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Before the establishment of the second law, many people who were interested in inventing a perpetual motion machine had tried to circumvent the restrictions of first law of thermodynamics by extracting the massive internal energy of the environment as the power of the machine. Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind". The second law declared the impossibility of such machines.

Before the establishment of the second law, many people who were interested in inventing a perpetual motion machine had tried to circumvent the restrictions of first law of thermodynamics by extracting the massive internal energy of the environment as the power of the machine. Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind". The second law declared the impossibility of such machines.

在第二定律建立之前，许多志在发明永动机的人试图通过提取环境的巨大内能作为机器动力，以突破'''热力学第一定律 First Law of Thermodynamics''' 的限制。这种机器被称为“'''第二类永动机 Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind'''”。第二定律表明这种机器是不可能的。

在第二定律建立之前，许多志在发明永动机的人试图通过提取环境的巨大内能作为机器动力，以突破'''热力学第一定律 First Law of Thermodynamics''' 的限制。这种机器被称为“'''第二类永动机 Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind'''”。<font color = 'blue'>热力学</font>第二定律表明这种机器是不可能的。

 

===Carnot theorem 卡诺定理===

===Carnot theorem 卡诺定理===

 

[[Carnot theorem (thermodynamics)|Carnot's theorem]] (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:

[[Carnot theorem (thermodynamics)|Carnot's theorem]] (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states: