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第177行：
第177行： − + 第183行：
第183行： − 计算社会学，和其他研究领域一样，面临着一系列的挑战。必须有意义地处理这些挑战，以便对社会产生最大的影响。+ − + 第193行：
第193行： − 形成的每个社会都倾向于处于一个或另一个层次，并且在这些层次之间和之间存在着相互作用的倾向。级别不仅需要是微观或宏观性质。一个社会可以存在一个中间层次，比如群体、网络、社区等等。+ 第201行：
第201行： − 然而，问题是如何确定这些水平以及它们是如何产生的？一旦它们存在，它们如何在自身内部以及与其他层面相互作用？+ 第209行：
第209行： − 如果我们把实体(代理人)看作节点，把它们之间的连接看作边，我们就看到了网络的形成。这些网络中的连接并非基于实体之间的公正客观关系，而是由参与实体选择的因素决定的。这个过程的挑战在于，很难确定一组实体何时形成网络。这些网络可以是信任网络、合作网络、依赖网络等。在一些情况下，异质的实体集在它们之间形成了强大而有意义的网络。+ 第217行：
第217行： − 正如前面所讨论的，社会分为个级别，在这样的一个级别中，个人级别，微观-宏观联系指的是创造更高级别的相互作用。有一组问题，需要回答这些微观宏观链接。它们是如何形成的？它们什么时候会聚？什么样的反馈被推到了较低的层次，他们是如何被推动的？+ 第225行：
第225行： − 这一类别的另一个主要挑战涉及信息的有效性及其来源。近年来，信息收集和处理蓬勃发展。然而，人们很少注意到社会之间虚假信息的传播。追溯资料来源并找到这些资料的所有权是困难的。+ − + 第235行：
第235行： − 社会网络和层次的演变带来了文化的多样性。然而，有一种想法产生了，那就是，当人们倾向于相互作用，变得更能接受其他文化和信仰时，为什么多样性仍然存在？为什么没有趋同？一个主要的挑战是如何为这些多样性建立模型。是否存在大众传媒、社会地域性等外部因素。影响文化多样性的进化或持续？+ − + 第245行：
第245行： − 任何与实验结合的研究或建模都需要能够解决所提出的问题。计算社会科学处理大规模的数据和挑战变得更加明显的规模增长。如何设计一个大规模的信息模拟？即使提出了一个大规模的模拟，评估应该如何进行？+ 第284行：
第284行： − −
→Challenges： 翻译1
/ 参考
/ 参考
==Challenges==
==Challenges 挑战==
Computational sociology, as with any field of study, faces a set of challenges.<ref name="MCSS">Conte, Rosaria, et al. "[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%252Fepjst%252Fe2012-01697-8.pdf Manifesto of computational social science]." The European Physical Journal Special Topics 214.1 (2012): 325-346.</ref> These challenges need to be handled meaningfully so as to make the maximum impact on society.
Computational sociology, as with any field of study, faces a set of challenges.<ref name="MCSS">Conte, Rosaria, et al. "[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%252Fepjst%252Fe2012-01697-8.pdf Manifesto of computational social science]." The European Physical Journal Special Topics 214.1 (2012): 325-346.</ref> These challenges need to be handled meaningfully so as to make the maximum impact on society.
Computational sociology, as with any field of study, faces a set of challenges. These challenges need to be handled meaningfully so as to make the maximum impact on society.
Computational sociology, as with any field of study, faces a set of challenges. These challenges need to be handled meaningfully so as to make the maximum impact on society.
计算社会学和其他研究领域一样面临着一系列的挑战。必须有意义地处理这些挑战（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） meaningfully怎么翻译才比较通顺？），以便对社会产生最大的影响。
===Levels and their interactions===
===Levels and their interactions 层级和层级的交互关系===
Each society that is formed tends to be in one level or the other and there exists tendencies of interactions between and across these levels. Levels need not only be micro-level or macro-level in nature. There can be intermediate levels in which a society exists say - groups, networks, communities etc.<ref name="MCSS" />
Each society that is formed tends to be in one level or the other and there exists tendencies of interactions between and across these levels. Levels need not only be micro-level or macro-level in nature. There can be intermediate levels in which a society exists say - groups, networks, communities etc.<ref name="MCSS" />
Each society that is formed tends to be in one level or the other and there exists tendencies of interactions between and across these levels. Levels need not only be micro-level or macro-level in nature. There can be intermediate levels in which a society exists say - groups, networks, communities etc.
Each society that is formed tends to be in one level or the other and there exists tendencies of interactions between and across these levels. Levels need not only be micro-level or macro-level in nature. There can be intermediate levels in which a society exists say - groups, networks, communities etc.
形成的每个社会都处于某种层次上，并且这些层次之间有相互作用的倾向。社会中的级别不仅可以分为微观或宏观的层次，还可以存在中间的层次，比如群体、网络、社区等。（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） 合并了英文的原句）
The question however arises as to how to identify these levels and how they come into existence? And once they are in existence how do they interact within themselves and with other levels?
The question however arises as to how to identify these levels and how they come into existence? And once they are in existence how do they interact within themselves and with other levels?
然而，问题是如何确定这些层次，以及这些层次是如何产生的？并且，一旦它们产生了，它们如何在自身内部以及与其他层次相互作用？
If we view entities (agents) as nodes and the connections between them as the edges, we see the formation of networks. The connections in these networks do not come about based on just objective relationships between the entities, rather they are decided upon by factors chosen by the participating entities. The challenge with this process is that, it is difficult to identify when a set of entities will form a network. These networks may be of trust networks, co-operation networks, dependence networks etc. There have been cases where heterogeneous set of entities have shown to form strong and meaningful networks among themselves.
If we view entities (agents) as nodes and the connections between them as the edges, we see the formation of networks. The connections in these networks do not come about based on just objective relationships between the entities, rather they are decided upon by factors chosen by the participating entities. The challenge with this process is that, it is difficult to identify when a set of entities will form a network. These networks may be of trust networks, co-operation networks, dependence networks etc. There have been cases where heterogeneous set of entities have shown to form strong and meaningful networks among themselves.
如果我们把'''实体 Entities'''（'''主体 Agents'''）看作节点，把它们之间的连接看作边，我们就看到了网络的形成。这些网络中的连接并非只是基于实体之间的客观关系，而是由实体选择的因素决定的。这个过程的困难之处在于，很难确定一组实体何时形成网络。这些网络可以是信任网络、合作网络、依赖网络等。在一些情况下，异质的实体集在它们之间形成了强大而有意义的网络。
As discussed previously, societies fall into levels and in one such level, the individual level, a micro-macro link refers to the interactions which create higher-levels. There are a set of questions that needs to be answered regarding these Micro-Macro links. How they are formed? When do they converge? What is the feedback pushed to the lower levels and how are they pushed?
As discussed previously, societies fall into levels and in one such level, the individual level, a micro-macro link refers to the interactions which create higher-levels. There are a set of questions that needs to be answered regarding these Micro-Macro links. How they are formed? When do they converge? What is the feedback pushed to the lower levels and how are they pushed?
====正如前面所讨论的，社会分为不同层次，在这样的一个级别中，个人级别，微观-宏观联系指的是创造更高级别的相互作用。有一组问题，需要回答这些微观宏观链接。它们是如何形成的？它们什么时候汇聚？什么样的反馈被推到了较低的层次，他们是如何被推动的？====
Another major challenge in this category concerns the validity of information and their sources. In recent years there has been a boom in information gathering and processing. However, little attention was paid to the spread of false information between the societies. Tracing back the sources and finding ownership of such information is difficult.
Another major challenge in this category concerns the validity of information and their sources. In recent years there has been a boom in information gathering and processing. However, little attention was paid to the spread of false information between the societies. Tracing back the sources and finding ownership of such information is difficult.
这一分类的另一个主要挑战涉及信息的有效性及其来源。近年来，信息收集和处理蓬勃发展。然而，人们很少注意到社会之间虚假信息的传播。追溯资料来源并找到这些资料的所有者是很困难的。
===Culture modeling===
===Culture modeling 文化建模===
The evolution of the networks and levels in the society brings about cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Centola|first1=D.|last2=Gonz´alez-Avella|first2=J. C.|last3=Egu´ıluz|first3=V. M.|last4=San Miguel|first4=M.|title=Journal of Conflict Resolution|issue=2007|pages=51}}</ref> A thought which arises however is that, when people tend to interact and become more accepting of other cultures and beliefs, how is it that diversity still persists? Why is there no convergence? A major challenge is how to model these diversities. Are there external factors like mass media, locality of societies etc. which influence the evolution or persistence of cultural diversities?{{Citation needed|reason=Sounds just like personal thoughts|date=May 2017}}
The evolution of the networks and levels in the society brings about cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Centola|first1=D.|last2=Gonz´alez-Avella|first2=J. C.|last3=Egu´ıluz|first3=V. M.|last4=San Miguel|first4=M.|title=Journal of Conflict Resolution|issue=2007|pages=51}}</ref> A thought which arises however is that, when people tend to interact and become more accepting of other cultures and beliefs, how is it that diversity still persists? Why is there no convergence? A major challenge is how to model these diversities. Are there external factors like mass media, locality of societies etc. which influence the evolution or persistence of cultural diversities?{{Citation needed|reason=Sounds just like personal thoughts|date=May 2017}}
The evolution of the networks and levels in the society brings about cultural diversity. A thought which arises however is that, when people tend to interact and become more accepting of other cultures and beliefs, how is it that diversity still persists? Why is there no convergence? A major challenge is how to model these diversities. Are there external factors like mass media, locality of societies etc. which influence the evolution or persistence of cultural diversities?
The evolution of the networks and levels in the society brings about cultural diversity. A thought which arises however is that, when people tend to interact and become more accepting of other cultures and beliefs, how is it that diversity still persists? Why is there no convergence? A major challenge is how to model these diversities. Are there external factors like mass media, locality of societies etc. which influence the evolution or persistence of cultural diversities?
社会网络和层次的演变带来了文化的多样性。然而人们会想，当人们倾向于相互作用，变得更能接受其他文化和信仰时，为什么多样性仍然存在？为什么人们没有趋同？一个主要的挑战是如何为这些多样性建立模型。是否存在大众传媒、社会地域性等外部因素，这些因素影响文化多样性的演化或保持？
===Experimentation and evaluation===
===Experimentation and evaluation 实验和评估===
Any study or modelling when combined with experimentation needs to be able to address the questions being asked. [[Computational social science]] deals with large scale data and the challenge becomes much more evident as the scale grows. How would one design informative simulations on a large scale? And even if a large scale simulation is brought up, how is the evaluation supposed to be performed?
Any study or modelling when combined with experimentation needs to be able to address the questions being asked. [[Computational social science]] deals with large scale data and the challenge becomes much more evident as the scale grows. How would one design informative simulations on a large scale? And even if a large scale simulation is brought up, how is the evaluation supposed to be performed?
Any study or modelling when combined with experimentation needs to be able to address the questions being asked. Computational social science deals with large scale data and the challenge becomes much more evident as the scale grows. How would one design informative simulations on a large scale? And even if a large scale simulation is brought up, how is the evaluation supposed to be performed?
Any study or modelling when combined with experimentation needs to be able to address the questions being asked. Computational social science deals with large scale data and the challenge becomes much more evident as the scale grows. How would one design informative simulations on a large scale? And even if a large scale simulation is brought up, how is the evaluation supposed to be performed?
任何与实验结合的研究或建模都需要能够解决所提出的问题。计算社会科学处理大规模数据，并且数据规模越大建模的挑战就越明显。如何在一个大规模的数据集里设计信息仿真模型？并且，即使提出了一个大规模的仿真模型，应该如何对它进行评估？
集成简单的模型在单个任务中表现更好，形成混合模型是一种可以考虑的方法。这些模型可以提供更好的性能和对数据的理解。然而，当需要提出一个组合的、性能良好的模型时，识别并深入理解这些简单模型之间的相互作用的权衡就出现了。此外，开发工具和应用程序来帮助分析和可视化基于这些混合模型的数据是另一个额外的挑战。
集成简单的模型在单个任务中表现更好，形成混合模型是一种可以考虑的方法。这些模型可以提供更好的性能和对数据的理解。然而，当需要提出一个组合的、性能良好的模型时，识别并深入理解这些简单模型之间的相互作用的权衡就出现了。此外，开发工具和应用程序来帮助分析和可视化基于这些混合模型的数据是另一个额外的挑战。
==Impact==
==Impact==