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<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊 holos“all，whole，entire”）是指“各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合”的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化 Holism and Evolution》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。  

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>'''（源自希腊 holos“all，whole，entire”）是指“各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合”的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由'''扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts'''在1926年出版的《整体论与进化 Holism and Evolution》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。