945|p=14}}</ref> In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval [[Enigma machine#Indicator|indicator]] system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.<ref name="MahonP14" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Leavitt|2007|pp=184–186}}</ref>