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Moved page from wikipedia:en:Laozi (history)
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{{for|the book also known as Laozi|Tao Te Ching}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|Semi-legendary Chinese figure, attributed to the 6th century, regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching and founder of Taoism}}
{{Infobox philosopher
{{Infobox philosopher
{ Infobox 哲学家
|region = [[Chinese philosophy]]
|region = Chinese philosophy
地域 = 中国哲学
|era = [[Ancient philosophy]]
|era = Ancient philosophy
古代哲学
|image = Zhang Lu-Laozi Riding an Ox.jpg
|image = Zhang Lu-Laozi Riding an Ox.jpg
| 图片来源: 张璐-老子骑牛
|caption = Laozi by [[Zhang Lu (painter)|Zhang Lu]]; [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)
|caption = Laozi by Zhang Lu; Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
明朝(1368-1644)
|name = Laozi <br /> 老子
|name = Laozi <br /> 老子
|name = Laozi <br /> 老子
|birth_name = Li Dan <br /> 李聃
|birth_name = Li Dan <br /> 李聃
|birth_name = Li Dan <br /> 李聃
|birth_place = Chujen village, [[State of Chu]]
|birth_place = Chujen village, State of Chu
出生地: 楚国楚人村
|birth_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
|birth_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
| 出生日期 = 未知，公元前6-4世纪
|death_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
|death_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
| 死亡日期 = 未知，公元前6-4世纪
|school_tradition = [[Taoism]]
|school_tradition = Taoism
学校传统 = 道教
|notable_ideas = ''[[Tao]]'', ''[[wu wei]]''
|notable_ideas = Tao, wu wei
值得注意的想法 = 道，无为
|influences =
|influences =
影响 =
|influenced = [[Daoism]],
|influenced = Daoism,
影响 = Daoism,
[[Zhuang Zhou]], [[Lie Yukou]], [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Zen]], and other [[Eastern philosophy#East Asian philosophies|East Asian philosophies]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Alan Watts]], [[Martin Heidegger]], the [[Neotaoism|Neotaoists]]
Zhuang Zhou, Lie Yukou, Chinese Buddhism, Zen, and other East Asian philosophies, Carl Jung, Alan Watts, Martin Heidegger, the Neotaoists
庄周，列玉蔻，汉传佛教，禅宗，以及其他东亚哲学，卡尔荣格，艾伦瓦茨，马丁·海德格尔，新道家
}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
{ Infobox Chinese
|pic=Laozi (Chinese characters).svg
|pic=Laozi (Chinese characters).svg
| pic = Laozi (汉字) . svg
|piccap="Lǎozǐ" in [[seal script]] (top) and [[kaishu|regular]] (bottom) Chinese characters
|piccap="Lǎozǐ" in seal script (top) and regular (bottom) Chinese characters
| piccap = “小字”(上)和普通(下)汉字
|picupright=0.5
|picupright=0.5
0.5
|c={{linktext|老子}}
|c=
2012年3月24日
|l="Old Master"
|l="Old Master"
| l = “大师”
|p=Lǎozǐ
|p=Lǎozǐ
|p=Lǎozǐ
|w=Lao³ Tzŭ³
|w=Lao³ Tzŭ³
|w=Lao³ Tzŭ³
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|l|ao|2|.|zi|3}}
|mi=
| mi =
|gr=Laotzyy
|gr=Laotzyy
2012年10月12日 | gr = Laotzyy
|bpmf=ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
|bpmf=ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
|bpmf=ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
|myr=Lǎudž
|myr=Lǎudž
|myr=Lǎudž
|showflag=p
|showflag=p
| showflag = p
|suz=Lâ-tsỳ
|suz=Lâ-tsỳ
|suz=Lâ-tsỳ
|j=Lou5zi2
|j=Lou5zi2
2 = Lou5zi2
|y=Lóuhjí
|y=Lóuhjí
|y=Lóuhjí
|ci={{IPAc-yue|l|ou|5|.|z|i|2}}
|ci=
我们会找到他的
|poj=Ló-chú
|poj=Ló-chú
|poj=Ló-chú
|tl=Ló-tsú
|tl=Ló-tsú
|tl=Ló-tsú
|oc-bs=*{{IPA|C.rˤuʔ tsəʔ}}
|oc-bs=*
| oc-bs = 42;
|vie=Lão Tử
|vie=Lão Tử
|vie=Lão Tử
|hn=老子
|hn=老子
|hn=老子
|hangul=노자
|hangul=노자
|hangul=노자
|hanja={{lang|ko|老子}}
|hanja=
| hanja =
|rr=Noja
|rr=Noja
| rr = Noja
|kanji=老子
|kanji=老子
|kanji=老子
|hiragana=ろうし
|hiragana=ろうし
|hiragana=ろうし
|romaji=Rōshi
|romaji=Rōshi
|romaji=Rōshi
}}
}}
}}
{| class="infobox" style="border-color:#B0C4DE; width:26em; font-size:85%"
{| class="infobox" style="border-color:#B0C4DE; width:26em; font-size:85%"
{ | class = “ infobox” style = “ border-color: # b0c4de; width: 26em; font-size: 85% ”
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''[[Chinese surname|Clan name]]:'''||[[Li (surname)|Li]] ({{linktext|李}}, ''Lǐ'')
|align="right"|Clan name:||Li (, Lǐ)
|align="right"|Clan name:||Li (, Lǐ)
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''[[Chinese given name|Given name]]:'''||Er ({{linktext|耳}}, ''Ěr'')
|align="right"|Given name:||Er (, Ěr)
|align="right"|Given name:||Er (, Ěr)
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''[[Chinese courtesy name|Courtesy name]]:'''||Boyang ({{linktext|伯|陽}}, ''Bóyáng''), Dan ({{linktext|聃}}, ''Dān'')
|align="right"|Courtesy name:||Boyang (, Bóyáng), Dan (, Dān)
|align="right"|Courtesy name:||Boyang (, Bóyáng), Dan (, Dān)
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Styled:'''||Old Master ({{linktext|老子}}, ''Lǎozǐ'')
|align="right"|Styled:||Old Master (, Lǎozǐ)
|align="right"|Styled:||Old Master (, Lǎozǐ)
|}
|}
|}
{{Taoism}}
{{Philosophy sidebar}}
'''Lao Tzu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|t|s|uː}}<ref name="Lao Zi">[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lao-zi "Lao Zi"].<!--Despite the different spellings, the pronunciations of Laozi and Lao Zi are the same--> ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|d|z|ʌ}}),<ref name="Lao-tzu">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lao-tzu "Lao-tzu"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref name="Lao Tzu">[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lao+Tzu "Lao Tzu"]. ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'', Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2016.</ref> also rendered as '''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|z|ɪ|ə}};<ref name="Lao Zi" /> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|t|s|iː}}; {{zh|s=老子}}, {{IPA-cmn|làu̯.tsɨ|lang}}; commonly translated as "Old Master") and '''Lao-Tze''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|d<!--/t/ in the source-->|z|eɪ}}),<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/laotze "Laotze"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> was an ancient [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosopher]] and writer.<ref name="hubei">{{cite web |title=Lao-tzu – Founder of Taoism |url=http://en.hubei.gov.cn/photo_gallery/people/201606/t20160622_853320.shtml |website=en.hubei.gov.cn |publisher=Government of Hubei, China |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref> He is the reputed author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'',<ref name=stanford/> the founder of philosophical [[Taoism]], and a [[Chinese gods|deity]] in religious [[Taoism]] and [[traditional Chinese religion]]s.
Lao Tzu ( or ), also rendered as Laozi (; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.
老子(或) ，也被称为老子(; ; 是中国古代哲学家和作家。他是著名的《道德经》的作者，《老子》是中国文化的中心人物，唐朝的皇帝和现代的李姓都认为他们的血统创始人。老子的著作受到了各种反独裁运动和中国法家的欢迎。
A [[Chinese legend|semi-legendary]] figure, Lao Tzu was usually portrayed as a 6th-century BC contemporary of [[Confucius]], but some modern historians consider him to have lived during the [[Warring States period]] of the 4th century BC.<ref name=Kohn4>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=4}}</ref> A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the [[Tang dynasty]] and modern people of the [[Li (surname 李)|Li surname]] as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various [[Anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] movements<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ztopics.com/Lao-tse/ |title=Lao-tse |work=ztopics.com}}</ref> and [[Chinese Legalism]].<ref>Han Fei Tzu, the paradigm legalist, wrote one of the earliest commentaries on the Lao Tzu (cf. [http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/courses/zhuangzi/shendao.htm University of Hong Kong] page).</ref>
Lao Tzu itself is a Chinese honorific title: }} (<small>Old</small> *rˤu ʔ, "old, venerable") <small>Mod.</small> Lǐ Ěr) and his courtesy name as Boyang }},}} }},}} <small>Old</small> *Pˤrak-lang, Sima Qian in his biography mentions his name as Lǐ Ěr, and his literary name as Lǐ Dān, which became the deferential Lǎo Dān }},}} Lǎo Dān). The name Lǎo Dān also appears interchangeably with Lǎo Zi in early Daoist texts such as the Zhuangzi,
《老子》本身就是一个中文敬语: }(《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《小》《模》。老伯朗，司马迁在他的传记中提到他的名字是里拉尔，他的文学名字是里拉尔德，后来变成了恭敬的里拉尔德。在早期的道教经典中，例如《 Zhuangzi 》中，小弟弟与小弟弟常常互换,
==Names==
Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]] nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small> ''Lǐ Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small> ''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref>
The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.
老子这个敬语有很多罗马化的方式，有时会导致混淆。最常见的现在形式仍然是老子，这是基于以前盛行的韦德-吉尔斯系统。其他形式包括变体老子、老子和老子/老子。
The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''
As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).
作为一个宗教人物，他被冠以“至尊老爷”、“太守郎”、“三圣”之一。在唐朝，他被授予“至高无上的神秘而原始的皇帝”的称号。
As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|太上老君}}}}, ''Tàishàng Lǎojūn'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacu.org/daovirtue.html|title=Lao Zi and the Canon of Virtue|work=sacu.org}}</ref> and as one of the "[[Three Pure Ones]]". During the [[Tang dynasty]], he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|太上玄元皇帝}},}} ''Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì'').<ref>{{cite book|author=傅勤家 |title=道教史概論 |year=1996 |publisher=臺灣商務印書館 |location=[[Taipei]] |isbn=978-957-05-1324-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goTcCDAOHh0C&pg=PA82 |page=82 |language=Chinese}}</ref>
In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the historicity of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the Tao Te Ching was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".
二十世纪中叶，学者们一致认为，老子这个人的历史性是值得怀疑的，《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。
==Historical views==
The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century BC Records of the Grand Historian collected by the historian Sima Qian from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of Confucius during the 6th or 5th century BC. His surname was Li and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of Confucius titled Lao Laizi }})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century BC reign of Duke Xian of the Qin Dynasty. The oldest text of the Tao Te Ching so far recovered was part of the Guodian Chu Slips. It was written on bamboo slips, and dates to the late 4th century BC.
史学家司马迁从早期记载中搜集到的公元前1世纪的《史记》 ，是对现存老子形象最早的确定参考。有一种说法认为，老子是公元前6或5世纪与孔子同时代的人。他姓李，个人名字叫二旦。他是皇家档案馆的一名官员，在去西方之前写了一本分为两部分的书。在另一篇文章中，《老子》是孔子的另一个同时代的作品，书名为《老来子》}}} ，分15部分写成。第三个，他是宫廷占星家老丹，生活在公元前4世纪的秦朝西安公爵统治时期。到目前为止发现的最古老的道德经文本是郭店楚简的一部分。它写在竹简上，可以追溯到公元前4世纪晚期。
In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref>
The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th century BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th century BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref>
According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.
据传说，老子是周朝皇室的档案管理员。据报道，这使他能够广泛接触到黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。这些故事声称老子从未开办过正规的学校，但却吸引了大量的学生和忠实的弟子。在一个故事中，有许多不同版本的故事重述了他与孔子的邂逅，其中最著名的是在 Zhuangzi。
According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref>
He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.
他有时被认为来自楚国的朱人村。在老子结婚的地方，据说他有一个儿子，名叫宗，后来成了一名著名的战士。
He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.
The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.
故事讲述了战士宗庆后打败了敌人，取得了胜利，然后抛弃了敌人的尸体，让秃鹫吃掉的故事。巧合的是，老子在游历和教导道路的过程中，出现在这个场景中，被揭露出是宗的父亲，他从小就与宗分离。老子告诉儿子，被打败的敌人最好要尊重，不尊重他们的死者会让他的敌人报仇。宗后深信不疑，命令士兵埋葬敌人的尸体。为双方的死者举行葬礼哀悼，从而实现了持久的和平。
The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.
Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.
李氏家族的许多氏族可以追溯到老子，包括唐朝的皇帝。This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏).根据辛普金一家的说法，虽然这些血统中有许多(如果不是全部的话)是有问题的，但它们证明了老子对中国文化的影响。
Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref>
The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.
司马迁的第三个故事说，老子厌倦了 Chengzhou 生活的道德沦丧，注意到了王国的衰落。80岁那年，他大胆到西部去隐居，生活在这片动荡不安的边疆。在城门(或王国)西边，他被守卫银溪认出来了。哨兵要求老主人为了国家的利益记录下他的智慧，然后才允许他通过。老子所写的文字据说是《道德经》 ，尽管目前版本的文字包含了后来版本的补充。在一些版本的故事，哨兵是如此感动的工作，他成为一个门徒和老子离开，再也没有看到。在另一些故事中，“大师”一路旅行到了印度，成为了 Siddartha Gautama 的导师，佛陀。也有人说他就是佛陀本人。
The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref>
A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.
七世纪的《三洞珠囊》 ，点缀了老子与 Yinxi 的关系。老子到了西门，假装是农民，但是被殷熙认出来了，殷熙要求师从大师。老子不满足于仅仅被警卫注意到，要求解释。殷熙表达了寻找道的强烈愿望，并解释说，他长期的占星学研究使他认识到老子的方法。殷熙被老子收为弟子。这被认为是道教大师和弟子之间的典范互动，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚地表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。
A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref>
The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.
三个洞穴的珍珠袋延续了一个追随者的追求的平行。老子传授《道德经》、其他经典和戒律时，阴熙接受了他的授职，正如道教信徒在授职时接受了许多方法、教导和经典一样。这只是一个初步的任命，阴熙还需要一段时间来完善他的德行，所以老子给了他三年的时间来完善他的道。银禧把自己奉献给了全职的奉献生活。过了约定的时间，银禧再次展示了决心和完美的信任，送出一只害群之马作为约定的标志进入市场。他最终再次与老子会面，老子宣布银溪的不朽名字被列入天堂，并召唤一支天上的队伍给银溪披上神仙的外衣。故事继续，老子赋予银禧多个头衔，带着他走遍宇宙，甚至进入九天。经过这次奇妙的旅程，两位圣人出发前往西方的野蛮人的土地。这一时期的训练、团聚和游历，代表了中世纪道教最高的宗教等级，被称为“三洞导师”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道教大师，Yinxi 是理想的道教徒。老子以“道”的形象出现，把自己的教诲赋予人性，以拯救人性。印喜遵循正式的准备、测试、训练和学习的顺序。
The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref>
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.
自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被当作神来崇拜。信仰神圣的老子启示了道，导致了天师道的形成，第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙道路上的信徒。宗教道教经常认为，“大师”在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。其他的神话传说说他在伏羲时期的第一次生命之后重生了13次。在他作为老子的最后一次化身中，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生旅行来揭示道。
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/>
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File:Laozi.jpg|According to Chinese legend, Laozi left China for the west on a water buffalo.
文件: Laozi.jpg | 根据中国传说，老子骑着一头水牛离开中国去了西方。
[[Chinese mythology|Taoist myths]] state that Laozi was conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star. He supposedly remained in her womb for 62 years before being born while his mother was leaning against a [[plum tree]]. (The Chinese surname [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] shares its [[Chinese character|character]] with "plum".) Laozi was said to have emerged as a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes, both symbols of wisdom and long life.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=303}}</ref> Other myths state that he was [[reincarnation|reborn]] 13 times after his first life during the days of [[Fuxi]]. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|pp=3–4}}</ref>
File:Laozi meets Yin Xi.PNG|Laozi meets Yinxi
文件: 老子遇见尹希，png | 老子遇见尹希
File:Konfuzius-laozi.jpg|Confucius meets Laozi, Shih Kang, Yuan dynasty
文件: Konfuzius-Laozi. jpg | 孔子遇见老子，世康，元朝
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File:Lao Tzu - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|Depiction of Laozi in E. T. C. Werner's Myths and Legends of China
15250. jpg | 描绘中国神话传说中的老子古腾堡计划
File:Laozi.jpg|According to [[Chinese legend]], Laozi left [[Zhou Empire|China]] for the west on a [[Domestic Asian Water Buffalo|water buffalo]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Renard|2002|p=16}}</ref>
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File:Laozi meets Yin Xi.PNG|Laozi meets [[Yinxi]]
File:Konfuzius-laozi.jpg|''[[Confucius]] meets Laozi'', Shih Kang, [[Yuan dynasty]]
File:Lao Tzu - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|Depiction of Laozi in [[E. T. C. Werner]]'s ''Myths and Legends of China''
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Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven
老子神仙天师
==''Tao Te Ching''==
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.
《老子》传统上被认为是《道德经》的作者，尽管《道德经》的作者或编纂者的身份问题历来争论不休。这是中国宇宙论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，经常用悖论、类推、挪用古语、重复、对称、押韵、韵律等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，整本书可以看作一个类比——在冥想中，统治者是意识或自我，而无数的生物或帝国是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。
{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}
[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven]]
The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.
《道德经》以其著名作者老子的名字而被简称为《道德经》 ，它把道(或者说道)描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但不是超越的，非常强大却极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。道德经意图引导学生“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。< ! -- ref 支持整个段落到这一点 -- > 语言和传统智慧被批判性地评估。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，广泛使用悖论来强化观点。
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.
Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.
利维亚 · 科恩提供了一个例子，说明老子是如何鼓励人们改变做法，或是回归“自然” ，而不是采取行动的。技术可能带来错误的进步感。老子给出的答案不是拒绝技术，而是寻求无为的平静状态，摆脱欲望。这与老子的许多言论有关，老子鼓励统治者让他们的人民“无知” ，或“头脑简单”。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这并不是不寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”(谷神)、“灵魂”(po)等术语，具有形而上的语境，与对作品的纯伦理解读不可调和。
The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref>
It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.
It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao.它包括这样的概念，即价值差异是意识形态的，并且认为各种各样的野心都源于同一个来源。老子广泛地使用这个词，以朴素和谦逊作为主要的美德，常常与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着避免战争、严厉的法律和重税。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，比如 Zhuangzi 发现的左王“坐忘”(排空身体意识和思想的头脑)。
Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/>
''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref>
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.
纵观中国历史，潜在的官员利用非儒家圣人的权威，特别是老子和庄子，在任何时候都拒绝为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的传统学者，对中国文人和文化产生了巨大的影响。老子以他的心理学知识影响了千百万中国人。他用他的不作为和沉默来说服人们。
It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/>
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.
受老子影响的政治理论家主张在领导上要谦逊，在治国方法上要克制，要么是出于道德和和平主义的原因，要么是出于战术目的。在不同的背景下，各种反权威运动都接受了老子关于权力弱者的教诲。
===Taoism===
{{Main|Taoism}}
Laozi was a proponent of limited government. Left-libertarians in particular have been influenced by Laozi – in his 1937 book Nationalism and Culture, the anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community. In his 1910 article for the Encyclopædia Britannica, Peter Kropotkin also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially anarchist concepts. More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and Ursula K. Le Guin have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular. In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends."
老子是有限政府的倡导者。无政府工团主义作家、活动家鲁道夫 · 洛克在其1937年出版的《民族主义与文化》一书中，对老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区文化活动对立的理解进行了高度评价。在他1910年发表在《大英百科全书的文章中，Peter Kropotkin 也指出老子是最早的无政府主义概念的支持者之一。最近，像 John p. Clark 和厄休拉·勒吉恩这样的无政府主义者以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在《道德经》的演绎中，勒奎恩写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为魔法。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，不正当的权力被篡夺了... ..。他认为自我或他人的牺牲是权力的堕落，而权力对于任何遵循道路的人都是可得的。难怪无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism, intimately connected with the ''Tao Te Ching'' and "primordial" (or "original") Taoism. Popular ("religious") Taoism typically presents the [[Jade Emperor]] as the official head [[deity]]. Intellectual ("elite") Taoists, such as the [[Way of the Celestial Masters|Celestial Masters sect]], usually present Laozi (''Laojun'', "Lord Lao") and the [[Three Pure Ones]] at the top of the pantheon of deities.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Maspero|1981|p=41}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=63}}</ref>
The right-libertarian economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to Friedrich Hayek's theory of spontaneous order. James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony." Similarly, the Cato Institute's David Boaz includes passages from the Tao Te Ching in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader. Philosopher Roderick Long, however, argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers.
右翼自由主义经济学家穆瑞•罗斯巴德(Murray Rothbard)认为，老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作弗里德里希•哈耶克(Friedrich Hayek)的自发秩序理论。詹姆斯 · a · 多恩(James a. Dorn)对此表示赞同，他写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，卡托研究所的 David Boaz 在他1997年出版的《自由意志主义读者》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家罗德里克 · 龙认为，道家思想中的自由主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴而来的。
==Influence==
{{See|Zhuangzi (book)}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
(美术馆宽度 = " 200px" heights = " 160px")
File:Confucius and Laozi, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) fresco depicting Confucius and Laozi, from a tomb of Dongping County, Shandong, China
文件: 孔子和老子，壁画来自中国 Dongping County 的西汉墓穴。一幅西汉(公元前202年-公元前9年)的壁画描绘了 Dongping County 墓穴中的孔子和老子
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]], to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese [[Scholar-bureaucrats|literati]] and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=Beatrice K.|date=February 1969|title=Lao Tzu: Persuasion through inaction and non‐speaking|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463376909368862|journal=Today's Speech|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=23–25|doi=10.1080/01463376909368862|issn=0040-8573}}</ref>
File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A detail of the same fresco
文件: 孔子，Dongping County 西汉墓壁画
File:Laozi 002.jpg|A stone sculpture of Laozi, located north of Quanzhou at the foot of Mount Qingyuan
文件: 老子002. jpg | 老子的石头雕塑，位于泉州北部，Mount Qingyuan 脚下
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Roberts|2004|pp=1–2}}</ref>
</gallery>
</gallery >
Laozi was a proponent of limited government.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Dorn|2008|pp=282–283}}</ref> [[Left-libertarianism|Left-libertarians]] in particular have been influenced by Laozi – in his 1937 book ''[[Nationalism and Culture]]'', the [[anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] writer and activist [[Rudolf Rocker]] praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Rocker|1997|pp=256, 82}}</ref> In his 1910 article for the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', [[Peter Kropotkin]] also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially [[Anarchism|anarchist]] concepts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html |title=Britannica: Anarchism |publisher=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu |accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raforum.info/spip.php?article4488&lang=fr|author=Clark, John P.|title=Master Lao and the Anarchist Prince|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020015752/https://raforum.info/spip.php?article4488&lang=fr|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Le Guin|2009|p=20}}</ref>
The [[Right-libertarianism|right-libertarian]] economist [[Murray Rothbard]] suggested that Laozi was the first [[Libertarianism|libertarian]],<ref>Rothbard, Murray (2005). Excerpt from "Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire", ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies'', Vol. IX, No. 2 (Fall 1990) at [https://mises.org/daily/1967 mises.org]</ref> likening Laozi's ideas on government to [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s theory of [[spontaneous order]].<ref>Rothbard, Murray (2005). "The Ancient Chinese Libertarian Tradition", ''Mises Daily'', (5 December 2005) (original source unknown) at [https://mises.org/daily/1967 mises.org]</ref> James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Dorn|2008}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Cato Institute]]'s [[David Boaz]] includes passages from the ''Tao Te Ching''' in his 1997 book ''The Libertarian Reader''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Boaz|1997}}</ref> Philosopher [[Roderick Long]], however, argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier [[Confucian]] writers.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Long|2003}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Confucius and Laozi, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A [[Western Han]] (202 BC – 9 AD) [[fresco]] depicting [[Confucius]] and Laozi, from a tomb of [[Dongping County]], Shandong, China
File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A detail of the same fresco
File:Laozi 002.jpg|A stone sculpture of Laozi, located north of [[Quanzhou]] at the foot of [[Mount Qingyuan]]
</gallery>
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{Citation |last=Boaz |first=David |title = The libertarian reader: classic and contemporary readings from Lao-tzu to Milton Friedman |publisher=Free Press |location=New York, NY |year=1997 |isbn = 978-0-684-84767-2 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dorn |first=James A. |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |access-date=12 May 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |isbn = 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc = 750831024 |lccn = 2008009151 |doi = 10.4135/9781412965811.n169 |ref = harv |chapter = Lao Tzu (C. 600 B.C.) }}
* {{Citation |last=Fowler |first=Jeaneane |title=An Introduction to the Philosophy And Religion Of Taoism: Pathways To Immortality |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton |year=2005 |isbn = 978-1-84519-085-9 }}
* {{Citation |last=Kohn |first=Livia |title = Daoism Handbook (Handbook of Oriental Studies / Handbuch der Orientalisk – Part 4: China, 14) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11208-7}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Kohn |editor-first=Livia |editor2-last=Lafargue |editor2-first=Michael |title=Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3599-1 |ref = {{Harvid|Kohn|Lafargue|1998}} }}
* {{Citation |last=Kramer |first=Kenneth |title=World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York, NY |year=1986 |isbn = 978-0-8091-2781-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |date=Summer 2003 |title = Austro-Libertarian Themes in Early Confucianism |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |pages=35–62 |volume=17 |series=3 |url= https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/17_3/17_3_3.pdf }}
* {{Citation |last=Le Guin |first=Ursula K. |title=Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way |publisher=Shambhala Publications Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2009 |isbn = 978-1-59030-744-1 |edition=2nd }}
* {{Citation |last=Luo |first=Jing |title = Over a cup of tea: an introduction to Chinese life and culture |publisher=University Press of America |location=Washington, DC |year=2004 |isbn = 978-0-7618-2937-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/overcupoftea00jing }}
* {{Citation |last=Maspero |first=Henri |title=Taoism and Chinese religion |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst |year=1981 |isbn = 978-0-87023-308-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/taoismchineserel00henr }}
* {{Citation |last=Morgan |first=Diane |title=The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York, NY |year= 2001 |isbn = 978-1-58063-197-6 }}
* {{Citation |last=Renard |first=John |title=101 Questions and answers on Confucianism, Daoism, and Shinto |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York, NY |year=2002 |isbn = 978-0-8091-4091-6 }}
* {{Citation |last=Roberts |first=Moss |title = Dao De Jing: The Book of the Way |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=2004 |isbn = 978-0-520-24221-0 }}
* {{Citation |last=Robinet |first=Isabelle |title=Taoism: Growth of a Religion |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |year=1997 |isbn = 978-0-8047-2839-3 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Simpkins |first1=Annellen M. |last2=Simpkins |first2=C. Alexander |title=Simple Taoism: a guide to living in balance |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |edition=3rd Printing |location=Boston |year=1999 |isbn = 978-0-8048-3173-4 |ref = {{Harvid|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999}} }}
* {{Citation |last1=Van Norden |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Ivanhoe |first2=Philip J. |title=Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |edition=2nd |location=Indianapolis, Ind |year=2006 |isbn = 978-0-87220-780-6 |ref = {{Harvid|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005}} }}
* {{Citation |last=Watson |first=Burton |title=Complete Works of Chuang Tzu |publisher=Columbia Univ. Press ([[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]]: Chinese Series) |location=New York, NY |year=1968 |isbn = 978-0-231-03147-9}}
* {{Citation |last1=Watts |first1=Alan |last2=Huan |first2=Al Chung-liang |title=Tao: The Watercourse Way |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York, NY |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-394-73311-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/taowatercoursewa00watt_0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rocker |first=Rudolf |title=Nationalism and Culture |publisher=Black Rose Books |year=1997 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=Kaltenmark |first=Max |others=Translated by Greaves, Roger |title=Lao Tzu and Taoism |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-8047-0689-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Lao |first=Tzu |others=Porter, Bill (Red Pine) |title=Lao-Tzu's Taoteching |publisher=[[Copper Canyon Press]] |location=Port Townsend, WA |edition=3rd Revised |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-55659-290-4}}
* Sterckx, Roel. ''Ways of Heaven. An Introduction to Chinese Thought.'' New York: Basic Books, 2019.
=== Translations into English ===
* {{Citation |last=Henricks |first=Robert G. |title=Lao Tzu: Te-Tao Ching – A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts (Classics of Ancient China) |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/laotzu00blof/page/320 320] |isbn=978-0-345-37099-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/laotzu00blof/page/320 }}
* {{Citation |last=Klaus |first=Hilmar |title=The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi – Daodejing. Chinese–English–German. Aachen: Hochschulverlag |publisher=Hochschulverlag |location=Aachen, Germany |year=2009 |page=600 |isbn=978-3-8107-0055-1 |url=http://www.tao-te-king.org}}
* {{Citation |last=Legge|first=James |title=The Tao Teh King, or The Tao and its characteristics |url=http://www.w66.eu/elib/html/ttk.html}}
* {{Citation |last=Waley |first= Arthur |title=The Way and Its Power: Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought |series=[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]] |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8021-5085-1}}
* [http://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing.php Side-by-side translations of the Tao Te Ching]
==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Laozi|v=no|n=no|b=Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Lao-tzu and Taoism}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2427}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Lao-Tze" OR "Laozi" OR "Lao-Tzu" OR "Lao Zi" OR "Lao Zih" OR "Lao Tse" OR "Laotze" OR "Lao Tzu")}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4205}}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi]
Category:6th-century BC deaths
分类: 公元前6世纪的死亡
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/laozi.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi]
Category:6th-century BC Asian philosophers
范畴: 公元前6世纪亚洲哲学家
* [http://www.laotzu.org Lao Tzu Life and Teachings]
Category:7th-century BC births
类别: 公元前7世纪出生
Category:Deified Chinese people
类别: 被神化的中国人
{{Chinese philosophy}}
Category:Founders of philosophical traditions
范畴: 哲学传统的创始人
{{Ethics}}
Category:Founders of religions
类别: 宗教创始人
{{Social and political philosophy}}
Category:Investiture of the Gods characters
类别: 神灵授职仪式
{{Authority control}}
Category:Libertarian theorists
范畴: 自由意志主义理论家
Category:Moral philosophers
范畴: 道德哲学家
[[Category:Laozi| ]]
Category:People whose existence is disputed
类别: 存在争议的人
[[Category:6th-century BC deaths]]
Category:Philosophers of culture
范畴: 文化哲学家
[[Category:6th-century BC Asian philosophers ]]
Category:Philosophers of ethics and morality
范畴: 伦理和道德哲学家
[[Category:7th-century BC births]]
Category:Philosophers of mind
范畴: 心灵哲学家
[[Category:Deified Chinese people]]
Category:Proto-anarchists
类别: 原始无政府主义者
[[Category:Founders of philosophical traditions]]
Category:Chinese political philosophers
范畴: 中国政治哲学家
[[Category:Founders of religions]]
Category:Chinese social commentators
类别: 中国社会评论员
[[Category:Investiture of the Gods characters]]
Category:Social critics
类别: 社会批评家
[[Category:Libertarian theorists]]
Category:Social philosophers
范畴: 社会哲学家
[[Category:Moral philosophers]]
Category:Taoism
类别: 道教
[[Category:People whose existence is disputed]]
Category:Zhou dynasty philosophers
范畴: 周代哲学家
[[Category:Philosophers of culture]]
Category:Zhou dynasty Taoists
类别: 周朝道士
<noinclude>
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Laozi]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[老子/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>
[[Category:待整理页面]]
{{for|the book also known as Laozi|Tao Te Ching}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|Semi-legendary Chinese figure, attributed to the 6th century, regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching and founder of Taoism}}
{{Infobox philosopher
{{Infobox philosopher
{ Infobox 哲学家
|region = [[Chinese philosophy]]
|region = Chinese philosophy
地域 = 中国哲学
|era = [[Ancient philosophy]]
|era = Ancient philosophy
古代哲学
|image = Zhang Lu-Laozi Riding an Ox.jpg
|image = Zhang Lu-Laozi Riding an Ox.jpg
| 图片来源: 张璐-老子骑牛
|caption = Laozi by [[Zhang Lu (painter)|Zhang Lu]]; [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)
|caption = Laozi by Zhang Lu; Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
明朝(1368-1644)
|name = Laozi <br /> 老子
|name = Laozi <br /> 老子
|name = Laozi <br /> 老子
|birth_name = Li Dan <br /> 李聃
|birth_name = Li Dan <br /> 李聃
|birth_name = Li Dan <br /> 李聃
|birth_place = Chujen village, [[State of Chu]]
|birth_place = Chujen village, State of Chu
出生地: 楚国楚人村
|birth_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
|birth_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
| 出生日期 = 未知，公元前6-4世纪
|death_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
|death_date = Unknown, 6th century – 4th century BC
| 死亡日期 = 未知，公元前6-4世纪
|school_tradition = [[Taoism]]
|school_tradition = Taoism
学校传统 = 道教
|notable_ideas = ''[[Tao]]'', ''[[wu wei]]''
|notable_ideas = Tao, wu wei
值得注意的想法 = 道，无为
|influences =
|influences =
影响 =
|influenced = [[Daoism]],
|influenced = Daoism,
影响 = Daoism,
[[Zhuang Zhou]], [[Lie Yukou]], [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Zen]], and other [[Eastern philosophy#East Asian philosophies|East Asian philosophies]], [[Carl Jung]], [[Alan Watts]], [[Martin Heidegger]], the [[Neotaoism|Neotaoists]]
Zhuang Zhou, Lie Yukou, Chinese Buddhism, Zen, and other East Asian philosophies, Carl Jung, Alan Watts, Martin Heidegger, the Neotaoists
庄周，列玉蔻，汉传佛教，禅宗，以及其他东亚哲学，卡尔荣格，艾伦瓦茨，马丁·海德格尔，新道家
}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
{ Infobox Chinese
|pic=Laozi (Chinese characters).svg
|pic=Laozi (Chinese characters).svg
| pic = Laozi (汉字) . svg
|piccap="Lǎozǐ" in [[seal script]] (top) and [[kaishu|regular]] (bottom) Chinese characters
|piccap="Lǎozǐ" in seal script (top) and regular (bottom) Chinese characters
| piccap = “小字”(上)和普通(下)汉字
|picupright=0.5
|picupright=0.5
0.5
|c={{linktext|老子}}
|c=
2012年3月24日
|l="Old Master"
|l="Old Master"
| l = “大师”
|p=Lǎozǐ
|p=Lǎozǐ
|p=Lǎozǐ
|w=Lao³ Tzŭ³
|w=Lao³ Tzŭ³
|w=Lao³ Tzŭ³
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|l|ao|2|.|zi|3}}
|mi=
| mi =
|gr=Laotzyy
|gr=Laotzyy
2012年10月12日 | gr = Laotzyy
|bpmf=ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
|bpmf=ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
|bpmf=ㄌㄠˇ ㄗˇ
|myr=Lǎudž
|myr=Lǎudž
|myr=Lǎudž
|showflag=p
|showflag=p
| showflag = p
|suz=Lâ-tsỳ
|suz=Lâ-tsỳ
|suz=Lâ-tsỳ
|j=Lou5zi2
|j=Lou5zi2
2 = Lou5zi2
|y=Lóuhjí
|y=Lóuhjí
|y=Lóuhjí
|ci={{IPAc-yue|l|ou|5|.|z|i|2}}
|ci=
我们会找到他的
|poj=Ló-chú
|poj=Ló-chú
|poj=Ló-chú
|tl=Ló-tsú
|tl=Ló-tsú
|tl=Ló-tsú
|oc-bs=*{{IPA|C.rˤuʔ tsəʔ}}
|oc-bs=*
| oc-bs = 42;
|vie=Lão Tử
|vie=Lão Tử
|vie=Lão Tử
|hn=老子
|hn=老子
|hn=老子
|hangul=노자
|hangul=노자
|hangul=노자
|hanja={{lang|ko|老子}}
|hanja=
| hanja =
|rr=Noja
|rr=Noja
| rr = Noja
|kanji=老子
|kanji=老子
|kanji=老子
|hiragana=ろうし
|hiragana=ろうし
|hiragana=ろうし
|romaji=Rōshi
|romaji=Rōshi
|romaji=Rōshi
}}
}}
}}
{| class="infobox" style="border-color:#B0C4DE; width:26em; font-size:85%"
{| class="infobox" style="border-color:#B0C4DE; width:26em; font-size:85%"
{ | class = “ infobox” style = “ border-color: # b0c4de; width: 26em; font-size: 85% ”
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''[[Chinese surname|Clan name]]:'''||[[Li (surname)|Li]] ({{linktext|李}}, ''Lǐ'')
|align="right"|Clan name:||Li (, Lǐ)
|align="right"|Clan name:||Li (, Lǐ)
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''[[Chinese given name|Given name]]:'''||Er ({{linktext|耳}}, ''Ěr'')
|align="right"|Given name:||Er (, Ěr)
|align="right"|Given name:||Er (, Ěr)
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''[[Chinese courtesy name|Courtesy name]]:'''||Boyang ({{linktext|伯|陽}}, ''Bóyáng''), Dan ({{linktext|聃}}, ''Dān'')
|align="right"|Courtesy name:||Boyang (, Bóyáng), Dan (, Dān)
|align="right"|Courtesy name:||Boyang (, Bóyáng), Dan (, Dān)
|-
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Styled:'''||Old Master ({{linktext|老子}}, ''Lǎozǐ'')
|align="right"|Styled:||Old Master (, Lǎozǐ)
|align="right"|Styled:||Old Master (, Lǎozǐ)
|}
|}
|}
{{Taoism}}
{{Philosophy sidebar}}
'''Lao Tzu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|t|s|uː}}<ref name="Lao Zi">[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lao-zi "Lao Zi"].<!--Despite the different spellings, the pronunciations of Laozi and Lao Zi are the same--> ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|d|z|ʌ}}),<ref name="Lao-tzu">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lao-tzu "Lao-tzu"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref name="Lao Tzu">[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lao+Tzu "Lao Tzu"]. ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'', Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2016.</ref> also rendered as '''Laozi''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|z|ɪ|ə}};<ref name="Lao Zi" /> {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|t|s|iː}}; {{zh|s=老子}}, {{IPA-cmn|làu̯.tsɨ|lang}}; commonly translated as "Old Master") and '''Lao-Tze''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|ˈ|d<!--/t/ in the source-->|z|eɪ}}),<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/laotze "Laotze"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> was an ancient [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosopher]] and writer.<ref name="hubei">{{cite web |title=Lao-tzu – Founder of Taoism |url=http://en.hubei.gov.cn/photo_gallery/people/201606/t20160622_853320.shtml |website=en.hubei.gov.cn |publisher=Government of Hubei, China |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref> He is the reputed author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'',<ref name=stanford/> the founder of philosophical [[Taoism]], and a [[Chinese gods|deity]] in religious [[Taoism]] and [[traditional Chinese religion]]s.
Lao Tzu ( or ), also rendered as Laozi (; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.
老子(或) ，也被称为老子(; ; 是中国古代哲学家和作家。他是著名的《道德经》的作者，《老子》是中国文化的中心人物，唐朝的皇帝和现代的李姓都认为他们的血统创始人。老子的著作受到了各种反独裁运动和中国法家的欢迎。
A [[Chinese legend|semi-legendary]] figure, Lao Tzu was usually portrayed as a 6th-century BC contemporary of [[Confucius]], but some modern historians consider him to have lived during the [[Warring States period]] of the 4th century BC.<ref name=Kohn4>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=4}}</ref> A central figure in [[Chinese culture]], Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the [[Tang dynasty]] and modern people of the [[Li (surname 李)|Li surname]] as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various [[Anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] movements<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ztopics.com/Lao-tse/ |title=Lao-tse |work=ztopics.com}}</ref> and [[Chinese Legalism]].<ref>Han Fei Tzu, the paradigm legalist, wrote one of the earliest commentaries on the Lao Tzu (cf. [http://www.philosophy.hku.hk/courses/zhuangzi/shendao.htm University of Hong Kong] page).</ref>
Lao Tzu itself is a Chinese honorific title: }} (<small>Old</small> *rˤu ʔ, "old, venerable") <small>Mod.</small> Lǐ Ěr) and his courtesy name as Boyang }},}} }},}} <small>Old</small> *Pˤrak-lang, Sima Qian in his biography mentions his name as Lǐ Ěr, and his literary name as Lǐ Dān, which became the deferential Lǎo Dān }},}} Lǎo Dān). The name Lǎo Dān also appears interchangeably with Lǎo Zi in early Daoist texts such as the Zhuangzi,
《老子》本身就是一个中文敬语: }(《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《老》《小》《模》。老伯朗，司马迁在他的传记中提到他的名字是里拉尔，他的文学名字是里拉尔德，后来变成了恭敬的里拉尔德。在早期的道教经典中，例如《 Zhuangzi 》中，小弟弟与小弟弟常常互换,
==Names==
Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]] nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small> ''Lǐ Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small> {{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small> [[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small> ''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref>
The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.
老子这个敬语有很多罗马化的方式，有时会导致混淆。最常见的现在形式仍然是老子，这是基于以前盛行的韦德-吉尔斯系统。其他形式包括变体老子、老子和老子/老子。
The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''
As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).
作为一个宗教人物，他被冠以“至尊老爷”、“太守郎”、“三圣”之一。在唐朝，他被授予“至高无上的神秘而原始的皇帝”的称号。
As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|太上老君}}}}, ''Tàishàng Lǎojūn'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacu.org/daovirtue.html|title=Lao Zi and the Canon of Virtue|work=sacu.org}}</ref> and as one of the "[[Three Pure Ones]]". During the [[Tang dynasty]], he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|太上玄元皇帝}},}} ''Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì'').<ref>{{cite book|author=傅勤家 |title=道教史概論 |year=1996 |publisher=臺灣商務印書館 |location=[[Taipei]] |isbn=978-957-05-1324-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goTcCDAOHh0C&pg=PA82 |page=82 |language=Chinese}}</ref>
In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the historicity of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the Tao Te Ching was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".
二十世纪中叶，学者们一致认为，老子这个人的历史性是值得怀疑的，《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。
==Historical views==
The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century BC Records of the Grand Historian collected by the historian Sima Qian from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of Confucius during the 6th or 5th century BC. His surname was Li and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of Confucius titled Lao Laizi }})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century BC reign of Duke Xian of the Qin Dynasty. The oldest text of the Tao Te Ching so far recovered was part of the Guodian Chu Slips. It was written on bamboo slips, and dates to the late 4th century BC.
史学家司马迁从早期记载中搜集到的公元前1世纪的《史记》 ，是对现存老子形象最早的确定参考。有一种说法认为，老子是公元前6或5世纪与孔子同时代的人。他姓李，个人名字叫二旦。他是皇家档案馆的一名官员，在去西方之前写了一本分为两部分的书。在另一篇文章中，《老子》是孔子的另一个同时代的作品，书名为《老来子》}}} ，分15部分写成。第三个，他是宫廷占星家老丹，生活在公元前4世纪的秦朝西安公爵统治时期。到目前为止发现的最古老的道德经文本是郭店楚简的一部分。它写在竹简上，可以追溯到公元前4世纪晚期。
In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref>
The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th century BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th century BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref>
According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.
据传说，老子是周朝皇室的档案管理员。据报道，这使他能够广泛接触到黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。这些故事声称老子从未开办过正规的学校，但却吸引了大量的学生和忠实的弟子。在一个故事中，有许多不同版本的故事重述了他与孔子的邂逅，其中最著名的是在 Zhuangzi。
According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref>
He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.
他有时被认为来自楚国的朱人村。在老子结婚的地方，据说他有一个儿子，名叫宗，后来成了一名著名的战士。
He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.
The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.
故事讲述了战士宗庆后打败了敌人，取得了胜利，然后抛弃了敌人的尸体，让秃鹫吃掉的故事。巧合的是，老子在游历和教导道路的过程中，出现在这个场景中，被揭露出是宗的父亲，他从小就与宗分离。老子告诉儿子，被打败的敌人最好要尊重，不尊重他们的死者会让他的敌人报仇。宗后深信不疑，命令士兵埋葬敌人的尸体。为双方的死者举行葬礼哀悼，从而实现了持久的和平。
The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.
Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.
李氏家族的许多氏族可以追溯到老子，包括唐朝的皇帝。This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏).根据辛普金一家的说法，虽然这些血统中有许多(如果不是全部的话)是有问题的，但它们证明了老子对中国文化的影响。
Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref>
The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.
司马迁的第三个故事说，老子厌倦了 Chengzhou 生活的道德沦丧，注意到了王国的衰落。80岁那年，他大胆到西部去隐居，生活在这片动荡不安的边疆。在城门(或王国)西边，他被守卫银溪认出来了。哨兵要求老主人为了国家的利益记录下他的智慧，然后才允许他通过。老子所写的文字据说是《道德经》 ，尽管目前版本的文字包含了后来版本的补充。在一些版本的故事，哨兵是如此感动的工作，他成为一个门徒和老子离开，再也没有看到。在另一些故事中，“大师”一路旅行到了印度，成为了 Siddartha Gautama 的导师，佛陀。也有人说他就是佛陀本人。
The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref>
A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.
七世纪的《三洞珠囊》 ，点缀了老子与 Yinxi 的关系。老子到了西门，假装是农民，但是被殷熙认出来了，殷熙要求师从大师。老子不满足于仅仅被警卫注意到，要求解释。殷熙表达了寻找道的强烈愿望，并解释说，他长期的占星学研究使他认识到老子的方法。殷熙被老子收为弟子。这被认为是道教大师和弟子之间的典范互动，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚地表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。
A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref>
The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.
三个洞穴的珍珠袋延续了一个追随者的追求的平行。老子传授《道德经》、其他经典和戒律时，阴熙接受了他的授职，正如道教信徒在授职时接受了许多方法、教导和经典一样。这只是一个初步的任命，阴熙还需要一段时间来完善他的德行，所以老子给了他三年的时间来完善他的道。银禧把自己奉献给了全职的奉献生活。过了约定的时间，银禧再次展示了决心和完美的信任，送出一只害群之马作为约定的标志进入市场。他最终再次与老子会面，老子宣布银溪的不朽名字被列入天堂，并召唤一支天上的队伍给银溪披上神仙的外衣。故事继续，老子赋予银禧多个头衔，带着他走遍宇宙，甚至进入九天。经过这次奇妙的旅程，两位圣人出发前往西方的野蛮人的土地。这一时期的训练、团聚和游历，代表了中世纪道教最高的宗教等级，被称为“三洞导师”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道教大师，Yinxi 是理想的道教徒。老子以“道”的形象出现，把自己的教诲赋予人性，以拯救人性。印喜遵循正式的准备、测试、训练和学习的顺序。
The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref>
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.
自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被当作神来崇拜。信仰神圣的老子启示了道，导致了天师道的形成，第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙道路上的信徒。宗教道教经常认为，“大师”在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。其他的神话传说说他在伏羲时期的第一次生命之后重生了13次。在他作为老子的最后一次化身中，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生旅行来揭示道。
The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
“200px 高度 = " 200px" >
File:Laozi.jpg|According to Chinese legend, Laozi left China for the west on a water buffalo.
文件: Laozi.jpg | 根据中国传说，老子骑着一头水牛离开中国去了西方。
[[Chinese mythology|Taoist myths]] state that Laozi was conceived when his mother gazed upon a falling star. He supposedly remained in her womb for 62 years before being born while his mother was leaning against a [[plum tree]]. (The Chinese surname [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] shares its [[Chinese character|character]] with "plum".) Laozi was said to have emerged as a grown man with a full grey beard and long earlobes, both symbols of wisdom and long life.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=303}}</ref> Other myths state that he was [[reincarnation|reborn]] 13 times after his first life during the days of [[Fuxi]]. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|pp=3–4}}</ref>
File:Laozi meets Yin Xi.PNG|Laozi meets Yinxi
文件: 老子遇见尹希，png | 老子遇见尹希
File:Konfuzius-laozi.jpg|Confucius meets Laozi, Shih Kang, Yuan dynasty
文件: Konfuzius-Laozi. jpg | 孔子遇见老子，世康，元朝
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Lao Tzu - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|Depiction of Laozi in E. T. C. Werner's Myths and Legends of China
15250. jpg | 描绘中国神话传说中的老子古腾堡计划
File:Laozi.jpg|According to [[Chinese legend]], Laozi left [[Zhou Empire|China]] for the west on a [[Domestic Asian Water Buffalo|water buffalo]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Renard|2002|p=16}}</ref>
</gallery>
</gallery >
File:Laozi meets Yin Xi.PNG|Laozi meets [[Yinxi]]
File:Konfuzius-laozi.jpg|''[[Confucius]] meets Laozi'', Shih Kang, [[Yuan dynasty]]
File:Lao Tzu - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg|Depiction of Laozi in [[E. T. C. Werner]]'s ''Myths and Legends of China''
</gallery>
Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven
老子神仙天师
==''Tao Te Ching''==
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.
《老子》传统上被认为是《道德经》的作者，尽管《道德经》的作者或编纂者的身份问题历来争论不休。这是中国宇宙论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，经常用悖论、类推、挪用古语、重复、对称、押韵、韵律等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，整本书可以看作一个类比——在冥想中，统治者是意识或自我，而无数的生物或帝国是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。
{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}
[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven]]
The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.
《道德经》以其著名作者老子的名字而被简称为《道德经》 ，它把道(或者说道)描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但不是超越的，非常强大却极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。道德经意图引导学生“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。< ! -- ref 支持整个段落到这一点 -- > 语言和传统智慧被批判性地评估。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，广泛使用悖论来强化观点。
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.
Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.
利维亚 · 科恩提供了一个例子，说明老子是如何鼓励人们改变做法，或是回归“自然” ，而不是采取行动的。技术可能带来错误的进步感。老子给出的答案不是拒绝技术，而是寻求无为的平静状态，摆脱欲望。这与老子的许多言论有关，老子鼓励统治者让他们的人民“无知” ，或“头脑简单”。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这并不是不寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”(谷神)、“灵魂”(po)等术语，具有形而上的语境，与对作品的纯伦理解读不可调和。
The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref>
It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.
It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao.它包括这样的概念，即价值差异是意识形态的，并且认为各种各样的野心都源于同一个来源。老子广泛地使用这个词，以朴素和谦逊作为主要的美德，常常与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着避免战争、严厉的法律和重税。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，比如 Zhuangzi 发现的左王“坐忘”(排空身体意识和思想的头脑)。
Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/>
''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref>
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.
纵观中国历史，潜在的官员利用非儒家圣人的权威，特别是老子和庄子，在任何时候都拒绝为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的传统学者，对中国文人和文化产生了巨大的影响。老子以他的心理学知识影响了千百万中国人。他用他的不作为和沉默来说服人们。
It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/>
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.
受老子影响的政治理论家主张在领导上要谦逊，在治国方法上要克制，要么是出于道德和和平主义的原因，要么是出于战术目的。在不同的背景下，各种反权威运动都接受了老子关于权力弱者的教诲。
===Taoism===
{{Main|Taoism}}
Laozi was a proponent of limited government. Left-libertarians in particular have been influenced by Laozi – in his 1937 book Nationalism and Culture, the anarcho-syndicalist writer and activist Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community. In his 1910 article for the Encyclopædia Britannica, Peter Kropotkin also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially anarchist concepts. More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and Ursula K. Le Guin have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular. In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends."
老子是有限政府的倡导者。无政府工团主义作家、活动家鲁道夫 · 洛克在其1937年出版的《民族主义与文化》一书中，对老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区文化活动对立的理解进行了高度评价。在他1910年发表在《大英百科全书的文章中，Peter Kropotkin 也指出老子是最早的无政府主义概念的支持者之一。最近，像 John p. Clark 和厄休拉·勒吉恩这样的无政府主义者以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在《道德经》的演绎中，勒奎恩写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为魔法。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，不正当的权力被篡夺了... ..。他认为自我或他人的牺牲是权力的堕落，而权力对于任何遵循道路的人都是可得的。难怪无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”
Laozi is traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism, intimately connected with the ''Tao Te Ching'' and "primordial" (or "original") Taoism. Popular ("religious") Taoism typically presents the [[Jade Emperor]] as the official head [[deity]]. Intellectual ("elite") Taoists, such as the [[Way of the Celestial Masters|Celestial Masters sect]], usually present Laozi (''Laojun'', "Lord Lao") and the [[Three Pure Ones]] at the top of the pantheon of deities.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Maspero|1981|p=41}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=63}}</ref>
The right-libertarian economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to Friedrich Hayek's theory of spontaneous order. James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony." Similarly, the Cato Institute's David Boaz includes passages from the Tao Te Ching in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader. Philosopher Roderick Long, however, argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers.
右翼自由主义经济学家穆瑞•罗斯巴德(Murray Rothbard)认为，老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作弗里德里希•哈耶克(Friedrich Hayek)的自发秩序理论。詹姆斯 · a · 多恩(James a. Dorn)对此表示赞同，他写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，卡托研究所的 David Boaz 在他1997年出版的《自由意志主义读者》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家罗德里克 · 龙认为，道家思想中的自由主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴而来的。
==Influence==
{{See|Zhuangzi (book)}}
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
(美术馆宽度 = " 200px" heights = " 160px")
File:Confucius and Laozi, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) fresco depicting Confucius and Laozi, from a tomb of Dongping County, Shandong, China
文件: 孔子和老子，壁画来自中国 Dongping County 的西汉墓穴。一幅西汉(公元前202年-公元前9年)的壁画描绘了 Dongping County 墓穴中的孔子和老子
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]], to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese [[Scholar-bureaucrats|literati]] and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reynolds|first=Beatrice K.|date=February 1969|title=Lao Tzu: Persuasion through inaction and non‐speaking|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463376909368862|journal=Today's Speech|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=23–25|doi=10.1080/01463376909368862|issn=0040-8573}}</ref>
File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A detail of the same fresco
文件: 孔子，Dongping County 西汉墓壁画
File:Laozi 002.jpg|A stone sculpture of Laozi, located north of Quanzhou at the foot of Mount Qingyuan
文件: 老子002. jpg | 老子的石头雕塑，位于泉州北部，Mount Qingyuan 脚下
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Roberts|2004|pp=1–2}}</ref>
</gallery>
</gallery >
Laozi was a proponent of limited government.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Dorn|2008|pp=282–283}}</ref> [[Left-libertarianism|Left-libertarians]] in particular have been influenced by Laozi – in his 1937 book ''[[Nationalism and Culture]]'', the [[anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist]] writer and activist [[Rudolf Rocker]] praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding of the opposition between political power and the cultural activities of the people and community.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Rocker|1997|pp=256, 82}}</ref> In his 1910 article for the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', [[Peter Kropotkin]] also noted that Laozi was among the earliest proponents of essentially [[Anarchism|anarchist]] concepts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html |title=Britannica: Anarchism |publisher=Dwardmac.pitzer.edu |accessdate=14 November 2011}}</ref> More recently, anarchists such as John P. Clark and [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] have written about the conjunction between anarchism and Taoism in various ways, highlighting the teachings of Laozi in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raforum.info/spip.php?article4488&lang=fr|author=Clark, John P.|title=Master Lao and the Anarchist Prince|access-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020015752/https://raforum.info/spip.php?article4488&lang=fr|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In her rendition of the Tao Te Ching, Le Guin writes that Laozi "does not see political power as magic. He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way. No wonder anarchists and Taoists make good friends."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Le Guin|2009|p=20}}</ref>
The [[Right-libertarianism|right-libertarian]] economist [[Murray Rothbard]] suggested that Laozi was the first [[Libertarianism|libertarian]],<ref>Rothbard, Murray (2005). Excerpt from "Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire", ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies'', Vol. IX, No. 2 (Fall 1990) at [https://mises.org/daily/1967 mises.org]</ref> likening Laozi's ideas on government to [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s theory of [[spontaneous order]].<ref>Rothbard, Murray (2005). "The Ancient Chinese Libertarian Tradition", ''Mises Daily'', (5 December 2005) (original source unknown) at [https://mises.org/daily/1967 mises.org]</ref> James A. Dorn agreed, writing that Laozi, like many 18th-century liberals, "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Dorn|2008}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Cato Institute]]'s [[David Boaz]] includes passages from the ''Tao Te Ching''' in his 1997 book ''The Libertarian Reader''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Boaz|1997}}</ref> Philosopher [[Roderick Long]], however, argues that libertarian themes in Taoist thought are actually borrowed from earlier [[Confucian]] writers.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Long|2003}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Confucius and Laozi, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A [[Western Han]] (202 BC – 9 AD) [[fresco]] depicting [[Confucius]] and Laozi, from a tomb of [[Dongping County]], Shandong, China
File:Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg|A detail of the same fresco
File:Laozi 002.jpg|A stone sculpture of Laozi, located north of [[Quanzhou]] at the foot of [[Mount Qingyuan]]
</gallery>
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{Citation |last=Boaz |first=David |title = The libertarian reader: classic and contemporary readings from Lao-tzu to Milton Friedman |publisher=Free Press |location=New York, NY |year=1997 |isbn = 978-0-684-84767-2 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Dorn |first=James A. |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |access-date=12 May 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |isbn = 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc = 750831024 |lccn = 2008009151 |doi = 10.4135/9781412965811.n169 |ref = harv |chapter = Lao Tzu (C. 600 B.C.) }}
* {{Citation |last=Fowler |first=Jeaneane |title=An Introduction to the Philosophy And Religion Of Taoism: Pathways To Immortality |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |location=Brighton |year=2005 |isbn = 978-1-84519-085-9 }}
* {{Citation |last=Kohn |first=Livia |title = Daoism Handbook (Handbook of Oriental Studies / Handbuch der Orientalisk – Part 4: China, 14) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Boston |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-04-11208-7}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Kohn |editor-first=Livia |editor2-last=Lafargue |editor2-first=Michael |title=Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3599-1 |ref = {{Harvid|Kohn|Lafargue|1998}} }}
* {{Citation |last=Kramer |first=Kenneth |title=World scriptures: an introduction to comparative religions |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York, NY |year=1986 |isbn = 978-0-8091-2781-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Long |first=Roderick T. |date=Summer 2003 |title = Austro-Libertarian Themes in Early Confucianism |journal=The Journal of Libertarian Studies |pages=35–62 |volume=17 |series=3 |url= https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/17_3/17_3_3.pdf }}
* {{Citation |last=Le Guin |first=Ursula K. |title=Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way |publisher=Shambhala Publications Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2009 |isbn = 978-1-59030-744-1 |edition=2nd }}
* {{Citation |last=Luo |first=Jing |title = Over a cup of tea: an introduction to Chinese life and culture |publisher=University Press of America |location=Washington, DC |year=2004 |isbn = 978-0-7618-2937-9 |url = https://archive.org/details/overcupoftea00jing }}
* {{Citation |last=Maspero |first=Henri |title=Taoism and Chinese religion |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |location=Amherst |year=1981 |isbn = 978-0-87023-308-1 |url = https://archive.org/details/taoismchineserel00henr }}
* {{Citation |last=Morgan |first=Diane |title=The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York, NY |year= 2001 |isbn = 978-1-58063-197-6 }}
* {{Citation |last=Renard |first=John |title=101 Questions and answers on Confucianism, Daoism, and Shinto |publisher=Paulist Press |location=New York, NY |year=2002 |isbn = 978-0-8091-4091-6 }}
* {{Citation |last=Roberts |first=Moss |title = Dao De Jing: The Book of the Way |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=2004 |isbn = 978-0-520-24221-0 }}
* {{Citation |last=Robinet |first=Isabelle |title=Taoism: Growth of a Religion |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |year=1997 |isbn = 978-0-8047-2839-3 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Simpkins |first1=Annellen M. |last2=Simpkins |first2=C. Alexander |title=Simple Taoism: a guide to living in balance |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |edition=3rd Printing |location=Boston |year=1999 |isbn = 978-0-8048-3173-4 |ref = {{Harvid|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999}} }}
* {{Citation |last1=Van Norden |first1=Bryan W. |last2=Ivanhoe |first2=Philip J. |title=Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |edition=2nd |location=Indianapolis, Ind |year=2006 |isbn = 978-0-87220-780-6 |ref = {{Harvid|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005}} }}
* {{Citation |last=Watson |first=Burton |title=Complete Works of Chuang Tzu |publisher=Columbia Univ. Press ([[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]]: Chinese Series) |location=New York, NY |year=1968 |isbn = 978-0-231-03147-9}}
* {{Citation |last1=Watts |first1=Alan |last2=Huan |first2=Al Chung-liang |title=Tao: The Watercourse Way |publisher=Pantheon Books |location=New York, NY |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-394-73311-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/taowatercoursewa00watt_0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rocker |first=Rudolf |title=Nationalism and Culture |publisher=Black Rose Books |year=1997 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Citation |last=Kaltenmark |first=Max |others=Translated by Greaves, Roger |title=Lao Tzu and Taoism |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA |year=1969 |isbn=978-0-8047-0689-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Lao |first=Tzu |others=Porter, Bill (Red Pine) |title=Lao-Tzu's Taoteching |publisher=[[Copper Canyon Press]] |location=Port Townsend, WA |edition=3rd Revised |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-55659-290-4}}
* Sterckx, Roel. ''Ways of Heaven. An Introduction to Chinese Thought.'' New York: Basic Books, 2019.
=== Translations into English ===
* {{Citation |last=Henricks |first=Robert G. |title=Lao Tzu: Te-Tao Ching – A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts (Classics of Ancient China) |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/laotzu00blof/page/320 320] |isbn=978-0-345-37099-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/laotzu00blof/page/320 }}
* {{Citation |last=Klaus |first=Hilmar |title=The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi – Daodejing. Chinese–English–German. Aachen: Hochschulverlag |publisher=Hochschulverlag |location=Aachen, Germany |year=2009 |page=600 |isbn=978-3-8107-0055-1 |url=http://www.tao-te-king.org}}
* {{Citation |last=Legge|first=James |title=The Tao Teh King, or The Tao and its characteristics |url=http://www.w66.eu/elib/html/ttk.html}}
* {{Citation |last=Waley |first= Arthur |title=The Way and Its Power: Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought |series=[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]] |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8021-5085-1}}
* [http://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing.php Side-by-side translations of the Tao Te Ching]
==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Laozi|v=no|n=no|b=Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Lao-tzu and Taoism}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2427}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Lao-Tze" OR "Laozi" OR "Lao-Tzu" OR "Lao Zi" OR "Lao Zih" OR "Lao Tse" OR "Laotze" OR "Lao Tzu")}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4205}}
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi]
Category:6th-century BC deaths
分类: 公元前6世纪的死亡
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/l/laozi.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Laozi]
Category:6th-century BC Asian philosophers
范畴: 公元前6世纪亚洲哲学家
* [http://www.laotzu.org Lao Tzu Life and Teachings]
Category:7th-century BC births
类别: 公元前7世纪出生
Category:Deified Chinese people
类别: 被神化的中国人
{{Chinese philosophy}}
Category:Founders of philosophical traditions
范畴: 哲学传统的创始人
{{Ethics}}
Category:Founders of religions
类别: 宗教创始人
{{Social and political philosophy}}
Category:Investiture of the Gods characters
类别: 神灵授职仪式
{{Authority control}}
Category:Libertarian theorists
范畴: 自由意志主义理论家
Category:Moral philosophers
范畴: 道德哲学家
[[Category:Laozi| ]]
Category:People whose existence is disputed
类别: 存在争议的人
[[Category:6th-century BC deaths]]
Category:Philosophers of culture
范畴: 文化哲学家
[[Category:6th-century BC Asian philosophers ]]
Category:Philosophers of ethics and morality
范畴: 伦理和道德哲学家
[[Category:7th-century BC births]]
Category:Philosophers of mind
范畴: 心灵哲学家
[[Category:Deified Chinese people]]
Category:Proto-anarchists
类别: 原始无政府主义者
[[Category:Founders of philosophical traditions]]
Category:Chinese political philosophers
范畴: 中国政治哲学家
[[Category:Founders of religions]]
Category:Chinese social commentators
类别: 中国社会评论员
[[Category:Investiture of the Gods characters]]
Category:Social critics
类别: 社会批评家
[[Category:Libertarian theorists]]
Category:Social philosophers
范畴: 社会哲学家
[[Category:Moral philosophers]]
Category:Taoism
类别: 道教
[[Category:People whose existence is disputed]]
Category:Zhou dynasty philosophers
范畴: 周代哲学家
[[Category:Philosophers of culture]]
Category:Zhou dynasty Taoists
类别: 周朝道士
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