150
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第322行：
第322行： − − ===In art=== − [[Nicolas Schöffer]]'s ''CYSP I'' (1956) was perhaps the first artwork to explicitly employ cybernetic principles (CYSP is an acronym that joins the first two letters of the words "CYbernetic" and "SPatiodynamic").<ref>{{cite web|title=CYSP I, the first cybernetic sculpture of art's history|url=http://www.olats.org/schoffer/cyspe.htm|publisher=Leonardo/OLATS - Observatoire Leonardo des arts et des technosciences}}</ref> − The prominent and influential [[Cybernetic Serendipity]] exhibition was held at the [[Institute of Contemporary Arts]] in 1968 curated by [[Jasia Reichardt]], including Schöffer's ''CYSP I'' and Gordon Pask's ''Colloquy of Mobiles'' installation. Pask's reflections on ''Colloquy'' connected it to his earlier ''Musicolour'' installation and to what he termed "aesthetically potent environments", a concept that connected this artistic work to his concerns with teaching and learning.<ref>Pask, G. (1971). A comment, a case history and a plan. In J. Reichardt (Ed.), Cybernetics, art and ideas (pp. 76-99). London: Studio Vista. Fernandez, M. (2009). “Aesthetically-Potent Environments” or How Pask Detourned Instrumental Cybernetics. In P. Brown, C. Gere, N. Lambert & C. Mason (Eds.), White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960-1980 Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</ref> − The artist [[Roy Ascott]] elaborated an extensive theory of cybernetic art in "Behaviourist Art and the Cybernetic Vision" (''Cybernetica'', Journal of the International Association for Cybernetics (Namur), Volume IX, No.4, 1966; Volume X No.1, 1967) and in "The Cybernetic Stance: My Process and Purpose" (''Leonardo'' Vol 1, No 2, 1968). Art historian [[Edward A. Shanken]] has written about the history of art and cybernetics in essays including "Cybernetics and Art: Cultural Convergence in the 1960s"<ref>[http://www.artexetra.com//CyberneticsArtCultConv.pdf Cybernetics and Art: Cultural Convergence in the 1960s]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=From Energy to Information: Representation in Science, Technology, Art, and Literature |year=2002 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA |pages=255–277 |editor=Bruce Clarke |editor2=[[Linda Dalrymple Henderson]] }}</ref> and ''From Cybernetics to Telematics: The Art, Pedagogy, and Theory of Roy Ascott'' (2003),<ref>{{cite book|last=Ascott|first=Roy|title=Telematic Embrace: Visionary Theories of Art, Technology, and Consciousness|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|editor=Edward A. Shanken}}</ref> which traces the trajectory of Ascott's work from cybernetic art to [[telematic art]] (art using computer networking as its medium, a precursor to [[net.art]].) − * Telematic art − * [[Interactive art]] − * [[Systems art]] − − ===In architecture and design=== − Cybernetics was an influence on thinking in architecture and design in the decades after the Second World War. Ashby and Pask were drawn on by design theorists such as [[Horst Rittel]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Thomas|last1=Fischer|first2=Laurence D.|last2=Richards|title=From Goal-Oriented to Constraint-Oriented Design: The Cybernetic Intersection of Design Theory and Systems Theory|journal=Leonardo|date=2014-06-09|issn=0024-094X|pages=36–41|volume=50|issue=1|doi=10.1162/leon_a_00862|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1001054}}</ref> [[Christopher Alexander]]<ref>Upitis, A. (2013). Alexander's Choice: How Architecture avoided Computer Aided Design c. 1962. In A. Dutta (Ed.), A Second Modernism: MIT, Architecture, and the 'Techno-Social' Moment (pp. 474-505). Cambridge, Massachusetts: SA+P Press.</ref> and [[Bruce Archer]].<ref>Boyd Davis, S., & Gristwood, S. (2016). The Structure of Design Processes: Ideal and Reality in Bruce Archer’s 1968 Doctoral Thesis. In Proceedings of DRS 2016, Design Research Society 50th Anniversary Conference, Brighton, UK. 27–30 June 2016. Retrieved from http://www.drs2016.org/240/</ref> Pask was a consultant to [[Nicholas Negroponte|Nicholas Negroponte's]] [[Architecture Machine Group]], forerunner of the [[MIT Media Lab]], and collaborated with architect [[Cedric Price]] and theatre director [[Joan Littlewood]] on the influential [[Fun Palace]] project during the 1960s.<ref>Mathews, S. (2007). From Agit-Prop to Free Space: The Architecture of Cedric Price. London: Black Dog. Isabelle Doucet (University of Manchester, UK), Samantha Hardingham (Architectural Association, London, UK), Tanja Herdt (TU Munich, Germany), Jim Njoo (École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Paris-La Villette, France), Ben Sweeting (University of Brighton, UK). [https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/events/40500/an-afternoon-with-cedric-price-no-1 An Afternoon with Cedric Price no. 1, CCA c/o Lisboa]. Panel discussion moderated by Kim Förster, CCA Associate Director, Research. Organised by the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal and Artéria, Lisbon. Held at Barbas Lopes Arquitectos. Part of the Lisbon Architecture Triennale 2016. 22 October 2016.</ref> Pask's 1950s Musicolour installation was the inspiration for John and Julia Frazer's work on Price's Generator project.<ref>Furtado Cardoso Lopes, G. M. (2008). Cedric Price's Generator and the Frazers' systems research. Technoetic Arts, 6(1), 55-72. {{doi|10.1386/tear.6.1.55_1}}</ref> There has been a resurgence of interest in cybernetics and [[Systemic design|systems thinking]] amongst designers in recent decades, in relation to developments in technology and increasingly complex design challenges.<ref>Glanville, R. (Ed.). (2007). Cybernetics and design. Special double issue of Kybernetes, 36(9/10); Jones, P. H. (2014). Systemic Design Principles for Complex Social Systems. In G. Metcalf (Ed.), Social Systems and Design (pp. 91-128). Tokyo: Springer.</ref> Figures such as [[Klaus Krippendorff]], [[Paul Pangaro]] and [[Ranulph Glanville]] have made significant contributions to both cybernetics and design research. The connections between the two fields have come to be understood less in terms of application and more as reflections of each other.<ref>Glanville, R. (2007). Try again. Fail again. Fail better: The cybernetics in design and the design in cybernetics. Kybernetes, 36(9/10), 1173-1206. {{doi|10.1108/03684920710827238}}; Glanville, R. (2014). How Design and Cybernetics Reflect Each Other. In B. Sevaldson & P. H. Jones (Eds.), Proceedings of Third Symposium of Relating Systems Thinking to Design, Oslo, Norway. October 15–17, 2014. Sweeting, B. (2016). [http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/11/3/572.sweeting Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice]. Constructivist Foundations, 11(3), 572-579.</ref> 第339行：
第328行： − + − + + + 第354行：
第345行： + + + + + + + + + + + + +
→领域细分 Subdivisions of the field
* 社会学网络
* 社会学网络
* 影响控制论
* 影响控制论
===地球系统科学领域 In Earth system science===
===地球系统科学领域 In Earth system science===
地磁论研究的目的是研究和控制生态圈和人类圈的复杂共同演化过程<ref name="Schellnhuber (1998)">Schellnhuber, H.-J., Discourse: Earth system analysis - The scope of the challenge, pp. 3-195. In: Schellnhuber, H.-J. and Wenzel, V. (Eds.). 1998. Earth system analysis: Integrating science for sustainability. Berlin: Springer.</ref>，从而解决全球变暖等问题。地磁学将动力学系统的观点应用于地球系统分析。它提供了一个理论框架，用于研究以下可持续性范式对行星社会生态系统共同进化轨迹的影响，以揭示该系统中的吸引子，其稳定性，适应性和可及性。
地磁论研究的目的是研究和控制生态圈和人类圈的复杂共同演化过程<ref name="Schellnhuber (1998)">Schellnhuber, H.-J., Discourse: Earth system analysis - The scope of the challenge, pp. 3-195. In: Schellnhuber, H.-J. and Wenzel, V. (Eds.). 1998. Earth system analysis: Integrating science for sustainability. Berlin: Springer.</ref>，从而解决全球变暖等问题。地磁学将动力学系统的观点应用于地球系统分析。它提供了一个理论框架，用于研究以下可持续性范式对行星社会生态系统共同进化轨迹的影响，以揭示该系统中的吸引子，其稳定性，适应性和可及性。
=== In sport ===
===体育领域 In sport ===
A model of cybernetics in Sport was introduced by Yuri Verkhoshansky and Mel C. Siff in 1999 in their book ''Supertraining''.
A model of cybernetics in Sport was introduced by Yuri Verkhoshansky and Mel C. Siff in 1999 in their book ''Supertraining''.
=== In law ===
'''Yuri Verkhoshansky'''和'''Mel C. Siff'''在1999年的“ Supertraining”一书中引入了运动控制论模型。
===法学领域 In law ===
As a form of regulation, cybernetics has been always close to [[law]], specially in [[regulation]] and [[legal science]]s, through the next topics:
As a form of regulation, cybernetics has been always close to [[law]], specially in [[regulation]] and [[legal science]]s, through the next topics:
* [[Organization]]s and [[superorganism]]s
* [[Organization]]s and [[superorganism]]s
* [[Consensus]] systems
* [[Consensus]] systems
* [[Metagovernment]]
* [[Metagovernment]]
作为调控的一种形式，控制论一直是法学中的接近法，特别是在监管和法律科学领域：
* 组织和超生物
* 本体论，逻辑与人工智能
* 复杂的自适应系统
* 智能合约
* 控制系统
* 控制论的自组织
* 网络伦理
* 规例
* 共识系统
* 超级政府
==Related fields==
==Related fields==