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'''Cybernetics''' is a [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref> approach for exploring regulatory [[systems]]—their [[structure]]s, constraints, and possibilities. [[Norbert Wiener]] defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

'''Cybernetics''' is a [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref> approach for exploring regulatory [[systems]]—their [[structure]]s, constraints, and possibilities. [[Norbert Wiener]] defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

'''控制论 Cybernetics'''是探索调节系统的跨学科研究<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref>，用于研究控制系统的结构、局限和发展。'''诺伯特·维纳 Norbert Wiener'''在1948年将控制论定义为“对动物和机器中的控制与通信的科学研究。<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>。换句话说，这是关于人、动物和机器之间如何进行互相控制和通信的研究。

'''控制论 Cybernetics'''是探索调节系统的跨学科研究<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref>，用于研究控制系统的结构、局限和发展。'''诺伯特·维纳 Norbert Wiener'''在1948年将控制论定义为“对动物和机器中的控制与通信的科学研究“。<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>。换句话说，这是关于人、动物和机器之间如何进行互相控制和通信的研究。

Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner ([[feedback]]) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and [[social systems]]. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, [[causality|causal chains]] that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> Cybernetics includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]].

Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner ([[feedback]]) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and [[social systems]]. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, [[causality|causal chains]] that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> Cybernetics includes the study of [[feedback]], [[black box]]es and derived concepts such as [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]] in [[life|living organisms]], [[machine]]s and [[organization]]s including [[self-organization]].

当所分析的系统包含一个封闭的信号回路（起初称之为“循环因果”关系）时，即当系统的行为（action）在其环境（environment）中发生某些变化，并且该变化会以某种方式（'''反馈 feedback'''）体现在系统中，即触发系统发生改变。控制论余机械、物理、生物、认知和社会系统等都有关。广义上，控制论领域的基本目标是理解和定义具有目标并参与循环因果链的系统，这些系统参与了循环因果链，从行为到感知，然后和预期的目标进行比较，由再次回到行为（可见控制系统反馈原理图）。控制论主要关注的是事物（可以是数字的、机械的或者生物的事物）如何处理信息，对信息作出反应，以及如何改变或者被改变来更好的完成感知和控制任务<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> 。控制论的研究范围包括反馈、黑匣子和其衍生概念，比如有机生命体、机器和自组织内部通信与控制。

当所分析的系统包含一个封闭的信号回路（起初称之为“循环因果”关系）时，即当系统的行为（action）在其环境（environment）中发生某些变化，并且该变化会以某种方式（'''反馈 feedback'''）体现在系统中，即触发系统发生改变。控制论与机械、物理、生物、认知和社会系统等都有关。广义上，控制论领域的基本目标是理解和定义具有目标并参与循环因果链的系统，这些系统参与了循环因果链，从行为到感知，然后和预期的目标进行比较，由再次回到行为（可见控制系统反馈原理图）。控制论主要关注的是事物（可以是数字的、机械的或者生物的事物）如何处理信息，对信息作出反应，以及如何改变或者被改变来更好的完成感知和控制任务<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book |last = Kelly |first = Kevin |title = Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world |publisher = Addison-Wesley |location = Boston |year = 1994 |pages =  |isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6 |oclc = 221860672 |url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolnewb00kell }}</ref> 。控制论的研究范围包括反馈、黑匣子和其衍生概念，比如有机生命体、机器和自组织内部通信与控制。

Concepts studied by [[cyberneticist]]s include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaptation]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]], [[communication]], [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]], [[efficacy]], and [[Interconnectivity|connectivity]]. In cybernetics these concepts (otherwise already objects of study in other disciplines such as [[biology]] and [[engineering]]) are abstracted from the context of the specific [[organism]] or [[machine|device]].

Concepts studied by [[cyberneticist]]s include, but are not limited to: [[learning]], [[cognition]], [[adaptation]], [[social control]], [[emergence]], [[Technological convergence|convergence]], [[communication]], [[Efficient energy use|efficiency]], [[efficacy]], and [[Interconnectivity|connectivity]]. In cybernetics these concepts (otherwise already objects of study in other disciplines such as [[biology]] and [[engineering]]) are abstracted from the context of the specific [[organism]] or [[machine|device]].

控制论领域的研究人员所研究的概念包括但不限于: 学习、认知、适应、社会控制、涌现、聚合、通信、效率、效能和连通性。在控制论中，这些概念(在其他学科如生物学和工程学中已经是研究对象)是从特定的有机体或设备的特定语境中抽象出来的。

控制论领域的研究人员所研究的概念包括但不限于: 学习、认知、适应、社会控制、涌现、聚合、通信、效率、效能和连通性。

   --[[用户:ZQ]]（[[用户讨论:ZQ|讨论]]）这里有好多是复杂性科学领域里面的专有名词，好像有些需要直接给内链。

   --[[用户:ZQ]]（[[用户讨论:ZQ|讨论]]）这里有好多是复杂性科学领域里面的专有名词，好像有些需要直接给内链。

The word ''cybernetics'' comes from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] κυβερνητική (''kybernētikḗ''), meaning "governance", i.e., all that are pertinent to κυβερνάω (''kybernáō''), the latter meaning "to steer, navigate or govern", hence κυβέρνησις (''kybérnēsis''), meaning "government", is the government while κυβερνήτης (''kybernḗtēs'') is the governor or "helmperson" of the "ship". Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control systems]], [[circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[neuroscience]], [[anthropology]], and [[psychology]] in the 1940s, often attributed to the [[Macy Conferences]]. During the second half of the 20th century cybernetics evolved in ways that distinguish first-order cybernetics (about observed systems) from [[second-order cybernetics]] (about observing systems).<ref name="HvF1981">Heinz von Foerster (1981), 'Observing Systems", Intersystems Publications, Seaside, CA.  {{OCLC|263576422}}</ref> More recently there is talk about a third-order cybernetics (doing in ways that embraces first and second-order).<ref name="3rd--order cybernetics">{{cite journal |last=Kenny|first=Vincent |title=There's Nothing Like the Real Thing". Revisiting the Need for a Third-Order Cybernetics |journal=Constructivist Foundations|date=15 March 2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=100–111 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/4/2/100.kenny |accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>

The word ''cybernetics'' comes from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] κυβερνητική (''kybernētikḗ''), meaning "governance", i.e., all that are pertinent to κυβερνάω (''kybernáō''), the latter meaning "to steer, navigate or govern", hence κυβέρνησις (''kybérnēsis''), meaning "government", is the government while κυβερνήτης (''kybernḗtēs'') is the governor or "helmperson" of the "ship". Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of [[control systems]], [[circuit theory|electrical network theory]], [[mechanical engineering]], [[logic modeling]], [[evolutionary biology]], [[neuroscience]], [[anthropology]], and [[psychology]] in the 1940s, often attributed to the [[Macy Conferences]]. During the second half of the 20th century cybernetics evolved in ways that distinguish first-order cybernetics (about observed systems) from [[second-order cybernetics]] (about observing systems).<ref name="HvF1981">Heinz von Foerster (1981), 'Observing Systems", Intersystems Publications, Seaside, CA.  {{OCLC|263576422}}</ref> More recently there is talk about a third-order cybernetics (doing in ways that embraces first and second-order).<ref name="3rd--order cybernetics">{{cite journal |last=Kenny|first=Vincent |title=There's Nothing Like the Real Thing". Revisiting the Need for a Third-Order Cybernetics |journal=Constructivist Foundations|date=15 March 2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=100–111 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/4/2/100.kenny |accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>

控制论一词来自于希腊语κυβερνητική (kybernētikḗ)，意为“治理”，同时也有“转向、导航或者管辖”的意味。20世纪40年代，控制论作为跨学科的起始，将控制系统、网络理论、机械工程、逻辑模型、进化生物学、神经科学、人类学和心理学等领域联系起来，这归咎于著名的梅西会议（编者注：梅西会议 Macy Conference，是1946到1953年之间的控制论会议，这是最早的跨学科研究组织，在系统理论、控制论和认知科学领域都有着众多的突破）。20世纪下半叶，控制论以一种区分一阶控制论（关于观测系统）和二阶控制论（关于观测系统）的方式发展<ref name="HvF1981">Heinz von Foerster (1981), 'Observing Systems", Intersystems Publications, Seaside, CA.  {{OCLC|263576422}}</ref> 。近年来，更多的研究集中在三阶控制理论（包含了一阶和二阶）<ref name="3rd--order cybernetics">{{cite journal |last=Kenny|first=Vincent |title=There's Nothing Like the Real Thing". Revisiting the Need for a Third-Order Cybernetics |journal=Constructivist Foundations|date=15 March 2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=100–111 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/4/2/100.kenny |accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>。

控制论一词来自于希腊语κυβερνητική (kybernētikḗ)，意为“治理”，同时也有“转向、导航或者管辖”的意思。20世纪40年代，控制论作为跨学科的起始，将控制系统、网络理论、机械工程、逻辑模型、进化生物学、神经科学、人类学和心理学等领域联系起来，这归咎于著名的梅西会议（编者注：'''梅西会议 Macy Conference'''，是1946到1953年之间的控制论会议，这是最早的跨学科研究组织，在系统理论、控制论和认知科学领域都有着众多的突破）。20世纪下半叶，控制论以一种区分一阶控制论和二阶控制论的方式发展<ref name="HvF1981">Heinz von Foerster (1981), 'Observing Systems", Intersystems Publications, Seaside, CA.  {{OCLC|263576422}}</ref> 。近年来，更多的研究集中在三阶控制理论（包含了一阶和二阶）<ref name="3rd--order cybernetics">{{cite journal |last=Kenny|first=Vincent |title=There's Nothing Like the Real Thing". Revisiting the Need for a Third-Order Cybernetics |journal=Constructivist Foundations|date=15 March 2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=100–111 |url = http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/journal/4/2/100.kenny |accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>。

Studies in cybernetics provide a means for examining the design and function of any system, including social systems such as business management and organizational learning, including for the purpose of making them more [[efficiency|efficient]] and [[effective]]. Fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include [[game theory]], [[system theory]] (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), [[perceptual control theory]], [[sociology]], psychology (especially [[neuropsychology]], [[behavioral psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]]), [[philosophy]], [[architecture]], and [[organizational theory]].<ref>Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref> [[System dynamics]], originated with applications of [[electrical engineering]] [[control theory]] to other kinds of [[Simulation modeling|simulation model]]s (especially business systems) by [[Jay Forrester]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in the 1950s, is a related field.

Studies in cybernetics provide a means for examining the design and function of any system, including social systems such as business management and organizational learning, including for the purpose of making them more [[efficiency|efficient]] and [[effective]]. Fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include [[game theory]], [[system theory]] (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), [[perceptual control theory]], [[sociology]], psychology (especially [[neuropsychology]], [[behavioral psychology]], [[cognitive psychology]]), [[philosophy]], [[architecture]], and [[organizational theory]].<ref>Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref> [[System dynamics]], originated with applications of [[electrical engineering]] [[control theory]] to other kinds of [[Simulation modeling|simulation model]]s (especially business systems) by [[Jay Forrester]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] in the 1950s, is a related field.

控制论研究提供了衡量系统的设计和功能的方法，包括商务管理和学习组织之类的社会系统，目的在于使其运行更加高效和有效。受控制论影响的研究领域包括博弈论，系统论（与控制论数学相对），感知控制论，社会学，心理学（尤其是神经心理学，行为心理学，认知心理学），哲学，建筑学和组织理论<ref>Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref>。而由'''福瑞斯特 Jay Forrester'''在20世纪50年代开创的系统动力学是控制论的相关领域，系统动力学的研究起源于电气控制工程和其他工程业务的仿真模型系统。

控制论研究提供了衡量系统设计和功能的方法，包括商务管理和学习组织之类的社会系统，目的在于使其运行更加高效和有效。受控制论影响的研究领域包括博弈论，系统论，感知控制论，社会学，心理学（尤其是神经心理学，行为心理学，认知心理学），哲学，建筑学和组织理论<ref>Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".</ref>。而由'''福瑞斯特 Jay Forrester'''在20世纪50年代开创的系统动力学是控制论的相关领域，系统动力学的研究起源于电气控制工程和其他工程业务的仿真模型系统。

== Definitions ==

== Definitions ==

第一个人工自动调节系统是一个水钟，由机械师'''Ktesibios'''发明，该发明基于一个水箱，把水倒入水库，用来驱动该机器，它使用一个锥形浮子监测水库的水位，并相应地调整水流速度，以保持水库中的水位不变。这是第一个人工的真正自动的自我调节装置，即不需要外界干预的反馈和控制。尽管大家认为这是工程学的一部分(控制论这个术语出现的很晚) ，但Ktesibios和其合作者被认为是最早研究控制论的人。

第一个人工自动调节系统是一个水钟，由机械师'''Ktesibios'''发明，该发明基于一个水箱，把水倒入水库，用来驱动该机器，它使用一个锥形浮子监测水库的水位，并相应地调整水流速度，以保持水库中的水位不变。这是第一个人工的真正自动的自我调节装置，即不需要外界干预的反馈和控制。虽然学术圈认为这项发明属于工程学的一部分(控制论这个术语出现的很晚) ，但Ktesibios和其合作者被认为是最早研究控制论的人。

生物学中的控制论是研究生物有机体中的控制论系统，主要关注动物如何适应环境，以及基因形式的信息如何代代相传。还有一个次要的重点是将人工系统与生物系统相结合。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrali|first=Mehdi|last2=Bagherifard|first2=Sara|last3=Akbari|first3=Mohsen|last4=Thakur|first4=Ashish|last5=Mirani|first5=Bahram|last6=Mehrali|first6=Mohammad|last7=Hasany|first7=Masoud|last8=Orive|first8=Gorka|last9=Dolatshahi‐Pirouz|first9=Alireza|date=October 2018|title=Flexible Bioelectronics: Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future (Adv. Sci. 10/2018)|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1870059|doi=10.1002/advs.201870059|issn=2198-3844|pmc=6193153}}</ref>1955年，物理学家'''乔治 · 伽莫夫 George Gamow'''在《科学美国人》(Scientific American)上发表了一篇有先见之明的文章，名为《活细胞中的信息传递》(Information transfer in the living cell)。控制论为生物学家'''雅克 · 莫诺德 Jacques Monod'''和'''弗朗索瓦 · 雅各布 François Jacob'''提供了一门语言，让他们在20世纪60年代构建了早期的基因调控网络理论。

生物学中的控制论是研究生物有机体中的控制论系统，主要关注动物如何适应环境，以及基因形式的信息如何代代相传。还有一个次要的重点是将人工系统与生物系统相结合。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mehrali|first=Mehdi|last2=Bagherifard|first2=Sara|last3=Akbari|first3=Mohsen|last4=Thakur|first4=Ashish|last5=Mirani|first5=Bahram|last6=Mehrali|first6=Mohammad|last7=Hasany|first7=Masoud|last8=Orive|first8=Gorka|last9=Dolatshahi‐Pirouz|first9=Alireza|date=October 2018|title=Flexible Bioelectronics: Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future (Adv. Sci. 10/2018)|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=10|pages=1870059|doi=10.1002/advs.201870059|issn=2198-3844|pmc=6193153}}</ref>1955年，物理学家'''乔治 · 伽莫夫 George Gamow'''在《科学美国人》(Scientific American)上发表了一篇有先见之明的文章，名为《活细胞中的信息传递》(Information transfer in the living cell)。控制论为生物学家'''雅克 · 莫诺德 Jacques Monod'''和'''弗朗索瓦 · 雅各布 François Jacob'''提供了一门语言，让他们在20世纪60年代构建了早期的基因调控网络理论。

===计算机科学 In computer science ===

===计算机科学 In computer science ===

== See also ==

== See also ==

* [[人工生命]]

* Artificial life 人工生命

* [[自动化]]

* Automation 自动化

* [[仿生学]]

* Autonomous agency theory 自治机构理论

* [[复杂系统]]

* Bionics 仿生学

* [[管理科学]]

* Brain–computer interface 脑机接口

* Cybernetics Society 控制论学会

* Management science 管理科学

 

== References ==

== References ==

* {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Norbert|authorlink=Norbert Wiener|title=Cybernetics; or, Control and communication in the animal and the machine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AKaAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=3 June 2012|year=1948|publisher=Technology Press|location=Paris|editor=Hermann & Cie}}

* {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Norbert|authorlink=Norbert Wiener|title=Cybernetics; or, Control and communication in the animal and the machine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AKaAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=3 June 2012|year=1948|publisher=Technology Press|location=Paris|editor=Hermann & Cie}}

* {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Norbert|authorlink=Norbert Wiener|title=Cybernetics and Society: The Human Use of Human Beings|year=1950|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}

* {{cite book|last=Wiener|first=Norbert|authorlink=Norbert Wiener|title=Cybernetics and Society: The Human Use of Human Beings|year=1950|publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}

== External links ==

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150226115753/http://3rd-street.net/Group/index.php/index.php?topic=68.msg216#msg216  International Society for Cybernetics and Systems Research]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150226115753/http://3rd-street.net/Group/index.php/index.php?topic=68.msg216#msg216  International Society for Cybernetics and Systems Research]

* [http://www.cybsoc.org The Cybernetics Society]

* [http://www.cybsoc.org The Cybernetics Society]

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