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第1行： − 本词条由11初步翻译+ − − https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA#:~:text=%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%8D%E6%9D%A1%E7%94%B1,11%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91 − − − {{简述|从看似混乱中自发出现的秩序}} 第14行：
第9行： − + − '''<font color="#ff8000"> 自发秩序spontaneous order</font>'''，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，不过“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”通常用于描述由一群自利的个体组合而产生的各种社会秩序，这些个体并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。因此，按照这种观点，通过以比任何中央权威机构更详细、更准确的信息采取行动，就能创造出更高效的经济，使整个社会受益。+ 第22行：
第17行： − 自发的秩序要与组织区分开来。自发秩序的区别在于它是[[无规模的网络]]，而组织是等级网络。此外，组织可以是而且往往是自发的社会秩序的一部分，但反之则不然。此外，组织是由人类创造和控制的，而自发的秩序则是由任何人创造、控制、''和可控的''。在经济学和社会科学中，自发秩序被定义为 “人类行动的结果，而非人类设计的结果”。+ − − Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows: − 经济教育基金会主席劳伦斯•里德Lawrence Reed对自发秩序的描述如下:+ 第32行：
第25行： − <blockquote>+ − − < 封锁报价 > − + − Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them. − 自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候——当企业家......看到别人的欲望......然后提供给他们的时候。 − 历史 − 根据[[默里罗斯·巴德Murray Rothbard]]，[[庄周|庄子]]公元前369-286年）是第一个提出自发秩序思想的人。这位哲学家反对[[儒家]]的专制主义，他写道：“从来没有过让人类独善其身的事情；从来没有过治理人类[成功]的事情”。他阐述了一种早期的自发秩序形式，断言 "当事物被放任自流时，良好的秩序就会自发地产生"，这一概念后来 “由[[皮埃尔·约瑟夫·蒲鲁东Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon|蒲鲁东]]在19[世纪]特别发展起来”。+ − They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.+ − 它们对市场信号、价格作出反应。价格告诉他们需要什么，有多紧迫，在哪里。这比依靠遥远的官僚机构中的少数精英要好得多，也更有成效。 + − By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.+ − − 通过分析来自66个国家和香港特别行政区的家庭收入数据，从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲，陶Tao等人发现，在所有这些国家中，绝大多数人口（中低收入阶层）的收入分配都遵循指数型收入分配。 − − − [[苏格兰启蒙运动]]的思想家们发展并探讨了市场作为一种自发秩序的思想。1767年，社会学家和历史学家[[亚当·弗格森Adam Ferguson]]将社会描述为 “人类行动的结果，但不是任何人类设计的执行”。+ 第67行：
第51行： − | title = An Essay on the History of Civil Society+ − One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the foundations of Hayek’s liberalism are so incoherent” because the “idea of spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality, the “primacy of tacit or practical knowledge,” and the “natural selection of competitive traditions.”. While the first feature, that social institutions may arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.+ − 一位评论家评论(哈耶克Hayek的)自发秩序理论：“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”。三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”。虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但后两个特征只是影响，而不是基本要素。+ − | year = 1767+ − + − 哈耶克的理论也因为没有提供道德论证而受到批评，他的整体观点包含了“他从未寻求以系统的方式调和的不兼容的部分”。+ 第88行：
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第81行： − 然而，“自发秩序 ”一词似乎是由迈克尔·波兰尼Michael Polanyi在他的文章《社会中思想的增长》中创造的，《经济学》8期（1941年11月）：428-456.<ref>Straun Jacobs，"迈克尔-波兰尼的自发秩序理论"，《奥地利经济学评论》11期1-2号（1999年）：111-127</ref>。+ + + 第99行：
第89行： − 以[[卡尔·门格尔Carl Menger]]、[[路德维希·冯·米塞斯Ludwig von Mises]]和[[弗里德里希·哈耶克Friedrich Hayek]]为首的[[奥地利经济学派]]把它作为其社会和经济思想的核心。哈耶克的自发秩序理论是两种相关而又不同的影响的产物，这些影响并不总是倾向于同一个方向。作为一个经济理论家，他的解释可以得到合理的解释。但作为一个法律和社会理论家，他却非常倾向于一种保守和传统主义的方法，这种方法指示我们盲目地服从于我们几乎无法控制的事件流。+ + + + + + + + − 案例 + + + + − 市场 − 许多保守的理论家如哈耶克，认为[[市场经济|市场经济]]是一种自发的秩序，“比任何设计都能实现的社会资源更有效的配置。”他们声称这种自发秩序（在哈耶克的[[致命的自负]]中被称为[[扩展的秩序]]）由于所需信息的特殊性而优于人类头脑所能设计的任何秩序。他们认为，集中的统计数据无法传达这种信息，因为统计数据是通过抽象地脱离具体的情况而产生的。 + + + + − 哈耶克认为，市场经济中的价格是拥有资源的人自由使用其[[分散知识|个人知识]]时获得的信息的集合。价格就可以让每一个从事商品或其替代品交易的人根据更多的信息做出决策，而这些信息是他或她个人无法获得的，这些信息无法通过统计传达给中央权威机构。来自中央当局的干预如果影响到价格，将会产生他们无法预见的后果，因为他们不知道所有相关的细节。+ − 根据巴里的观点，[[亚当·斯密Adam Smith]]在''[[国富论]]中提出的[[看不见的手]]的概念就说明了这一点。因此，在这种观点中，通过比任何中央集权机构更详细、更准确地对信息采取行动，就能创造出更有效率的经济，使整个社会受益。 + + + 第130行：
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第233行： − Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>+ − − 哈耶克，或者至少是他在当代英美政治舞台上的追随者--从这些理论中错误地推断出了强烈的结论，这些结论因未能调和法治与社会正义而与福利国家相悖。 第153行：
第239行： − + 第159行：
第245行： − ===Game studies===+ − 游戏研究 第166行：
第251行： − The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern [[game studies]]. As early as the 1940s, historian [[Johan Huizinga]] wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'', Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."+ 第172行：
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第263行： − ===Anarchism===+ − 无政府主义
Moved page from wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order (history)
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{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}
{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}
'''Spontaneous order''', also named [[self-organization]] in the [[Hard and soft science|hard sciences]], is the spontaneous [[emergence]] of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in [[social network]]s including [[economics]], though the term "self-organization" is more often used for [[physical change]]s and [[biological process]]es, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through [[planning]]. The [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution of life on Earth]], [[language]], [[crystal structure]], the [[Internet]] and a [[free market]] [[economy]] have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.<ref name=Barry1982>{{cite journal |last=Barry |first=Norman |authorlink=Norman P. Barry |title=The Tradition of Spontaneous Order |journal=Literature of Liberty |year=1982 |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref>
'''Spontaneous order''', also named [[self-organization]] in the [[Hard and soft science|hard sciences]], is the spontaneous [[emergence]] of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in [[social network]]s including [[economics]], though the term "self-organization" is more often used for [[physical change]]s and [[biological process]]es, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through [[planning]]. The [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution of life on Earth]], [[language]], [[crystal structure]], the [[Internet]] and a [[free market]] [[economy]] have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.<ref name=Barry1982>{{cite journal |last=Barry |first=Norman |authorlink=Norman P. Barry |title=The Tradition of Spontaneous Order |journal=Literature of Liberty |year=1982 |volume=5 |issue=2}}</ref>
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order.
自发秩序，在自然科学中也被称为自我组织，是从表面上的混乱中自发出现的秩序。这是包括经济学在内的社会网络中的一个过程，尽管“自我组织”一词更多地用于物理变化和生物过程，而“自发秩序”通常用于描述由一群自私自利的个体组合而产生的各种社会秩序，这些个体并不是有意地试图通过计划来创造秩序。地球上生命的进化、语言、晶体结构、互联网和自由市场经济都被认为是通过自发秩序进化而来的系统的例子。
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=}}</ref>
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=}}</ref>
Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being scale-free networks, while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, and controllable by no one. In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".
自发秩序与组织是有区别的。自发秩序的特征是无标度网络，而组织则是等级网络。此外，组织可以也经常是自发的社会秩序的一部分，但反过来就不是这样了。此外，虽然组织是由人类创造和控制的，但是自发的秩序是由任何人创造、控制和控制的。在经济学和社会科学中，自发秩序被定义为“人类行为的结果，而不是人类设计的结果”。
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".<ref name="springer1"> Yong Tao, Spontaneous economic order, Journal of Evolutionary Economics (2016) 26 (3): 467-500 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00191-015-0432-6</ref>
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".<ref name="springer1"> Yong Tao, Spontaneous economic order, Journal of Evolutionary Economics (2016) 26 (3): 467-500 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00191-015-0432-6</ref>
Spontaneous order is an equilibrium behavior between self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive, obeying the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest".
自发秩序是自利个体之间的一种均衡行为，它最有可能进化和生存，服从“最有可能生存”的自然选择过程。
==History==
==History==
According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>
According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>
According to Murray Rothbard, Zhuangzi (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of Confucianism, writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth [century]".
根据穆瑞 · 罗斯巴德，庄子(公元前369-286年)是第一个提出自发秩序思想的人。这位哲学家拒绝接受儒家威权主义，他写道: “存在着让人类独自生活的事情，从来没有这样的事情来管理人类[成功地]。”他阐述了自发秩序的早期形式，断言”当事物被放任自流时，良好的秩序自发产生” ，这一概念后来”特别是由蒲鲁东在十九世纪发展起来的”。
The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
The thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian Adam Ferguson described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".
The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book
苏格兰启蒙运动的思想家们发展并探讨了市场作为一种自发秩序的理念。1767年，社会学家、历史学家亚当•弗格森(Adam Ferguson)将社会描述为“人类行为的结果，但不是任何人类设计的执行”。
| last = Ferguson
| last = Ferguson
| first = Adam
| first = Adam
However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456..
然而，“自发秩序”这个术语似乎是由迈克尔 · 波兰尼在他的论文《社会中思想的成长》中创造的，《经济学》第8期(1941年11月) : 428-456页。.
| title = An Essay on the History of Civil Society
| publisher = T. Cadell, London
| publisher = T. Cadell, London
The Austrian School of Economics, led by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.
Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” .
由 Carl Menger，路德维希·冯·米塞斯和 Friedrich Hayek 领导的奥地利经济学派将其作为其社会和经济思想的核心。哈耶克的自发秩序理论是两种相关但不同的影响的产物，这两种影响并不总是朝同一方向发展。作为一个经济理论家，他的解释可以给出一个合理的解释。但是作为一个法律和社会理论家，相比之下，他非常倾向于一种保守和传统的方法，这种方法指导我们盲目地屈从于一连串我们无法控制的事件。
| year = 1767
| location = The Online Library of Liberty
| location = The Online Library of Liberty
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
Many conservative theorists, such as Hayek, have argued that market economies are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve." They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the extended order in Hayek's The Fatal Conceit) is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required. Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.
哈耶克等许多保守主义理论家认为，市场经济是一种自发秩序，“比任何设计都更有效地分配社会资源。”他们声称这种自发秩序(在哈耶克的致命的自负中称为扩展秩序)优于人类大脑根据所需信息的细节而设计的任何秩序。他们认为，集中的统计数据不能传达这种信息，因为统计数据是通过抽象处理具体情况而创建的。
However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.<ref>Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127</ref>.
However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.<ref>Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127</ref>.
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their individual knowledge. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
哈耶克认为，市场经济中的价格是当拥有资源的人可以自由使用其个人知识时获得的信息的总和。然后，价格允许每个交易商品或其替代品的人根据自己无法获得的更多信息做出决定，而这些信息在统计上无法传递给中央权威机构。来自中央当局的影响价格的干预将产生他们无法预见的后果，因为他们不知道所有的细节。
The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]] made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.<ref>Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982</ref>
The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]] made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.<ref>Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982</ref>
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.
巴里认为，亚当 · 斯密在《国富论》中提出的看不见的手的概念就说明了这一点。
</blockquote>
</blockquote >
==Examples==
==Examples==
Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.
哈耶克，或者至少是他在当代英国和美国政治舞台上的追随者们，错误地从这些理论中推断出了强有力的结论，这些理论由于未能使法治与社会正义协调一致而对福利国家构成了威胁。
===Markets===
===Markets===
Many conservative theorists<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>
Many conservative theorists<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>
The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern game studies. As early as the 1940s, historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book The Fatal Conceit, Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."
自发秩序的概念与现代博弈研究密切相关。早在20世纪40年代，历史学家约翰 · 胡伊青加就写道: ”在神话和仪式中，文明生活的伟大本能力量有其起源: 法律和秩序、商业和利润、工艺和艺术、诗歌、智慧和科学。一切都植根于游戏的原始土壤。”在他的著作《致命的自负，Hayek 特别写道: “一个游戏确实是一个过程的明显例子，在这个过程中，追求不同甚至冲突目的的因素对共同规则的服从导致了整体秩序。”
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.
Anarchists argue that the state is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by anarchist law. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, "the work of many symbolic interactionists is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."
无政府主义者认为，国家实际上是统治精英人为创造的，如果消灭了它，真正的自发秩序就会出现。无政府主义者法律中的组织的开始。在无政府主义者看来，这种自发秩序包括个人的自愿合作。根据《牛津社会学词典》 ，“许多象征性互动主义者的作品在很大程度上符合无政府主义者的愿景，因为它包含了一种社会自发秩序的观点。”
[[Lawrence Reed]], president of the [[Foundation for Economic Education]], describes spontaneous order as follows:
[[Lawrence Reed]], president of the [[Foundation for Economic Education]], describes spontaneous order as follows:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian Slavophile movements and specifically in the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of sobornost. Sobornost was also used by Leo Tolstoy as an underpinning to the ideology of Christian anarchism. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf Obshchina in pre-Soviet Russia.
自发秩序的概念也可以在俄罗斯亲斯拉夫运动的作品中看到，特别是在费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品中。有机社会表现形式的概念作为一个概念在俄罗斯表达的思想下的 sobornost。索博诺斯特也被列夫 · 托尔斯泰用作基督教无政府主义思想的支柱。这个概念被用来描述前苏联时期 Obshchina 农民或农奴背后的团结力量。
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.<ref>[[John Stossel|Stossel, John]] (2011-02-10) [http://reason.com/archives/2011/02/10/spontaneous-order/singlepage Spontaneous Order], ''[[Reason magazine|Reason]]''</ref>
They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.<ref>[[John Stossel|Stossel, John]] (2011-02-10) [http://reason.com/archives/2011/02/10/spontaneous-order/singlepage Spontaneous Order], ''[[Reason magazine|Reason]]''</ref>
Perhaps the most prominent exponent of spontaneous order is Friedrich Hayek. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a catallaxy, he argued that common law and the brain are also types of spontaneous orders. In "The Republic of Science," Michael Polanyi also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that democracy is the spontaneous order form of government, David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order, and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders. Paul Krugman too has contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book The Self-Organizing Economy, in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. Credibility thesis suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.
也许自发秩序最突出的代表人物是弗里德里希 · 哈耶克。除了论证经济是一种自发秩序，他称之为自发秩序，他还认为普通法和大脑也是自发秩序的类型。在《科学共和国》中，迈克尔 · 波兰尼也认为科学是一种自发秩序，这一理论由比尔 · 布托斯和托马斯 · 麦克奎德在多篇论文中进一步发展。格斯 · 迪泽雷加认为民主是政府的自发秩序形式，大卫 · 伊曼纽尔 · 安德森认为宗教在美国这样的地方是自发秩序，特洛伊 · 坎普林认为艺术和文学作品是自发秩序。保罗•克鲁格曼(Paul Krugman)在他的著作《自组织经济》(The Self-Organizing Economy)中也对自发秩序理论做出了贡献。他在书中声称，城市是自组织系统。可信性理论认为，社会制度的可信性是制度内生自我组织及其持续性的驱动因素。
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.
大量自私自利的个人之间的竞争将导致许多可能的收入分配。在所有可能的收入分配中，指数型收入分配的发生概率最高。遵循“最有可能生存”的自然选择过程，指数型收入分配最有可能进化和生存，因此被道称为“自发秩序”。
Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>
===Game studies===
The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern [[game studies]]. As early as the 1940s, historian [[Johan Huizinga]] wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'', Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order."
One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the foundations of Hayek’s liberalism are so incoherent” because the “idea of spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality, the “primacy of tacit or practical knowledge,” and the “natural selection of competitive traditions.”. While the first feature, that social institutions may arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.
一位评论家认为(哈耶克的)自发秩序理论“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”.三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”.虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现，的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但第二个特征只是含义，而不是基本要素。
===Anarchism===
Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” .
哈耶克的理论也因为没有提供道德论据而受到批评，他的整体观点包含了“他从未寻求以系统的方式调和的不兼容的部分”.
{{also|Self-organization#Principles|Anarchist symbolism#Circle-A}}
[[Anarchism|Anarchists]] argue that the [[state (polity)|state]] is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by [[anarchist law]]. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the ''Oxford Dictionary of Sociology'', "the work of many [[symbolic interactionism|symbolic interactionists]] is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Gordon |title=Oxford Dictionary of Sociology |origyear=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 |edition=2 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |isbn=978-0-19-280081-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 19–20] |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration }}</ref>
===Sobornost===
The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian [[Slavophile]] movements and specifically in the works of [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]. The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of [[sobornost]]. Sobornost was also used by [[Leo Tolstoy]] as an underpinning to the ideology of [[Christian anarchism]]. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf [[Obshchina]] in pre-Soviet Russia.<ref>''Faith and Order: The Reconciliation of Law and Religion'' By Harold Joseph p. 388 Berman Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Religion and law {{ISBN|0-8028-4852-4}} https://books.google.com/books?id=j1208xA7F_0C&lpg=PA388&ots=p0N6U4zWbf&pg=PA388</ref>
===Recent developments===
Perhaps the most prominent exponent<ref>Hunt L. (2007) The Origin and Scope of Hayek’s Idea of Spontaneous Order. In: Hunt L., McNamara P. (eds) Liberalism, Conservatism, and Hayek’s Idea of Spontaneous Order. Palgrave Macmillan, New York</ref> of spontaneous order is [[Friedrich Hayek]]. In addition to arguing the economy is a spontaneous order, which he termed a [[catallaxy]], he argued that common law<ref>The Constitution of Liberty; Law, Legislation and Liberty</ref> and the brain<ref>The Sensory Order</ref> are also types of spontaneous orders. In "The Republic of Science,"<ref>http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~gsd/595e/docs/41.%20Polanyi_Republic_of_Science.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Michael Polanyi]] also argued that science is a spontaneous order, a theory further developed by Bill Butos and Thomas McQuade in a variety of papers. Gus DiZerega has argued that [[democracy]] is the spontaneous order form of government,<ref>Persuasion, Power, and Polity</ref> David Emmanuel Andersson has argued that religion in places like the United States is a spontaneous order,<ref>{{cite book|title=Persuasion, Power and Polity: A Theory of Democratic Self-Organization (Advances in Systems Theory, Complexity, and the Human Sciences) (9781572732575): Gus Dizerega, Alfonso Montuori: Books |date=2001-02-10 |isbn = 978-1572732575|last1 = Dizerega|first1 = Gus}}</ref> and Troy Camplin argues that artistic and literary production are spontaneous orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://studiesinemergentorder.org/current-issue/sieo3-195/ |title=pp.195-211: Troy Earl Camplin |publisher=Studies in Emergent Order |date= 2010-08-20|accessdate=2018-09-17}}</ref> [[Paul Krugman]] too has contributed to spontaneous order theory in his book ''The Self-Organizing Economy'',<ref>The Self-Organizing Economy</ref> in which he claims that cities are self-organizing systems. [[Credibility thesis]] suggests that the credibility of social institutions is the driving factor behind the endogenous self-organization of institutions and their persistence.<ref name=Grabel>{{cite journal |last= Grabel |first= Ilene |title= The political economy of 'policy credibility': the new-classical macroeconomics and the remaking of emerging economies |url= http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/1.abstract |journal= Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi= 10.1093/cje/24.1.1|access-date= 20 October 2016|year= 2000 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.366.5380 }}</ref>
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.<ref name="springer1"/>
By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.<ref> Yong Tao et al. Exponential structure of income inequality: evidence from 67 countries. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination (2017) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11403-017-0211-6 </ref>
==Criticism==
One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the foundations of Hayek’s liberalism are so incoherent” because the “idea of spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”<ref>ROLAND KLEY,HAYEK’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT 194–211 (1994)</ref>. The three components: lack of intentionality, the “primacy of tacit or practical knowledge,” and the “natural selection of competitive traditions.”. While the first feature, that social institutions may arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.<ref>John Gray, Twentieth Century: The Limits of Liberal Political Philosophy, in AN UNCERTAIN LEGACY,ESSAYS ON THE PURSUIT OF LIBERTY 193, 194 (Edward B. McLean ed., 1997)</ref>
Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” <ref>JEREMY SHEARMUR, HAYEK AND AFTER:HAYEKIAN LIBERALISM AS A RESEARCH PROGRAMME 177(1996)</ref>.
==See also==
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}
* [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]]
* [[Deregulation]]
* [[Emergence]]
* [[Free price system]]
* "[[I, Pencil]]" by [[Leonard Read]]
* [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|Mutual aid]]
Category:Anarcho-capitalism
Category:Anarcho-capitalism
类别: 无政府资本主义
类别: 无政府资本主义
* [[Natural law]]
Category:Systems theory
Category:Systems theory
范畴: 系统论
范畴: 系统论
* [[Natural order (philosophy)|Natural order]]
Category:Self-organization
Category:Self-organization
类别: 自我组织
类别: 自我组织
* [[Revolutionary spontaneity]]
Category:Austrian School
Category:Austrian School
类别: 奥地利学派
类别: 奥地利学派
* [[Stigmergy]]
Category:Anarchist theory
Category:Anarchist theory
类别: 无政府主义理论
类别: 无政府主义理论
* [[Tragedy of the commons]]
Category:Libertarian theory
Category:Libertarian theory
范畴: 自由意志主义理论
范畴: 自由意志主义理论
* [[Wu wei|Wu wei (Effortless Action)]]
Category:Pattern formation
Category:Pattern formation