更改

自1958年开始，由'''Heinz von Foerster'''领导的伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校生物计算机实验室并不是唯一一个专注于控制论的研究机构，它是近20年来控制论研究的主要中心。

自1958年开始，由'''Heinz von Foerster'''领导的伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校生物计算机实验室并不是唯一一个专注于控制论的研究机构，它是近20年来控制论研究的主要中心。

===Split from artificial intelligence===

===从人工智能领域分离 Split from artificial intelligence===

[[Artificial intelligence]] (AI) was founded as a distinct discipline at the [[Dartmouth workshop]]. After some uneasy coexistence, AI gained funding and prominence. Consequently, cybernetic sciences such as the study of [[artificial neural network]]s were downplayed; the discipline shifted into the world of social sciences and therapy.<ref name="Cariani2010">{{cite journal |last=Cariani |first=Peter |title=On the importance of being emergent |journal=Constructivist Foundations |date=15 March 2010 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/5/2/086.cariani |accessdate=13 August 2012 |page=89 |quote = artificial intelligence was born at a conference at Dartmouth in 1956 that was organized by McCarthy, Minsky, rochester, and shannon, three years after the Macy conferences on cybernetics had ended (Boden 2006; McCorduck 1972). The two movements coexisted for roughly a de- cade, but by the mid-1960s, the proponents of symbolic ai gained control of national funding conduits and ruthlessly defunded cybernetics research. This effectively liquidated the subfields of self-organizing systems, neural networks and adaptive machines, evolutionary programming, biological computation, and bionics for several decades, leaving the workers in management, therapy and the social sciences to carry the torch. i think some of the polemical pushing-and-shoving between first-order control theorists and second-order crowds that i witnessed in subsequent decades was the cumulative result of a shift of funding, membership, and research from the "hard" natural sciences to "soft" socio-psychological interventions.}}</ref>

[[Artificial intelligence]] (AI) was founded as a distinct discipline at the [[Dartmouth workshop]]. After some uneasy coexistence, AI gained funding and prominence. Consequently, cybernetic sciences such as the study of [[artificial neural network]]s were downplayed; the discipline shifted into the world of social sciences and therapy.<ref name="Cariani2010">{{cite journal |last=Cariani |first=Peter |title=On the importance of being emergent |journal=Constructivist Foundations |date=15 March 2010 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/5/2/086.cariani |accessdate=13 August 2012 |page=89 |quote = artificial intelligence was born at a conference at Dartmouth in 1956 that was organized by McCarthy, Minsky, rochester, and shannon, three years after the Macy conferences on cybernetics had ended (Boden 2006; McCorduck 1972). The two movements coexisted for roughly a de- cade, but by the mid-1960s, the proponents of symbolic ai gained control of national funding conduits and ruthlessly defunded cybernetics research. This effectively liquidated the subfields of self-organizing systems, neural networks and adaptive machines, evolutionary programming, biological computation, and bionics for several decades, leaving the workers in management, therapy and the social sciences to carry the torch. i think some of the polemical pushing-and-shoving between first-order control theorists and second-order crowds that i witnessed in subsequent decades was the cumulative result of a shift of funding, membership, and research from the "hard" natural sciences to "soft" socio-psychological interventions.}}</ref>

Prominent cyberneticians during this period include [[Gregory Bateson]] and [[Axel Berg (cybernetician)|Aksel Berg]].

 

[[人工智能]](AI)是在达特茅斯研讨会上创立的一门学科。经过一段艰难的发展路程，人工智能获得了大量的关注。所以控制论和人工神经网络的研究一样被低估了<ref name="Cariani2010">{{cite journal |last=Cariani |first=Peter |title=On the importance of being emergent |journal=Constructivist Foundations |date=15 March 2010 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/5/2/086.cariani |accessdate=13 August 2012 |page=89 |quote = artificial intelligence was born at a conference at Dartmouth in 1956 that was organized by McCarthy, Minsky, rochester, and shannon, three years after the Macy conferences on cybernetics had ended (Boden 2006; McCorduck 1972). The two movements coexisted for roughly a de- cade, but by the mid-1960s, the proponents of symbolic ai gained control of national funding conduits and ruthlessly defunded cybernetics research. This effectively liquidated the subfields of self-organizing systems, neural networks and adaptive machines, evolutionary programming, biological computation, and bionics for several decades, leaving the workers in management, therapy and the social sciences to carry the torch. i think some of the polemical pushing-and-shoving between first-order control theorists and second-order crowds that i witnessed in subsequent decades was the cumulative result of a shift of funding, membership, and research from the "hard" natural sciences to "soft" socio-psychological interventions.}}</ref>。

=== New cybernetics ===

=== New cybernetics ===