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第67行： − − − Sociocybernetics aims to generate a general theoretical framework for understanding cooperative behavior. It claims to give a deep understanding of the general [[Evolution theory|theory of evolution]]. − − Sociocybernetics aims to generate a general theoretical framework for understanding cooperative behavior. It claims to give a deep understanding of the general theory of evolution. − The outlook that sociocybernetics uses when analyzing any [[living system]] lies in a basic law of sociocybernetics. − The outlook that sociocybernetics uses when analyzing any living system lies in a basic law of sociocybernetics. − It says: All [[living systems]] go through six levels of interrelations (social contracts) of its subsystems: − It says: All living systems go through six levels of interrelations (social contracts) of its subsystems: − − − − − − *A. [[Aggression]]: survive or die − − − − *B. Bureaucracy: follow the norms and rules − − − − *C. Competition: my gain is your loss − − − − *D. Decision: disclosing individual feelings, intentions − − − − *E. [[Empathy]]: cooperation in one unified interest − − − − *F. [[Free will]]: The ability for any species, regardless of type, race, sex, creed, belief, genetics, make, model, or sentience to govern their own existence and not be controlled. "To be free to choose how to live life without discrimination or interference." 第137行：
第102行： − − − − Going through these six phases of relationship theoretically gives the framework for the sociocybernetic study of any evolutionary system. It serves as an "equation for life." − − Going through these six phases of relationship theoretically gives the framework for the sociocybernetic study of any evolutionary system. It serves as an "equation for life." − Sociocybernetics can be defined as "Systems Science in Sociology and Other Social Sciences" – [[systems science]], because sociocybernetics is not limited to theory but includes application, empirical research, methodology, [[axiology]] (i.e., ethics and value research), and [[epistemology]]. In general use, "systems theory" and "cybernetics" are frequently interchangeable or appear in combination. Hence, they can be considered as synonyms, although the two terms come from different traditions and are not used uniformly in different languages and national traditions. Sociocybernetics includes both what are called first order cybernetics and second order cybernetics. Cybernetics, according to [[Norbert Wiener|Wiener]]'s original definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". [[Heinz von Foerster]] went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems". Second order cybernetics is explicitly based on a [[constructivist epistemology]] and is concerned with issues of self-reference, paying particular attention to the observer-dependence of knowledge, including scientific theories.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Verwey, S., & Davis, C.|date=2011|title=Sociocybernetics and autopoiesis-new laws of organisational form?|url=|journal=Communicare: Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa|volume=30|pages=1–26|via=}}</ref> In the [[interdisciplinary]] and holistic spirit of systems science, although sociology is clearly at the centre of interest of sociocybernetics, the other social sciences, such as psychology, anthropology, political science, economics, are addressed as well, with emphases depending on the particular research question to be dealt with. − Sociocybernetics can be defined as "Systems Science in Sociology and Other Social Sciences" – systems science, because sociocybernetics is not limited to theory but includes application, empirical research, methodology, axiology (i.e., ethics and value research), and epistemology. In general use, "systems theory" and "cybernetics" are frequently interchangeable or appear in combination. Hence, they can be considered as synonyms, although the two terms come from different traditions and are not used uniformly in different languages and national traditions. Sociocybernetics includes both what are called first order cybernetics and second order cybernetics. Cybernetics, according to Wiener's original definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems". Second order cybernetics is explicitly based on a constructivist epistemology and is concerned with issues of self-reference, paying particular attention to the observer-dependence of knowledge, including scientific theories. In the interdisciplinary and holistic spirit of systems science, although sociology is clearly at the centre of interest of sociocybernetics, the other social sciences, such as psychology, anthropology, political science, economics, are addressed as well, with emphases depending on the particular research question to be dealt with. − − − − − −
→General theoretical framework 一般理论框架
== General theoretical framework 一般理论框架==
== General theoretical framework 一般理论框架==
社会控制论旨在为理解合作行为提供一个普遍的理论框架。它声称能对进化论的一般理论给出深刻的理解。
社会控制论旨在为理解合作行为提供一个普遍的理论框架。它声称能对进化论的一般理论给出深刻的理解。
社会控制论在分析任何'''<font color='#ff8000'>生命系统living systems</font>'''时所采用的观点，也是它的一个基本法则。
社会控制论在分析任何'''<font color='#ff8000'>生命系统living systems</font>'''时所采用的观点，也是它的一个基本法则。
它的内容是：所有的生命系统都要经过其子系统的六个层次的相互关系（社会契约）：
它的内容是：所有的生命系统都要经过其子系统的六个层次的相互关系（社会契约）：
这六个阶段的关系从理论上为任何'''<font color='#ff8000'>进化系统volutionary system</font>'''的社会控制论研究提供了框架。它作为一个“'''<font color='#ff8000'>生活方程式equation for life</font>'''”而出现。
这六个阶段的关系从理论上为任何'''<font color='#ff8000'>进化系统volutionary system</font>'''的社会控制论研究提供了框架。它作为一个“'''<font color='#ff8000'>生活方程式equation for life</font>'''”而出现。
社会控制论可以被定义为“社会学和其他社会科学中的系统科学”-系统科学，因为社会控制论并不局限于理论，还包括应用、经验主义研究、方法论、价值论（即伦理和'''<font color='#ff8000'>价值研究value research</font>'''）以及认识论。一般来说，“系统论”和“控制论”经常可以互换，或者组合起来出现。因此，它们可以被视为同义词，尽管这两个术语出自不同的传统，而且在不同的语言和民族传统中的用法也不一致。社会控制论包括'''<font color='#ff8000'>一阶控制论first order cybernetics</font>'''和'''<font color='#ff8000'>二阶控制论second order cybernetics</font>'''。根据'''<font color='#ff8000'>维纳Wiener</font>'''最初的定义，控制论是研究“在动物和机器中的控制和交流”的科学。Heinz von Foerster 继续区分了一阶控制论，即“对被观测系统的研究” ，和二阶控制论，即“对观测系统的过程的研究”。二阶控制论明确地以'''<font color='#ff8000'>建构主义认识论constructivist epistemology</font>'''为基础，涉及'''<font color='#ff8000'>自我参照self-reference</font>'''的问题，特别关注知识（包括科学理论）的'''<font color='#ff8000'>观察者依赖性observer-dependence</font>'''。在系统科学具有的跨学科和整体的精神中，尽管社会学明显处于社会控制论的兴趣中心，但其他社会科学，如心理学、人类学、政治科学、经济学，也同样被关注，而重点则取决于要处理的具体问题。
社会控制论可以被定义为“社会学和其他社会科学中的系统科学”-系统科学，因为社会控制论并不局限于理论，还包括应用、经验主义研究、方法论、价值论（即伦理和'''<font color='#ff8000'>价值研究value research</font>'''）以及认识论。一般来说，“系统论”和“控制论”经常可以互换，或者组合起来出现。因此，它们可以被视为同义词，尽管这两个术语出自不同的传统，而且在不同的语言和民族传统中的用法也不一致。社会控制论包括'''<font color='#ff8000'>一阶控制论first order cybernetics</font>'''和'''<font color='#ff8000'>二阶控制论second order cybernetics</font>'''。根据'''<font color='#ff8000'>维纳Wiener</font>'''最初的定义，控制论是研究“在动物和机器中的控制和交流”的科学。Heinz von Foerster 继续区分了一阶控制论，即“对被观测系统的研究” ，和二阶控制论，即“对观测系统的过程的研究”。二阶控制论明确地以'''<font color='#ff8000'>建构主义认识论constructivist epistemology</font>'''为基础，涉及'''<font color='#ff8000'>自我参照self-reference</font>'''的问题，特别关注知识（包括科学理论）的'''<font color='#ff8000'>观察者依赖性observer-dependence</font>'''。在系统科学具有的跨学科和整体的精神中，尽管社会学明显处于社会控制论的兴趣中心，但其他社会科学，如心理学、人类学、政治科学、经济学，也同样被关注，而重点则取决于要处理的具体问题。
==Issues and challenges问题和挑战==
==Issues and challenges问题和挑战==