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*In [[force-based layout]] systems, the graph drawing software modifies an initial vertex placement by continuously moving the vertices according to a system of forces based on physical metaphors related to systems of [[spring (device)|springs]] or [[molecular mechanics]]. Typically, these systems combine attractive forces between adjacent vertices with repulsive forces between all pairs of vertices, in order to seek a layout in which edge lengths are small while vertices are well-separated. These systems may perform [[gradient descent]] based minimization of an [[energy function]], or they may translate the forces directly into velocities or accelerations for the moving vertices.<ref>{{harvtxt|Di Battista|Eades|Tamassia|Tollis|1994}}, Section 2.7, "The Force-Directed Approach", pp. 29–30, and Chapter 10, "Force-Directed Methods", pp. 303–326.</ref>

*In [[force-based layout]] systems, the graph drawing software modifies an initial vertex placement by continuously moving the vertices according to a system of forces based on physical metaphors related to systems of [[spring (device)|springs]] or [[molecular mechanics]]. Typically, these systems combine attractive forces between adjacent vertices with repulsive forces between all pairs of vertices, in order to seek a layout in which edge lengths are small while vertices are well-separated. These systems may perform [[gradient descent]] based minimization of an [[energy function]], or they may translate the forces directly into velocities or accelerations for the moving vertices.<ref>{{harvtxt|Di Battista|Eades|Tamassia|Tollis|1994}}, Section 2.7, "The Force-Directed Approach", pp. 29–30, and Chapter 10, "Force-Directed Methods", pp. 303–326.</ref>

在'''<font color="#ff8000">'基于力的布局系统 Force-Based Layout</font>''中，图形绘制软件通过根据基于弹簧系统或分子力学的物理隐喻的力系统不断移动顶点来修改初始顶点的位置。通常，这些系统将相邻顶点之间的吸引力与所有对顶点之间的排斥力结合起来，以寻求一种边长较小而顶点分离良好的布局。这些系统可以执行'''<font color="#ff8000">梯度下降 Gradient Descent</font>'''最小化的一个能量函数，或者他们可以把力直接转化为节点的速度或加速度

在'''<font color="#ff8000">'基于力的布局系统 Force-Based Layout</font>''中，图形绘制软件根据基于弹簧系统或分子力学的物理隐含的力系统，不断移动顶点来修改初始顶点的位置。通常，这些系统将相邻顶点之间的吸引力与所有对顶点之间的排斥力结合起来，以寻求一种边长较小而顶点分离良好的布局。这些系统可以执行'''<font color="#ff8000">梯度下降 Gradient Descent</font>'''最小化的能量函数，或可以把力直接转化为节点的速度或加速度

*[[Spectral layout]] methods use as coordinates the [[eigenvector]]s of a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] such as the [[Discrete Laplace operator|Laplacian]] derived from the [[adjacency matrix]] of the graph.<ref>{{harvtxt|Beckman|1994}}; {{harvtxt|Koren|2005}}.</ref>

*[[Spectral layout]] methods use as coordinates the [[eigenvector]]s of a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] such as the [[Discrete Laplace operator|Laplacian]] derived from the [[adjacency matrix]] of the graph.<ref>{{harvtxt|Beckman|1994}}; {{harvtxt|Koren|2005}}.</ref>

*[[Dominance drawing]] places vertices in such a way that one vertex is upwards, rightwards, or both of another if and only if it is [[reachability|reachable]] from the other vertex. In this way, the layout style makes the reachability relation of the graph visually apparent.<ref>{{harvtxt|Di Battista|Eades|Tamassia|Tollis|1994}}, Section 4.7, "Dominance Drawings", pp. 112–127.</ref>

*[[Dominance drawing]] places vertices in such a way that one vertex is upwards, rightwards, or both of another if and only if it is [[reachability|reachable]] from the other vertex. In this way, the layout style makes the reachability relation of the graph visually apparent.<ref>{{harvtxt|Di Battista|Eades|Tamassia|Tollis|1994}}, Section 4.7, "Dominance Drawings", pp. 112–127.</ref>

'''<font color="#ff8000">优势图 Dominance Drawing</font>'''当且仅当一个顶点可以从另一个顶点到达时，优势画顶点的方式是:一个顶点向上，或向右，或两个顶点同时向上。这样，布局风格使得图的可达性关系在视觉上变得明显。

'''<font color="#ff8000">优势图 Dominance Drawing</font>'''当且仅当一个顶点可以从另一个顶点到达时，优势画顶点的方式是:一个顶点向上，或向右，或两个顶点同时向上。这样，布局风格使得图的可达性关系在视觉上变得明显。

==Application-specific graph drawings 专用图==

==Application-specific graph drawings 专用图==