| 在1990年代MAS发展之前,计算机对社会现象的模拟主要是分析或基于方程的模型(EBM)。包括理性选择理论的效用函数(例如,Coleman 1990)以及宏观社会学和组织模型的系统动力学(例如,Forrester 1968)。在EBM中,模型是一组方程(通常是微分或差分方程),模拟过程包括评估方程(Halpin 1999;Parunak,Savit和Riolo 1998)。许多社会学家对EBM印象是唯一可用的计算机模拟工具。社会模拟被认为是“美国社会学协会”关于数学社会学的一部分。最近有关社会学模拟的调查文章完全忽略了MAS或仅顺便提及了它们(Halpin 1999; Hanneman,Collins和Mordt 1995; Meeker和Leik 1997)。 | | 在1990年代MAS发展之前,计算机对社会现象的模拟主要是分析或基于方程的模型(EBM)。包括理性选择理论的效用函数(例如,Coleman 1990)以及宏观社会学和组织模型的系统动力学(例如,Forrester 1968)。在EBM中,模型是一组方程(通常是微分或差分方程),模拟过程包括评估方程(Halpin 1999;Parunak,Savit和Riolo 1998)。许多社会学家对EBM印象是唯一可用的计算机模拟工具。社会模拟被认为是“美国社会学协会”关于数学社会学的一部分。最近有关社会学模拟的调查文章完全忽略了MAS或仅顺便提及了它们(Halpin 1999; Hanneman,Collins和Mordt 1995; Meeker和Leik 1997)。 |
| In an artificial society, the model is a multiagent system: a set of autonomous agents that operate in parallel and that communicate with each other. The earliest implementation of an artificial societywas the famous checkerboard simulation of racial segregation of Schelling (1971). Like Schelling’s early simulation, artificial societies allow researchers to run virtual experiments, setting up a series of simulations to address a specific research question. The simulation consists of activating all of the agents and observing the macro behavior that emerges as the agents interact. In the 1990s, computer modeling techniques and computational power evolved to the point where MAS became a viable simulation tool for sociologists and economists. This approach to social simulation has rapidly gathered momentum among computer scientists; several edited collections have appeared (Conte, Hegselmann, and Terna 1997; Gilbert and Conte 1995; Gilbert and Doran 1994; Moss and Davidsson 2001; Sallach and Macal 2001; Sichman, Conte, and Gilbert 1998), and a new journal has been founded, the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/). | | In an artificial society, the model is a multiagent system: a set of autonomous agents that operate in parallel and that communicate with each other. The earliest implementation of an artificial societywas the famous checkerboard simulation of racial segregation of Schelling (1971). Like Schelling’s early simulation, artificial societies allow researchers to run virtual experiments, setting up a series of simulations to address a specific research question. The simulation consists of activating all of the agents and observing the macro behavior that emerges as the agents interact. In the 1990s, computer modeling techniques and computational power evolved to the point where MAS became a viable simulation tool for sociologists and economists. This approach to social simulation has rapidly gathered momentum among computer scientists; several edited collections have appeared (Conte, Hegselmann, and Terna 1997; Gilbert and Conte 1995; Gilbert and Doran 1994; Moss and Davidsson 2001; Sallach and Macal 2001; Sichman, Conte, and Gilbert 1998), and a new journal has been founded, the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/). |
| MAS are computer systems that contain more than one computational agent. The agents are autonomous: They have control over their own behavior and can act without the intervention of humans or other systems. Interest in MAS among computer scientists was first driven by the development of multiprocessor computers in the 1980s and then by the rapid expansion of the Internet in the 1990s. | | MAS are computer systems that contain more than one computational agent. The agents are autonomous: They have control over their own behavior and can act without the intervention of humans or other systems. Interest in MAS among computer scientists was first driven by the development of multiprocessor computers in the 1980s and then by the rapid expansion of the Internet in the 1990s. |