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* “对系统和过程的研究，这些系统和过程与它们自身相互作用，并从它们自身产生。” -- '''Louis Kauffman'''<ref>CYBCON discusstion group 20 September 2007 18:15</ref>
* “对系统和过程的研究，这些系统和过程与它们自身相互作用，并从它们自身产生。” -- '''Louis Kauffman'''<ref>CYBCON discusstion group 20 September 2007 18:15</ref>
== Etymology ==
== 术语起源 Etymology ==
[[File:Ideal feedback model.svg|thumb|Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for [[negative feedback]].]]
[[File:Ideal feedback model.svg|thumb|Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for [[negative feedback]].]]
The term ''cybernetics'' stems from [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernḗtēs'') "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder". As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio. Duke University Press: 1991.</ref> French physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère]] first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay ''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'' to describe the science of civil government.<ref>[[H.S. Tsien]]. ''[[Engineering Cybernetics]]'', Preface vii. McGraw Hill, 1954.</ref> The term was used by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book ''[[Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine|Cybernetics]]'', to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term ''cybernetics'' does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field."<ref name="W1948" />
The term ''cybernetics'' stems from [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernḗtēs'') "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder". As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio. Duke University Press: 1991.</ref> French physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère]] first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay ''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'' to describe the science of civil government.<ref>[[H.S. Tsien]]. ''[[Engineering Cybernetics]]'', Preface vii. McGraw Hill, 1954.</ref> The term was used by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book ''[[Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine|Cybernetics]]'', to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term ''cybernetics'' does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field."<ref name="W1948" />
控制论这个术语源于κυβερνήτης (kybernḗtēs) ，意为“舵手、总督、驾驶员或方向舵”。就像古希腊的飞行员一样，思想的独立性在控制论中很重要<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio. Duke University Press: 1991.</ref>。法国物理学家和数学家'''安德烈-玛丽·安培 André-Marie Ampère'''在他1834年的文章《'''论科学的哲学 Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'''》中首次创造了“ cybernetique“这一词，用来描述文明政府的科学。'''诺伯特 · 维纳'''在《控制论》一书中用这个术语来定义研究动物和机器中的控制和通信。他在书中写道: “虽然控制论这个术语最早可以追溯到1947年夏天，但我们可以很容易发现这个词早于这个领域的发展“。<ref name="W1948" />
== History ==
== History ==