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第45行： − + − + − + − 公共汽车乘坐(尼夫等，1978)<ref>Neef, A.N.; Iwata, B.A.; Page T.J. et al. (1978). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311310/pdf/jaba00110-0019.pdf Public Transportation Skills. In vivo versus classroom instruction]. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 11, 331–4.</ref>+ + + + + + − # Independent walking (Gruber et al. 1979) − 独立行走(格鲁伯等，1979)<ref>Gruber, B.; Reeser R.; Reid, D.H. (1979). Providing a less restrictive environment to retarded persons by teaching independent walking skills. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 12, 285–97.</ref> − + − 加总钱币(劳和科沃，1976年; 米勒等，1977)<ref>Lowe, M.L. & Cuvo, A.J. (1976). Teaching coin summation to the mentally retarded. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 9, 483–9.</ref>+ + + − + − # 自动售货机的使用 Vending machine use (Sprague and Horner, 1984)+ − − − # 在公共场所进食(文登坡等，1981)<ref>Van den Pol, R.A.; Iwata, B.A.; Ivancic M.T.; Page, T.J.; Neef N.A. & Whitley (1981). Teaching the handicapped to eat in public places: Acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of restaurant skills. ''JABA''. 14, 61–9.</ref> − − − # 行人安全 Pedestrian safety (Page et al. 1976) − − − * '''Peer access and retention''' − 朋辈交流和<font color="#32CD32">友谊维持</font> − − − # Clothing selection skills (Nutter and Reid, 1978) − 服装选择技巧(纳特和瑞德，1978)<ref>Nutter D. & Reid D.H. (1978). Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 11, 475–87.</ref> − − # Appropriate mealtime behaviors (McGrath et al. 2004; O'Brien et al. 1972; Wilson et al. 1984) − 适当的进餐时间行为(麦克克里斯<ref>McGrath, A.; Bosch, S.; Sullivan, C.; Fuqua, R.W. (2003). Teaching reciprocal social interactions between preschoolers and a child diagnosed with autism. ''Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions'', 5, 47–54.</ref><ref>O'Brien, F.; Bugle, C. & Azrin N.H. (1972). Training and maintaining a retarded child's proper eating. ''JABA'', 5, 67–72.</ref>等，2004; 欧比伦等，1972; 威尔森<ref>Wilson, P.G.; Reid, D.H.; Phillips, J.F. & Burgio, L.D. (1984). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307933/pdf/jaba00032-0065.pdf Normalization of institutional mealtimes for profoundly retarded persons]. Effects and non-effects of teaching family-style dining. ''JABA'', 17, 189–201.</ref>等，1984) − − # Toy play skills (Haring 1985) and playful activities (Lifter et al., 1993) − 玩具使用技能（哈灵<ref>Haring, T.G. (1985). Teaching between class generalization of toy play behavior to handicapped children. ''JABA'', 18, 127–39.</ref>，1985)和好玩的活动(里伏特<ref>Lifter, K.; Sulzer-Azaroff, B.; Anderson, S.R. & Cowdery, G.E. (1993) Teaching Play Activities to Preschool Children with Disabilities: The Importance of Developmental Considerations. ''Journal of Early Intervention'', 17, 139–59.</ref>等，1993年） − − # 口腔卫生和刷牙<ref>Singh, N.N.; Manning, P.J. & Angell M.J. (1982). Effects of an oral hyegene punishment procedure on chronic rumination and collateral behaviors in monozygous twins. ''JABA'', 15, 309–14.</ref><ref>Horner, R.D. & Keilitz, I. (1975). Training mentally retarded adolescents to brush their teeth. ''JABA'', 8, 301–9.</ref> − − 第94行：
第75行： − + − + − 日间磨牙（布朗特等，1982）<ref>Blount, R.L.; Drabman, R.S.; Wilson, N.; Stewart D. (1982). Reducing severe diurnal bruxism ib tw profoundly retarded females. ''JABA'', 15, 565–71.</ref>+ − Diurnal bruxism (Blount et al.1982) − − − 控制反刍和呕吐（诺伦伯格<ref>Kholenberg (1970). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311127/pdf/jaba00078-0013.pdf Punishment of persitent vomiting: A case study]. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 3, 241–5.</ref>，1970; 拉斯特<ref>Rast, J.; Johnston, J.M.; Drum, C. & Corin, J. (1981). The relation of food quantity to rumination behavior. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 14, 121–30.</ref>等，1981） − − −
→特殊技能 Specific skills
适应行为包括日常活动中对社会负责且独立的表现。然而，具体所需要的活动和技能可能会根据不同背景有所改变。当学生上学时，学校和学术技能是相适应的。然而，这些技能中的一部分在工作环境中可能是无用的或适应不良的，所以学校和工作之间的过渡需要仔细审视。
适应行为包括日常活动中对社会负责且独立的表现。然而，具体所需要的活动和技能可能会根据不同背景有所改变。当学生上学时，学校和学术技能是相适应的。然而，这些技能中的一部分在工作环境中可能是无用的或适应不良的，所以学校和工作之间的过渡需要仔细审视。
==特殊技能 Specific skills==
==具体技能 Specific skills==
适应行为是指人们在日常生活中独立生活、安全适当地发挥作用所必需的与年龄相适应的行为。适应行为包括生活技能，如梳洗、穿衣、安全、食物处理、工作、理财、清洁、交友、社交技能，以及根据他们的年龄和社会角色<ref name="Heward">William Heward: ''Exceptional Children'' 2005</ref>应承担的个人责任。具体技能包括：
适应行为是指人们在日常生活中独立生活、安全适当地发挥作用所必需的与年龄相适应的行为。适应行为包括生活技能，如梳洗、穿衣、安全、食物处理、工作、理财、清洁、交友、社交技能，以及根据他们的年龄和社会角色<ref name="Heward">William Heward: ''Exceptional Children'' 2005</ref>应承担的个人责任。具体技能包括：
* '''Community access skills'''<font color="#32CD32">社区使用技能</font>
* '''<font color="#32CD32">社区使用技能 Community access skills</font>'''
# Bus riding (Neef et al. 1978)
# 乘坐公共汽车 Bus riding<ref>Neef, A.N.; Iwata, B.A.; Page T.J. et al. (1978). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311310/pdf/jaba00110-0019.pdf Public Transportation Skills. In vivo versus classroom instruction]. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 11, 331–4.</ref>
# 独立行走 Independent walking<ref>Gruber, B.; Reeser R.; Reid, D.H. (1979). Providing a less restrictive environment to retarded persons by teaching independent walking skills. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 12, 285–97.</ref>
# 加总钱币 Coin summation <ref>Lowe, M.L. & Cuvo, A.J. (1976). Teaching coin summation to the mentally retarded. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 9, 483–9.</ref>
# 在餐厅点餐 Ordering food in a restaurant
# 自动售货机的使用 Vending machine use
# 在公共场所进食 Eating in public places<ref>Van den Pol, R.A.; Iwata, B.A.; Ivancic M.T.; Page, T.J.; Neef N.A. & Whitley (1981). Teaching the handicapped to eat in public places: Acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of restaurant skills. ''JABA''. 14, 61–9.</ref>
# 行人安全 Pedestrian safety
# Coin summation (Lowe and Cuvo, 1976; Miller et al. 1977)
* '''<font color="#32CD32">朋辈交流和友谊维持 Peer access and retention</font>'''
# 服装选择技巧 Clothing selection skills<ref>Nutter D. & Reid D.H. (1978). Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 11, 475–87.</ref>
# 适当的进餐时间行为 Appropriate mealtime behaviors <ref>McGrath, A.; Bosch, S.; Sullivan, C.; Fuqua, R.W. (2003). Teaching reciprocal social interactions between preschoolers and a child diagnosed with autism. ''Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions'', 5, 47–54.</ref><ref>O'Brien, F.; Bugle, C. & Azrin N.H. (1972). Training and maintaining a retarded child's proper eating. ''JABA'', 5, 67–72.</ref>等，2004; 欧比伦等，1972; 威尔森<ref>Wilson, P.G.; Reid, D.H.; Phillips, J.F. & Burgio, L.D. (1984). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307933/pdf/jaba00032-0065.pdf Normalization of institutional mealtimes for profoundly retarded persons]. Effects and non-effects of teaching family-style dining. ''JABA'', 17, 189–201.</ref>等，1984)
# 玩具使用技巧 Toy play skills<ref>Haring, T.G. (1985). Teaching between class generalization of toy play behavior to handicapped children. ''JABA'', 18, 127–39.</ref>和娱乐活动 playful activities<ref>Lifter, K.; Sulzer-Azaroff, B.; Anderson, S.R. & Cowdery, G.E. (1993) Teaching Play Activities to Preschool Children with Disabilities: The Importance of Developmental Considerations. ''Journal of Early Intervention'', 17, 139–59.</ref>
# 在餐厅点餐 (Haring 1987)
# 口腔卫生和刷牙 Oral hygiene and teeth brushing<ref>Singh, N.N.; Manning, P.J. & Angell M.J. (1982). Effects of an oral hyegene punishment procedure on chronic rumination and collateral behaviors in monozygous twins. ''JABA'', 15, 309–14.</ref><ref>Horner, R.D. & Keilitz, I. (1975). Training mentally retarded adolescents to brush their teeth. ''JABA'', 8, 301–9.</ref>
# 踢足球 Soccer play
# 踢足球 Soccer play (Luyben et al. 1986)
* '''Barriers to access to peers and communities'''
* '''Barriers to access to peers and communities'''
与同龄人和社会交流的障碍
与同龄人和社会交流的障碍
# 日间磨牙 Diurnal bruxism<ref>Blount, R.L.; Drabman, R.S.; Wilson, N.; Stewart D. (1982). Reducing severe diurnal bruxism ib tw profoundly retarded females. ''JABA'', 15, 565–71.</ref>
# Diurnal [[bruxism]] (Blount et al. 1982)
# 控制反刍和呕吐 Controlling rumination and vomiting <ref>Kholenberg (1970). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311127/pdf/jaba00078-0013.pdf Punishment of persitent vomiting: A case study]. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 3, 241–5.</ref><ref>Rast, J.; Johnston, J.M.; Drum, C. & Corin, J. (1981). The relation of food quantity to rumination behavior. ''Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis'', 14, 121–30.</ref>等，1981）
# 异食癖 Pica
# Controlling [[rumination syndrome|rumination]] and vomiting (Kholenberg, 1970; Rast et al. 1981)
# 异食癖 Pica (Mace and Knight, 1986)
==适应技能 Adaptive skills==
==适应技能 Adaptive skills==