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'''<font color = '#ff8000'>因果推断Causal inference</font>'''是基于某一事件发生的条件得出关于因果联系结论的过程。因果推断与'''<font color = '#ff8000'>关联推理 inference of association</font>'''的主要区别在于前者分析了当原因改变时结果变量的响应。<ref name=Pearl_Journal>{{cite journal|last=Pearl|first=Judea|title=Causal inference in statistics: An overview|journal=Statistics Surveys|date=1 January 2009|volume=3|issue=|pages=96–146|doi=10.1214/09-SS057|url=http://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/stat_ser/r350.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Morgan_book>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Stephen|author2=Winship, Chris|title=Counterfactuals and Causal inference|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-67193-4}}</ref>研究事件因何而起的科学被称为'''<font color = '#ff8000'>病因学etiology</font>'''。因果推断是'''<font color = '#ff8000'>因果推理causal reasoning</font>'''的一个例子。
'''因果推断 Causal inference'''是基于某一事件发生的条件得出关于因果联系结论的过程。因果推断与'''<font color = '#ff8000'>关联推理 inference of association</font>'''的主要区别在于前者分析了当原因改变时结果变量的响应。<ref name=Pearl_Journal>{{cite journal|last=Pearl|first=Judea|title=Causal inference in statistics: An overview|journal=Statistics Surveys|date=1 January 2009|volume=3|issue=|pages=96–146|doi=10.1214/09-SS057|url=http://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/stat_ser/r350.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Morgan_book>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Stephen|author2=Winship, Chris|title=Counterfactuals and Causal inference|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-67193-4}}</ref>研究事件因何而起的科学被称为'''<font color = '#ff8000'>病因学etiology</font>'''。因果推断是'''<font color = '#ff8000'>因果推理causal reasoning</font>'''的一个例子。
*“...reason[ing] to the conclusion that something is, or is likely to be, the cause of something else（...推论得出某事是（或可能是）其他事情的原因这一结论）”。<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title=causal inference|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1442615/causal-inference|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
*“...reason[ing] to the conclusion that something is, or is likely to be, the cause of something else（...推论得出某事是（或可能是）其他事情的原因这一结论）”。<ref name=EB>{{cite web|title=causal inference|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1442615/causal-inference|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
*“Identification of the cause or causes of a phenomenon, by establishing covariation of cause and effect, a time-order relationship with the cause preceding the effect, and the elimination of plausible alternative causes（通过建立因果的共变模型，前因后果的时间顺序联系，以及消除其他可能的替代原因，从而对现象的一个或多个原因进行确认）”。<ref name=psy>{{cite book|author1=John Shaughnessy|author2=Eugene Zechmeister|author3=Jeanne Zechmeister|title=Research Methods in Psychology|date=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages|isbn=978-0077825362|pages=Chapter 1 : Introduction|url=http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|accessdate=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015135541/http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*“Identification of the cause or causes of a phenomenon, by establishing covariation of cause and effect, a time-order relationship with the cause preceding the effect, and the elimination of plausible alternative causes（通过建立因果的共变模型，前因后果的时间顺序联系，以及消除其他可能的替代原因，从而对现象的一个或多个原因进行确认）”。<ref name=psy>{{cite book|author1=John Shaughnessy|author2=Eugene Zechmeister|author3=Jeanne Zechmeister|title=Research Methods in Psychology|date=2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages|isbn=978-0077825362|pages=Chapter 1 : Introduction|url=http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|accessdate=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015135541/http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/psychology/shaugh/ch01_concepts.html|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>