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复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21/>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16>{{cite web|title=The Internet Analyzed as a Complex Adaptive System|url=http://spacecollective.org/aloksubbarao/5730/The-Internet-Analyzed-as-a-Complex-Adaptive-System|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite web|title=Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System|url=http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf|publisher=The International C2 Journal

复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21>[[Steven Strogatz]], [[Duncan J. Watts]] and [[Albert-László Barabási]] {{cite web |title =  explaining synchronicity ''(at 6:08)'', network theory, self-adaptation mechanism of complex systems, Six Degrees of separation, Small world phenomenon, events are never isolated as they depend upon each other ''(at 27:07)'' in the BBC / Discovery Documentary |work = BBC / Discovery  |url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/six-degrees-of-separation/|page =  |date=|accessdate=11 June 2012}} "Unfolding the science behind the idea of six degrees of separation"</ref>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16>{{cite web|title=The Internet Analyzed as a Complex Adaptive System|url=http://spacecollective.org/aloksubbarao/5730/The-Internet-Analyzed-as-a-Complex-Adaptive-System|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite web|title=Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System|url=http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf|publisher=The International C2 Journal

|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Paul W. Phister Jr</ref><ref name=CAS-T-18>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems|url=http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/Complex%20Adaptive%20Systems.pdf|publisher=mit.edu|year=2001|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Serena Chan, Research Seminar in Engineering Systems</ref>

|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Paul W. Phister Jr</ref><ref name=CAS-T-18>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems|url=http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/Complex%20Adaptive%20Systems.pdf|publisher=mit.edu|year=2001|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Serena Chan, Research Seminar in Engineering Systems</ref>

* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组成部分以及系统的多样性组成。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>

* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' ：系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组成部分以及系统的多样性组成。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>

== 系统的建模与仿真 Modeling and simulation ==

== 系统的建模与仿真 Modeling and simulation ==