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基于主体的模型 Agent-based model (查看源代码)

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|description=博弈论,复杂系统,涌现,计算社会学,多主体系统,蒙特卡罗方法,生命的游戏,NetLogo,冯·诺依曼机器,囚徒困境,分离模型,约翰·霍兰德,种族中心主义,JASSS,涌现,复杂性,agent,复杂网络集智
 
|description=博弈论,复杂系统,涌现,计算社会学,多主体系统,蒙特卡罗方法,生命的游戏,NetLogo,冯·诺依曼机器,囚徒困境,分离模型,约翰·霍兰德,种族中心主义,JASSS,涌现,复杂性,agent,复杂网络集智
 
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基于主体的模型（ABM）是一类[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_models 计算模型]，用于[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation 模拟]自主主体（个体或集体实体，如组织或团体）的行为和交互，以评估它们对整个系统的影响。它结合了[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory 博弈论]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems 复杂系统]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence 涌现]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology 计算社会学]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system 多主体系统]和[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_programming 进化规划]的要素。采用[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method 蒙特卡罗方法]引入随机性。特别是在生态学中，ABMs也被称为基于个体的模型（IBMs）<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimm |first1=Volker |first2=Steven F. |last2=Railsback |title=Individual-based Modeling and Ecology |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2005 |pages=485 |isbn=978-0-691-09666-7}}</ref>，并且IBMs内的个体可能比ABMs内的完全自主的主体更简单。最近关于基于个体的模型、基于主体的模型和多主体系统的文献综述表明，ABMs被用于非计算相关的科学领域，包括生物学、生态学和社会科学。<ref name="Niazi-Hussain">{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |year=2011 |title=Agent-based Computing from Multi-agent Systems to Agent-Based Models: A Visual Survey |journal=Scientometrics |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=479–499 |doi=10.1007/s11192-011-0468-9 |url=http://cecosm.yolasite.com/resources/Accepted_Scientometrics_ABM_Website.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012005027/http://cecosm.yolasite.com/resources/Accepted_Scientometrics_ABM_Website.pdf |archivedate=October 12, 2013 |url-status=dead|arxiv=1708.05872 |s2cid=17934527 }}</ref>
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基于主体的模型（ABM）是一类[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_models 计算模型]，用于[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation 模拟]自主主体（个体或集体实体，如组织或团体）的行为和交互，以评估它们对整个系统的影响。它结合了[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory 博弈论]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems 复杂系统]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence 涌现]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_sociology 计算社会学]、[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system 多主体系统]和[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_programming 进化规划]的要素。采用[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method 蒙特卡罗方法]引入随机性。特别是在生态学中，ABMs也被称为基于个体的模型（IBMs）<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimm |first1=Volker |first2=Steven F. |last2=Railsback |title=Individual-based Modeling and Ecology |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2005 |pages=485 |isbn=978-0-691-09666-7}}</ref>，并且IBMs内的个体可能比ABMs内的完全自主的主体更简单。最近关于基于个体的模型、基于主体的模型和多主体系统的文献综述表明，ABMs被用于非计算相关的科学领域，包括生物学、生态学和社会科学。<ref name="Niazi-Hussain">{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |year=2011 |title=Agent-based Computing from Multi-agent Systems to Agent-Based Models: A Visual Survey |journal=Scientometrics |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=479–499 |doi=10.1007/s11192-011-0468-9 |url=http://cecosm.yolasite.com/resources/Accepted_Scientometrics_ABM_Website.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012005027/http://cecosm.yolasite.com/resources/Accepted_Scientometrics_ABM_Website.pdf |archivedate=October 12, 2013 |url-status=dead|arxiv=1708.05872 }}</ref>
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权威文章: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology Agent-based model in biology]
 
权威文章: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology Agent-based model in biology]
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基于主体建模已被广泛用于生物学,包括流行病的传播的分析<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=nlin/0403035 |last1=Situngkir |first1=Hokky |title=Epidemiology Through Cellular Automata: Case of Study Avian Influenza in Indonesia |year=2004}}</ref>和细菌战的威胁,生物用途包括种群动力学<ref>{{cite journal |last=Caplat |first=Paul |author2=Anand, Madhur |author3=Bauch, Chris |title=Symmetric competition causes population oscillations in an individual-based model of forest dynamics |journal=Ecological Modelling |date=March 10, 2008 |volume=211 |issue=3–4 |pages=491–500 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.002}}</ref>、随机基因表达<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Philipp|date=December 2019|title=Intrinsic and extrinsic noise of gene expression in lineage trees|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|pages=474|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35927-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6345792|pmid=30679440|bibcode=2019NatSR...9..474T}}</ref> 、动植物交互<ref>Fedriani JM, T Wiegand, D Ayllón, F Palomares, A Suárez-Esteban and V. Grimm.  2018. Assisting seed dispersers to restore old-fields: an individual-based model of the interactions among badgers, foxes, and Iberian pear trees. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 600–611.</ref>、植被生态学 <ref name="Ch'ng, E. (2009)">Ch'ng, E. (2009) An Artificial Life-Based Vegetation Modelling Approach for Biodiversity Research, in Nature-Inspired informatics for Intelligent Applications and Knowledge Discovery: Implications in Business, Science and Engineering, R. Chiong, Editor. 2009, IGI Global: Hershey, PA. http://complexity.io/Publications/NII-alifeVeg-eCHNG.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113173223/http://complexity.io/Publications/NII-alifeVeg-eCHNG.pdf |date=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> 、景观多样性<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wirth |first1=E. |last2=Szabó |first2=Gy. |last3=Czinkóczky |first3=A. |date=2016-06-07 |journal=ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |volume=III-8 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-8-145-2016 |bibcode=2016ISPAnIII8..145W|title=Measure of Landscape Heterogeneity by Agent-Based Methodology |doi-access=free }}</ref> 、古代文明的兴衰,民族中心主义的进化行为<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=Francisco W. S. |last2=Hadzibeganovic |first2=Tarik |last3=Stauffer |first3=Dietrich |year=2009 |title=Evolution of ethnocentrism on undirected and directed Barabási–Albert networks |journal=Physica A |volume=388 |issue=24 |pages=4999–5004 |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2009.08.029 |bibcode=2009PhyA..388.4999L |arxiv=0905.2672 |s2cid=18233740 }}</ref> ,强迫位移/迁移<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chaos of Forced Migration: A Modeling Means to an Humanitarian End |first=Scott |last=Edwards |date=June 9, 2009 |publisher=VDM Verlag |pages=168 |isbn=978-3-639-16516-6}}</ref> ,语言选择动力学<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hadzibeganovic |first1=Tarik |last2=Stauffer |first2=Dietrich |last3=Schulze |first3=Christian |year=2009 |title=Agent-based computer simulations of language choice dynamics |url=|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1167 |issue=1|pages=221–229 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04507.x |pmid=19580569 |bibcode=2009NYASA1167..221H |s2cid=32790067 }}</ref>,认知建模,生物医学应用包括三维乳腺组织形态形成建模<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Enderling |first2=Heiko |last3=Becker-Weimann |first3=Sabine |last4=Pham |first4=Christopher |last5=Polyzos |first5=Aris |last6=Chen |first6=Charlie |last7=Costes |first7=Sylvain |year=2011 |title=Phenotypic transition maps of 3D breast acini obtained by imaging-guided agent-based modeling |url=|journal=Integrative Biology |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=408–21 |doi=10.1039/c0ib00092b |pmid=21373705 |pmc=4009383 }}</ref>，电离辐射对乳房干细胞亚群动力学<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Fernando-Garcia |first2=Ignacio |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=Sangeetha |last4=Martinez-Ruis |first4=Haydeliz |last5=Illa-Bochaca |first5=Irineu |last6=Nguyen |first6=David |last7=Mao |first7=Jian-Hua |last8=Costes |first8=Sylvain |last9=Barcellos-Hoff |first9=Mary Helen |year=2014 |title=Irradiation of juvenile, but not adult, mammary gland increases stem cell self-renewal and estrogen receptor negative tumors |url=|journal=Stem Cells |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=649–61 |doi=10.1002/stem.1533 |pmid=24038768   |s2cid=32979016 }}</ref>、炎症<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Ley |first2=Klaus |last3=Hunt |first3=C. Anthony |year=2007 |title=Dynamics of in silico leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion |url=|journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=1 |issue=14 |pages=14 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-1-14 |pmid=17408504 |pmc=1839892 }}</ref>
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基于主体建模已被广泛用于生物学,包括流行病的传播的分析<ref>{{cite arxiv |eprint=nlin/0403035 |last1=Situngkir |first1=Hokky |title=Epidemiology Through Cellular Automata: Case of Study Avian Influenza in Indonesia |year=2004}}</ref>和细菌战的威胁,生物用途包括种群动力学<ref>{{cite journal |last=Caplat |first=Paul |author2=Anand, Madhur |author3=Bauch, Chris |title=Symmetric competition causes population oscillations in an individual-based model of forest dynamics |journal=Ecological Modelling |date=March 10, 2008 |volume=211 |issue=3–4 |pages=491–500 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.002}}</ref>、随机基因表达<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Philipp|date=December 2019|title=Intrinsic and extrinsic noise of gene expression in lineage trees|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=9|issue=1|pages=474|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-35927-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6345792|pmid=30679440|bibcode=2019NatSR...9..474T}}</ref> 、动植物交互<ref>Fedriani JM, T Wiegand, D Ayllón, F Palomares, A Suárez-Esteban and V. Grimm.  2018. Assisting seed dispersers to restore old-fields: an individual-based model of the interactions among badgers, foxes, and Iberian pear trees. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 600–611.</ref>、植被生态学 <ref name="Ch'ng, E. (2009)">Ch'ng, E. (2009) An Artificial Life-Based Vegetation Modelling Approach for Biodiversity Research, in Nature-Inspired informatics for Intelligent Applications and Knowledge Discovery: Implications in Business, Science and Engineering, R. Chiong, Editor. 2009, IGI Global: Hershey, PA. http://complexity.io/Publications/NII-alifeVeg-eCHNG.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113173223/http://complexity.io/Publications/NII-alifeVeg-eCHNG.pdf |date=November 13, 2013 }}</ref> 、景观多样性<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wirth |first1=E. |last2=Szabó |first2=Gy. |last3=Czinkóczky |first3=A. |date=2016-06-07 |journal=ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |volume=III-8 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-8-145-2016 |bibcode=2016ISPAnIII8..145W|title=Measure of Landscape Heterogeneity by Agent-Based Methodology |doi-access=free }}</ref> 、古代文明的兴衰,民族中心主义的进化行为<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=Francisco W. S. |last2=Hadzibeganovic |first2=Tarik |last3=Stauffer |first3=Dietrich |year=2009 |title=Evolution of ethnocentrism on undirected and directed Barabási–Albert networks |journal=Physica A |volume=388 |issue=24 |pages=4999–5004 |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2009.08.029 |bibcode=2009PhyA..388.4999L |arxiv=0905.2672 }}</ref> ,强迫位移/迁移<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chaos of Forced Migration: A Modeling Means to an Humanitarian End |first=Scott |last=Edwards |date=June 9, 2009 |publisher=VDM Verlag |pages=168 |isbn=978-3-639-16516-6}}</ref> ,语言选择动力学<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hadzibeganovic |first1=Tarik |last2=Stauffer |first2=Dietrich |last3=Schulze |first3=Christian |year=2009 |title=Agent-based computer simulations of language choice dynamics |url=|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1167 |issue=1|pages=221–229 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04507.x |pmid=19580569 |bibcode=2009NYASA1167..221H}}</ref>,认知建模,生物医学应用包括三维乳腺组织形态形成建模<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Enderling |first2=Heiko |last3=Becker-Weimann |first3=Sabine |last4=Pham |first4=Christopher |last5=Polyzos |first5=Aris |last6=Chen |first6=Charlie |last7=Costes |first7=Sylvain |year=2011 |title=Phenotypic transition maps of 3D breast acini obtained by imaging-guided agent-based modeling |url=|journal=Integrative Biology |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=408–21 |doi=10.1039/c0ib00092b |pmid=21373705 |pmc=4009383 }}</ref>，电离辐射对乳房干细胞亚群动力学<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Fernando-Garcia |first2=Ignacio |last3=Vijayakumar |first3=Sangeetha |last4=Martinez-Ruis |first4=Haydeliz |last5=Illa-Bochaca |first5=Irineu |last6=Nguyen |first6=David |last7=Mao |first7=Jian-Hua |last8=Costes |first8=Sylvain |last9=Barcellos-Hoff |first9=Mary Helen |year=2014 |title=Irradiation of juvenile, but not adult, mammary gland increases stem cell self-renewal and estrogen receptor negative tumors |url=|journal=Stem Cells |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=649–61 |doi=10.1002/stem.1533 |pmid=24038768}}</ref>、炎症<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Ley |first2=Klaus |last3=Hunt |first3=C. Anthony |year=2007 |title=Dynamics of in silico leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion |url=|journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=1 |issue=14 |pages=14 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-1-14 |pmid=17408504 |pmc=1839892 }}</ref>
 
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Hunt |first2=C. Anthony |year=2010 |title=Identifying the rules of engagement enabling leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion |url=|journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e1000681 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000681 |pmid=20174606 |pmc=2824748 |bibcode=2010PLSCB...6E0681T }}</ref> 和人类免疫系统<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castiglione |first1=Filippo |first2=Franco |last2=Celada |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466597488 |title=Immune System Modeling and Simulation |publisher=CRC Press, Boca Raton |year=2015 |pages=274 |isbn=978-1-4665-9748-8}}
 
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Jonathan |last2=Hunt |first2=C. Anthony |year=2010 |title=Identifying the rules of engagement enabling leukocyte rolling, activation, and adhesion |url=|journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e1000681 |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000681 |pmid=20174606 |pmc=2824748 |bibcode=2010PLSCB...6E0681T }}</ref> 和人类免疫系统<ref>{{cite book |last1=Castiglione |first1=Filippo |first2=Franco |last2=Celada |url=http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466597488 |title=Immune System Modeling and Simulation |publisher=CRC Press, Boca Raton |year=2015 |pages=274 |isbn=978-1-4665-9748-8}}
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</ref>的影响。基于主体的模型也被用于开发决策支持系统，如乳腺癌<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1109/ICICT.2009.5267202 |chapter-url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051810/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |chapter=A new hybrid agent-based modeling & simulation decision support system for breast cancer data analysis |title=2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies |pages=134–139 |year=2009 |last1=Siddiqa |first1=Amnah |last2=Niazi |first2=Muaz |last3=Mustafa |first3=Farah |last4=Bokhari |first4=Habib |last5=Hussain |first5=Amir |last6=Akram |first6=Noreen |last7=Shaheen |first7=Shabnum |last8=Ahmed |first8=Fouzia |last9=Iqbal |first9=Sarah |isbn=978-1-4244-4608-7 |s2cid=14433449 }} (Breast Cancer DSS)</ref> 。基于主体的模型越来越多地被用于在早期阶段和临床前研究中为药理学系统建模，以帮助药物开发，并获得对生物系统的洞见<ref name=CPT>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=James |last2=Cosgrove |first2=Jason |last3=Alden |first3=Kieran |last4=Read |first4=Mark |last5=Kumar |first5=Vipin |last6=Cucurull‐Sanchez |first6=Lourdes |last7=Timmis |first7=Jon |last8=Coles |first8=Mark |title=Agent‐Based Modeling in Systems Pharmacology |journal=CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=615–629 |doi=10.1002/psp4.12018 |pmid = 26783498|pmc=4716580 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |first1=Gnana |last1=Barathy |first2=Levent |last2=Yilmaz |first3=Andreas |last3=Tolk |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=669–714 |date=March 2012 |doi=10.1002/9781118180310.ch27 |chapter=Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |isbn=9781118180310}}</ref> 。此外，基于主体的模型最近被用于研究分子水平的生物系统。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Jamali |first2=Yousef |last3=Mofrad |first3=Mohammad R. K. |title=Accounting for Diffusion in Agent Based Models of Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Application to Cytoskeletal Diffusion |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e25306 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025306 |pmc=3179499 |pmid=21966493 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625306A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Mofrad |first2=Mohammad R. K. |title=Higher Nucleoporin-Importinβ Affinity at the Nuclear Basket Increases Nucleocytoplasmic Import |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e81741 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081741 |pmc=3840022 |pmid=24282617 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...881741A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Bulat |first2=Evgeny |last3=Weis |first3=Karsten |last4=Mofrad |first4=Mohammad R. K. |date=2014-11-05 |title=An agent-based model for mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=25 |issue=22 |pages=3643–3653 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E14-06-1065 |pmc=4230623 |pmid=25253717}}</ref>
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</ref>的影响。基于主体的模型也被用于开发决策支持系统，如乳腺癌<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1109/ICICT.2009.5267202 |chapter-url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051810/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/ICICT_Cameraready_June20_09.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |chapter=A new hybrid agent-based modeling & simulation decision support system for breast cancer data analysis |title=2009 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies |pages=134–139 |year=2009 |last1=Siddiqa |first1=Amnah |last2=Niazi |first2=Muaz |last3=Mustafa |first3=Farah |last4=Bokhari |first4=Habib |last5=Hussain |first5=Amir |last6=Akram |first6=Noreen |last7=Shaheen |first7=Shabnum |last8=Ahmed |first8=Fouzia |last9=Iqbal |first9=Sarah |isbn=978-1-4244-4608-7}} (Breast Cancer DSS)</ref> 。基于主体的模型越来越多地被用于在早期阶段和临床前研究中为药理学系统建模，以帮助药物开发，并获得对生物系统的洞见<ref name=CPT>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=James |last2=Cosgrove |first2=Jason |last3=Alden |first3=Kieran |last4=Read |first4=Mark |last5=Kumar |first5=Vipin |last6=Cucurull‐Sanchez |first6=Lourdes |last7=Timmis |first7=Jon |last8=Coles |first8=Mark |title=Agent‐Based Modeling in Systems Pharmacology |journal=CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology |date=2015 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=615–629 |doi=10.1002/psp4.12018 |pmid = 26783498|pmc=4716580 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Engineering Principles of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |first1=Gnana |last1=Barathy |first2=Levent |last2=Yilmaz |first3=Andreas |last3=Tolk |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=669–714 |date=March 2012 |doi=10.1002/9781118180310.ch27 |chapter=Agent Directed Simulation for Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation |isbn=9781118180310}}</ref> 。此外，基于主体的模型最近被用于研究分子水平的生物系统。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Jamali |first2=Yousef |last3=Mofrad |first3=Mohammad R. K. |title=Accounting for Diffusion in Agent Based Models of Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Application to Cytoskeletal Diffusion |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e25306 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025306 |pmc=3179499 |pmid=21966493 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625306A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Mofrad |first2=Mohammad R. K. |title=Higher Nucleoporin-Importinβ Affinity at the Nuclear Basket Increases Nucleocytoplasmic Import |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e81741 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0081741 |pmc=3840022 |pmid=24282617 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...881741A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azimi |first1=Mohammad |last2=Bulat |first2=Evgeny |last3=Weis |first3=Karsten |last4=Mofrad |first4=Mohammad R. K. |date=2014-11-05 |title=An agent-based model for mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex |journal=Molecular Biology of the Cell |volume=25 |issue=22 |pages=3643–3653 |doi=10.1091/mbc.E14-06-1065 |pmc=4230623 |pmid=25253717}}</ref>
       
=== 在流行病学中 ===
 
=== 在流行病学中 ===
   −
基于主体的模型已经取代了传统的流行病学模型——'''区室模型 Compartmental models'''。在预测的准确性方面，ABMs的方法已被证明优于区室模型。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eisinger|first1=Dirk|last2=Thulke|first2=Hans-Hermann|date=2008-04-01|title=Spatial pattern formation facilitates eradication of infectious diseases|journal=The Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=45|issue=2|pages=415–423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01439.x|issn=0021-8901|pmc=2326892|pmid=18784795}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190822/agent-based-and-individual-based-modeling|title=Agent-Based and Individual-Based Modeling|date=2019-03-26|isbn=978-0-691-19082-2|language=en|last1=Railsback|first1=Steven F.|last2=Grimm|first2=Volker}}</ref>最近，ABMs已被用于进行公共卫生（非药物）干预措施，以防止 SARS-CoV-2的扩散。[45]流行病学上的ABMs因其简单化和不切实际的假设而受到批评。不过，ABMs在精确校准的情况下，仍然可以用来为有关缓解和压制措施的决定提供决策。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sridhar|first1=Devi|last2=Majumder|first2=Maimuna S.|date=2020-04-21|title=Modelling the pandemic|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1567|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=369|pages=m1567|doi=10.1136/bmj.m1567|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32317328|s2cid=216074714}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Squazzoni|first1=Flaminio|last2=Polhill|first2=J. Gareth|last3=Edmonds|first3=Bruce|last4=Ahrweiler|first4=Petra|last5=Antosz|first5=Patrycja|last6=Scholz|first6=Geeske|last7=Chappin|first7=Émile|last8=Borit|first8=Melania|last9=Verhagen|first9=Harko|last10=Giardini|first10=Francesca|last11=Gilbert|first11=Nigel|date=2020|title=Computational Models That Matter During a Global Pandemic Outbreak: A Call to Action|url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/23/2/10.html|journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation|volume=23|issue=2|pages=10|doi=10.18564/jasss.4298|s2cid=216426533|issn=1460-7425}}</ref>
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基于主体的模型已经取代了传统的流行病学模型——'''区室模型 Compartmental models'''。在预测的准确性方面，ABMs的方法已被证明优于区室模型。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eisinger|first1=Dirk|last2=Thulke|first2=Hans-Hermann|date=2008-04-01|title=Spatial pattern formation facilitates eradication of infectious diseases|journal=The Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=45|issue=2|pages=415–423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01439.x|issn=0021-8901|pmc=2326892|pmid=18784795}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190822/agent-based-and-individual-based-modeling|title=Agent-Based and Individual-Based Modeling|date=2019-03-26|isbn=978-0-691-19082-2|language=en|last1=Railsback|first1=Steven F.|last2=Grimm|first2=Volker}}</ref>最近，ABMs已被用于进行公共卫生（非药物）干预措施，以防止 SARS-CoV-2的扩散。[45]流行病学上的ABMs因其简单化和不切实际的假设而受到批评。不过，ABMs在精确校准的情况下，仍然可以用来为有关缓解和压制措施的决定提供决策。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sridhar|first1=Devi|last2=Majumder|first2=Maimuna S.|date=2020-04-21|title=Modelling the pandemic|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1567|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=369|pages=m1567|doi=10.1136/bmj.m1567|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32317328}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Squazzoni|first1=Flaminio|last2=Polhill|first2=J. Gareth|last3=Edmonds|first3=Bruce|last4=Ahrweiler|first4=Petra|last5=Antosz|first5=Patrycja|last6=Scholz|first6=Geeske|last7=Chappin|first7=Émile|last8=Borit|first8=Melania|last9=Verhagen|first9=Harko|last10=Giardini|first10=Francesca|last11=Gilbert|first11=Nigel|date=2020|title=Computational Models That Matter During a Global Pandemic Outbreak: A Call to Action|url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/23/2/10.html|journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation|volume=23|issue=2|pages=10|doi=10.18564/jasss.4298|issn=1460-7425}}</ref>
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最近，基于主体的建模和仿真已经被应用到不同的领域，例如计算机科学领域的研究人员研究出版地的影响（期刊与会议）<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niazi |first1=M. |last2=Baig |first2=A. R. |last3=Hussain |first3=A. |last4=Bhatti |first4=S. |year=2008 |title=Simulation of the Research Process |journal=Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Winter Simulation (Miami, Florida, December 7 – 10, 2008) |editor1-first=S. |editor1-last=Mason |editor2-first=R. |editor2-last=Hill |editor3-first=L. |editor3-last=Mönch |editor4-first=O. |editor4-last=Rose |editor5-first=T. |editor5-last=Jefferson |editor6-first=J. W. |editor6-last=Fowler |pages=1326–1334 |url=http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc08papers/159.pdf |doi=10.1109/WSC.2008.4736206 |isbn=978-1-4244-2707-9 |hdl=1893/3203 |s2cid=6597668 }}</ref> 。此外，ABM已被用于模拟环境中的信息传递<ref>{{cite journal |last=Niazi |first=Muaz A. |title=Self-Organized Customized Content Delivery Architecture for Ambient Assisted Environments |journal=UPGRADE '08: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Use of P2P, Grid and Agents for the Development of Content Networks |year=2008 |pages=45–54 |url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/upg106-niazi.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051629/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/upg106-niazi.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |doi=10.1145/1384209.1384218 |isbn=9781605581552 |s2cid=16916130 }}</ref>。2016年11月arXiv上的一篇文章分析了帖子在Facebook在线社交网络传播的基于主体的模拟<ref>{{Cite arxiv |last1=Nasrinpour |first1=Hamid Reza |last2=Friesen |first2=Marcia R. |last3=McLeod |first3=Robert D. |date=2016-11-22 |title=An Agent-Based Model of Message Propagation in the Facebook Electronic Social Network |eprint=1611.07454 |class=cs.SI}}</ref>。在对等网络、自组织网络和其它复杂网络中，基于主体的建模和仿真的有效性已经得到了证明<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |title=Agent based Tools for Modeling and Simulation of Self-Organization in Peer-to-Peer, Ad-Hoc and other Complex Networks |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |volume=47 |issue=3 |date=March 2009 |pages=163–173 |url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/niaziCommmag.pdf |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2009.4804403 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204212920/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/niaziCommmag.pdf |archivedate=December 4, 2010 |df=mdy-all |hdl=1893/2423 |s2cid=23449913 }}</ref>。且最近演示了一个结合计算机科学的形式化规范框架和[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networks 无线传感器网络]、基于主体的仿真的使用。<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |year=2011 |title=A Novel Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Sensing in Complex Adaptive Environments |journal=IEEE Sensors Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=404–412 |url=http://cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/Accepted_IEEESensorsAug2010.pdf |doi=10.1109/JSEN.2010.2068044 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725023733/http://cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/Accepted_IEEESensorsAug2010.pdf |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all |bibcode=2011ISenJ..11..404N |arxiv=1708.05875 |s2cid=15367419 }}</ref>
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最近，基于主体的建模和仿真已经被应用到不同的领域，例如计算机科学领域的研究人员研究出版地的影响（期刊与会议）<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niazi |first1=M. |last2=Baig |first2=A. R. |last3=Hussain |first3=A. |last4=Bhatti |first4=S. |year=2008 |title=Simulation of the Research Process |journal=Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Winter Simulation (Miami, Florida, December 7 – 10, 2008) |editor1-first=S. |editor1-last=Mason |editor2-first=R. |editor2-last=Hill |editor3-first=L. |editor3-last=Mönch |editor4-first=O. |editor4-last=Rose |editor5-first=T. |editor5-last=Jefferson |editor6-first=J. W. |editor6-last=Fowler |pages=1326–1334 |url=http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc08papers/159.pdf |doi=10.1109/WSC.2008.4736206 |isbn=978-1-4244-2707-9 |hdl=1893/3203}}</ref> 。此外，ABM已被用于模拟环境中的信息传递<ref>{{cite journal |last=Niazi |first=Muaz A. |title=Self-Organized Customized Content Delivery Architecture for Ambient Assisted Environments |journal=UPGRADE '08: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Use of P2P, Grid and Agents for the Development of Content Networks |year=2008 |pages=45–54 |url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/upg106-niazi.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051629/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/upg106-niazi.pdf |archivedate=June 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all |doi=10.1145/1384209.1384218 |isbn=9781605581552}}</ref>。2016年11月arXiv上的一篇文章分析了帖子在Facebook在线社交网络传播的基于主体的模拟<ref>{{Cite arxiv |last1=Nasrinpour |first1=Hamid Reza |last2=Friesen |first2=Marcia R. |last3=McLeod |first3=Robert D. |date=2016-11-22 |title=An Agent-Based Model of Message Propagation in the Facebook Electronic Social Network |eprint=1611.07454 |class=cs.SI}}</ref>。在对等网络、自组织网络和其它复杂网络中，基于主体的建模和仿真的有效性已经得到了证明<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |title=Agent based Tools for Modeling and Simulation of Self-Organization in Peer-to-Peer, Ad-Hoc and other Complex Networks |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |volume=47 |issue=3 |date=March 2009 |pages=163–173 |url=http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/niaziCommmag.pdf |doi=10.1109/MCOM.2009.4804403 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204212920/http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/niaziCommmag.pdf |archivedate=December 4, 2010 |df=mdy-all |hdl=1893/2423}}</ref>。且最近演示了一个结合计算机科学的形式化规范框架和[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networks 无线传感器网络]、基于主体的仿真的使用。<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Muaz |last1=Niazi |first2=Amir |last2=Hussain |year=2011 |title=A Novel Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Sensing in Complex Adaptive Environments |journal=IEEE Sensors Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=404–412 |url=http://cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/Accepted_IEEESensorsAug2010.pdf |doi=10.1109/JSEN.2010.2068044 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725023733/http://cs.stir.ac.uk/~man/papers/Accepted_IEEESensorsAug2010.pdf |archivedate=July 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all |bibcode=2011ISenJ..11..404N |arxiv=1708.05875 }}</ref>
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==验证和确认==
 
==验证和确认==
−
仿真模型的[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation 验证和确认]是非常重要的<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sargent |first1=R. G. |doi=10.1109/WSC.2000.899697 |chapter=Verification, validation and accreditation of simulation models |title=2000 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37165) |volume=1 |pages=50–59 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7803-6579-7 |pmid=|pmc=|citeseerx=10.1.1.17.438 |s2cid=57059217 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Errors and Artefacts in Agent-Based Modelling |last1=Galán |first1=José Manuel |last2=Izquierdo |first2=Luis |last3=Izquierdo |first3=Segismundo S. |last4=Santos |first4=José Ignacio |last5=del Olmo |first5=Ricardo |last6=López-Paredes |first6=Adolfo |last7=Edmonds |first7=Bruce |journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1 |year=2009 |url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/12/1/1.html}}</ref>。验证包括对模型进行调试以确保其正确工作，而确认则确保构建了正确的模型。面部验证、敏感性分析、校准和统计验证也已被证明。 <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klügl |first1=F. |chapter=A validation methodology for agent-based simulations |doi=10.1145/1363686.1363696 |title=Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing - SAC '08 |pages=39 |year=2008 |isbn=9781595937537 |pmid=|pmc=|s2cid=9450992 }}</ref> 离散事件仿真框架的方法提出了基于主体的验证系统<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fortino |first1=G. |first2=A. |last2=Garro |first3=W. |last3=Russo |title=A Discrete-Event Simulation Framework for the Validation of Agent-Based and Multi-Agent Systems |year=2005 |url=http://www-lia.deis.unibo.it/books/woa2005/papers/11.pdf }}</ref> 。在这里可以找到关于基于主体的模型的经验验证的全面资源。<ref>{{cite web |title=Empirical Validation: Agent-Based Computational Economics |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/empvalid.htm |last=Tesfatsion |first=Leigh |publisher=Iowa State University}}</ref>
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仿真模型的[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation 验证和确认]是非常重要的<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sargent |first1=R. G. |doi=10.1109/WSC.2000.899697 |chapter=Verification, validation and accreditation of simulation models |title=2000 Winter Simulation Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37165) |volume=1 |pages=50–59 |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7803-6579-7 |pmid=|pmc=|citeseerx=10.1.1.17.438}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Errors and Artefacts in Agent-Based Modelling |last1=Galán |first1=José Manuel |last2=Izquierdo |first2=Luis |last3=Izquierdo |first3=Segismundo S. |last4=Santos |first4=José Ignacio |last5=del Olmo |first5=Ricardo |last6=López-Paredes |first6=Adolfo |last7=Edmonds |first7=Bruce |journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1 |year=2009 |url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/12/1/1.html}}</ref>。验证包括对模型进行调试以确保其正确工作，而确认则确保构建了正确的模型。面部验证、敏感性分析、校准和统计验证也已被证明。 <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klügl |first1=F. |chapter=A validation methodology for agent-based simulations |doi=10.1145/1363686.1363696 |title=Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing - SAC '08 |pages=39 |year=2008 |isbn=9781595937537 |pmid=|pmc=}}</ref> 离散事件仿真框架的方法提出了基于主体的验证系统<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fortino |first1=G. |first2=A. |last2=Garro |first3=W. |last3=Russo |title=A Discrete-Event Simulation Framework for the Validation of Agent-Based and Multi-Agent Systems |year=2005 |url=http://www-lia.deis.unibo.it/books/woa2005/papers/11.pdf }}</ref> 。在这里可以找到关于基于主体的模型的经验验证的全面资源。<ref>{{cite web |title=Empirical Validation: Agent-Based Computational Economics |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/empvalid.htm |last=Tesfatsion |first=Leigh |publisher=Iowa State University}}</ref>
     
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