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==Emergent properties and processes==

==涌现特性和涌现过程==

 

An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple [[wikt:entity|entities]] (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as [[interconnectivity]]. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying in V-formation gives best view for least effort |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11679-flying-in-v-formation-gives-best-view-for-least-effort/ |website=New Scientist |date=21 April 2007}}</ref> The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.

An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple [[wikt:entity|entities]] (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as [[interconnectivity]]. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying in V-formation gives best view for least effort |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11679-flying-in-v-formation-gives-best-view-for-least-effort/ |website=New Scientist |date=21 April 2007}}</ref> The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.

An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.

An emergent behavior or emergent property can appear when a number of simple entities (agents) operate in an environment, forming more complex behaviors as a collective. If emergence happens over disparate size scales, then the reason is usually a causal relation across different scales. In other words, there is often a form of top-down feedback in systems with emergent properties. The processes causing emergent properties may occur in either the observed or observing system, and are commonly identifiable by their patterns of accumulating change, generally called 'growth'. Emergent behaviours can occur because of intricate causal relations across different scales and feedback, known as interconnectivity. The emergent property itself may be either very predictable or unpredictable and unprecedented, and represent a new level of the system's evolution. The complex behaviour or properties are not a property of any single such entity, nor can they easily be predicted or deduced from behaviour in the lower-level entities, and might in fact be irreducible to such behavior. The shape and behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish are good examples of emergent properties.

当一些简单的实体(代理)在一个环境中运行时，可能会出现一个突发行为或突发属性，形成更复杂的集体行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度上的因果关系。换句话说，在具有紧急属性的系统中，通常存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。引起突发特性的过程可能发生在观察系统或观察系统中，并且通常可以通过累积变化的模式来识别，一般称为“增长”。突发行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度和反馈之间存在复杂的因果关系，这种关系被称为互联性。突现属性本身可能是非常可预测的或不可预测的和前所未有的，并代表了一个新的水平的系统的进化。复杂的行为或性质不是任何单一此类实体的性质，也不能轻易地从较低级别实体的行为中预测或推断出来，事实上可能不能还原为这种行为。鸟群或鱼群的形状和行为是突现特性的很好例子。

当一些简单的个体(主题)在一个环境中运动时，可能会出现涌现的行为或涌现特性，形成整体层面更复杂的行为。如果涌现发生在不同的尺度上，那么原因通常是不同尺度之间的因果关系。换句话说，涌现特性通常意味着在系统中通常存在一种自上而下的反馈形式。出现涌现特性的过程可能发生在观察系统之后或观察系统之中，并且通常可以通过累积变化所形成的模式来识别，这个出现涌现的过程一般称为“增长”。涌现行为之所以会出现，是因为不同尺度和反馈之间存在复杂的因果关系，这种关系被称为互联性。涌现特性本身既不是非常可预测的或不可预测的和前所未有的，而是代表系统进化的新层次。复杂的行为或性质不是任何单一此类实体的性质，也不能轻易地从较低级别实体的行为中预测或推断出来，事实上可能不能还原为这种行为。鸟群或鱼群的集体行为展现出的整体形状就可以看成是涌现特性的很好例子。

One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.

One reason emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between a system's components increases exponentially with the number of components, thus allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. Emergence is often a product of particular patterns of interaction. Negative feedback introduces constraints that serve to fix structures or behaviours. In contrast, positive feedback promotes change, allowing local variations to grow into global patterns. Another way in which interactions leads to emergent properties is dual-phase evolution. This occurs where interactions are applied intermittently, leading to two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed.

涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统组件之间的相互作用的数量随组件的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的和微妙的行为类型出现。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负面反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，积极的反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全球模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是双阶段进化。这发生在相互作用是间歇地应用，导致两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被改进或删除。

涌现行为难以预测的一个原因是，系统个体之间的相互作用的数量随个体的数量呈指数增长，从而允许许多新的微妙行为类型涌现出来。涌现通常是特定交互模式的产物。负反馈引入了有助于修复结构或行为的约束。相比之下，正反馈促进改变，允许局部变化发展成为全局模式。相互作用产生涌现特性的另一种方式是[[双相演化]]。这发生在相互作用是间歇地出现，导致两个阶段: 一个是模式的形成或增长，另一个是他们被改进或删除。

Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.

Unintended consequences and side effects are closely related to emergent properties. Luc Steels writes: "A component has a particular functionality but this is not recognizable as a subfunction of the global functionality. Instead a component implements a behaviour whose side effect contributes to the global functionality [...] Each behaviour has a side effect and the sum of the side effects gives the desired functionality". In other words, the global or macroscopic functionality of a system with "emergent functionality" is the sum of all "side effects", of all emergent properties and functionalities.

意外后果和副作用与突发特性密切相关。吕克斯蒂尔写道: “一个组件有一个特定的功能，但这不能识别为全局功能的子功能。相反，一个组件实现了一种行为，其副作用有助于实现全局功能[ ... ]每种行为都有副作用，副作用的总和就是所需的功能”。换句话说，具有“紧急功能”的系统的全局或宏观功能是所有“副作用”的总和，所有紧急属性和功能的总和。

意外后果和副作用与涌现特性密切相关。Luc Steels写道: “一个组件有一个特定的功能，但这不能识别为全局功能的子功能。相反，一个组件实现了一种行为，其副作用有助于实现全局功能[ ... ]每种行为都有副作用，副作用的总和就是所需的功能”。换句话说，具有“紧急功能”的系统的全局或宏观功能是所有“副作用”的总和，所有紧急属性和功能的总和。

Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.

Systems with emergent properties or emergent structures may appear to defy entropic principles and the second law of thermodynamics, because they form and increase order despite the lack of command and central control. This is possible because open systems can extract information and order out of the environment.

Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.

Emergence helps to explain why the fallacy of division is a fallacy.

 

 

 

 

 

==Emergent structures in nature 自然界中的涌现结构 嘉树领取啦==

==Emergent structures in nature 自然界中的涌现结构 嘉树领取啦==