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| ==拓扑实践 Practopoiesis== | | ==拓扑实践 Practopoiesis== |
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− | How do various types of adaptations interact in a living system? ''Practopoiesis,'' a term due to its originator Danko Nikolić, is a reference to a hierarchy of adaptation mechanisms answering this question. The adaptive hierarchy forms a kind of a self-adjusting system in which [[autopoiesis]] of the entire ''organism'' or a ''cell'' occurs through a hierarchy of [[allopoiesis|allopoietic]] interactions among ''components''.This is possible because the components are organized into a [[poiesis|poietic]] hierarchy: adaptive actions of one component result in creation of another component. The theory proposes that living systems exhibit a hierarchy of a total of four such adaptive poietic operations:
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| 在一个生命系统中,各种类型的适应性是如何相互作用的?'''拓扑实践 Practopoiesis'''这个术语源于它的发明者 Danko nikoli,指向了能回答这个问题的一个适应机制层次结构。这种适应性层次结构形成了一种自我调节系统,其中整个生物体或细胞的自创生是通过各组分<ref name=Nikolic2015>{{cite journal|title=Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. |author=Danko Nikolić|date=2015|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.003|pmid = 25791287|volume=373|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|pages=40–61|arxiv=1402.5332}}</ref>之间的异体生成相互作用而发生的。这之所以可能是因为组件被组织成一个极端层次结构:一个组件的自适应操作导致另一个组件的创建。该理论提出,生命系统展示了一个由四个这样的适应性极化操作组成的层级结构: | | 在一个生命系统中,各种类型的适应性是如何相互作用的?'''拓扑实践 Practopoiesis'''这个术语源于它的发明者 Danko nikoli,指向了能回答这个问题的一个适应机制层次结构。这种适应性层次结构形成了一种自我调节系统,其中整个生物体或细胞的自创生是通过各组分<ref name=Nikolic2015>{{cite journal|title=Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind. |author=Danko Nikolić|date=2015|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.003|pmid = 25791287|volume=373|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|pages=40–61|arxiv=1402.5332}}</ref>之间的异体生成相互作用而发生的。这之所以可能是因为组件被组织成一个极端层次结构:一个组件的自适应操作导致另一个组件的创建。该理论提出,生命系统展示了一个由四个这样的适应性极化操作组成的层级结构: |
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− | '''进化 evolution'''(i) &rarr;'''基因表达 gene expression'''(ii) &rarr;'''非基因参与的稳态机制non gene-involving homeostatic mechanisms(anapoiesis)''' (iii) &rarr;'''最终细胞功能 final cell function'''(iv) | + | '''进化 evolution'''(i)→'''基因表达 gene expression'''(ii)→'''非基因参与的稳态机制 non gene-involving homeostatic mechanisms(anapoiesis)''' (iii)→'''最终细胞功能 final cell function'''(iv) |
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− | As the hierarchy evolves towards higher levels of organization, the speed of adaptation increases. Evolution is the slowest; the final cell function is the fastest. Ultimately, practopoiesis challenges current neuroscience doctrine by asserting that mental operations primarily occur at the homeostatic, anapoietic level (iii) — i.e., that minds and thought emerge from fast homeostatic mechanisms poietically controlling the cell function. This contrasts the widespread belief that thinking is synonymous with neural activity (i.e., with the 'final cell function' at level iv).
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− | As the hierarchy evolves towards higher levels of organization, the speed of adaptation increases. Evolution is the slowest; the final cell function is the fastest. Ultimately, practopoiesis challenges current neuroscience doctrine by asserting that mental operations primarily occur at the homeostatic, anapoietic level (iii) — i.e., that minds and thought emerge from fast homeostatic mechanisms poietically controlling the cell function. This contrasts the widespread belief that thinking is synonymous with neural activity (i.e., with the 'final cell function' at level iv).
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− | 随着层级结构向更高级别的组织发展,适应的速度也在加快。进化是最慢的,最后的细胞功能是最快的。最终,实践拓扑学挑战当前的神经科学学说,认为心理活动主要发生在稳态,非生物水平上。也就是说,意识和想法从快速的稳态机制中产生,从而控制了细胞功能。这与人们普遍认为的思考是神经活动的同义词(也就是说,与第四级的“最终细胞功能”)形成了鲜明对比。
| + | 随着层级结构向更高级别的组织发展,适应的速度也在加快。进化是最慢的,最后的细胞功能是最快的。最终,实践拓扑学挑战当前的神经科学学说,认为心理活动主要发生在稳态,非生物水平上。也就是说,意识和想法从快速的稳态机制中产生,从而控制了细胞功能。这与人们普遍认为的思考是神经活动的同义词(即,与第iv级的“最终细胞功能”)形成了鲜明对比。 |
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| 每一个较慢的层次包含的知识比较快的层次包含的知识更一般性; 例如,基因包含的一般知识比无生殖机制多,而无生殖机制又比细胞功能包含更多的一般知识。这种知识的层次结构使得无生命层次能够直接激活概念,而这些概念是意识出现的最基本的原料。 | | 每一个较慢的层次包含的知识比较快的层次包含的知识更一般性; 例如,基因包含的一般知识比无生殖机制多,而无生殖机制又比细胞功能包含更多的一般知识。这种知识的层次结构使得无生命层次能够直接激活概念,而这些概念是意识出现的最基本的原料。 |
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| ==参见== | | ==参见== |