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[[File:Cybernetics.jpg|thumb|Principle diagram of a cybernetic system with a feedback loop]]

[[File:Cybernetics.jpg|thumb| 带反馈回路的控制系统原理图]]

'''Cybernetics''' is a [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref> approach for exploring regulatory [[systems]]—their [[structure]]s, constraints, and possibilities. [[Norbert Wiener]] defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

'''Cybernetics''' is a [[transdisciplinary]]<ref name="transdisciplinary">{{cite journal |last = Müller |first = Albert |title = A Brief History of the BCL |journal = Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften |year = 2000 |volume = 11 |issue = 1 |pages = 9–30 |url = http://bcl.ece.illinois.edu/mueller/index.htm }}</ref> approach for exploring regulatory [[systems]]—their [[structure]]s, constraints, and possibilities. [[Norbert Wiener]] defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".<ref name="W1948">{{cite book |last = Wiener |first = Norbert |author-link = Norbert Wiener |title = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine |year = 1948 |publisher = [[MIT Press]] |location = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |title-link = Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine }}</ref>  

== 术语起源 Etymology ==

== 术语起源 Etymology ==

[[File:Ideal feedback model.png|thumb|Simple feedback model. AB < 0 for [[negative feedback]].]]

[[File:Ideal feedback model.png|thumb|简单的反馈模型，AB < 0]]

The term ''cybernetics'' stems from [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernḗtēs'') "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder".  As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio.  Duke University Press:  1991.</ref> French physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère]] first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay ''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'' to describe the science of civil government.<ref>[[H.S. Tsien]]. ''[[Engineering Cybernetics]]'', Preface vii. McGraw Hill, 1954.</ref> The term was used by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book ''[[Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine|Cybernetics]]'', to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term ''cybernetics'' does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field."<ref name="W1948" />

The term ''cybernetics'' stems from [[w:el:Κυβερνήτης|κυβερνήτης]] (''kybernḗtēs'') "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder".  As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.<ref>Leary, Timothy. "The Cyberpunk: the individual as reality pilot" in Storming the Reality Studio.  Duke University Press:  1991.</ref> French physicist and mathematician [[André-Marie Ampère]] first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay ''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'' to describe the science of civil government.<ref>[[H.S. Tsien]]. ''[[Engineering Cybernetics]]'', Preface vii. McGraw Hill, 1954.</ref> The term was used by [[Norbert Wiener]], in his book ''[[Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine|Cybernetics]]'', to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term ''cybernetics'' does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field."<ref name="W1948" />

===基本控制论 Basic cybernetics ===

===基本控制论 Basic cybernetics ===

[[File:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.jpeg|thumb|[[ASIMO]] uses sensors and sophisticated algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.]]

[[File:Honda ASIMO Walking Stairs.jpeg|thumb| AISMO机器人使用传感器和复杂的算法来避开障碍物走楼梯]]

Cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as

Cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as

===工程学领域 In engineering ===

===工程学领域 In engineering ===

Cybernetics in engineering is used to analyze [[cascading failure]]s and [[system accident]]s, in which the small errors and imperfections in a system can generate disasters. Other topics studied include:[[File:JARVIK 7 artificial heart.jpg|thumb|An [[artificial heart]], a product of biomedical engineering.]]

Cybernetics in engineering is used to analyze [[cascading failure]]s and [[system accident]]s, in which the small errors and imperfections in a system can generate disasters. Other topics studied include:[[File:JARVIK 7 artificial heart.jpg|thumb|生物医学工程产物——人工心脏]]

工程控制论是用来分析连锁故障和系统事故的，系统中的微小错误和缺陷都可能引起严重的后果。研究课题包括:

工程控制论是用来分析连锁故障和系统事故的，系统中的微小错误和缺陷都可能引起严重的后果。研究课题包括: