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'''<font color="#ff8000">P.M.莫尔斯 P.M.Morse</font>'''写道，热力学关注的是“热力学平衡状态”。在讨论物体与周围热源之间的热量传递时，他也使用了“热平衡”这个短语，尽管没有明确定义一个特殊的术语“热平衡”

'''<font color="#ff8000">P.M.莫尔斯 P.M.Morse</font>'''写道，热力学关注的是“热力学平衡状态”。在讨论物体与周围热源之间的热量传递时，他也使用了“热平衡”这个短语，尽管没有明确定义一个特殊的术语“热平衡”

J.R. Waldram writes of "a definite thermodynamic state". He defines the term "thermal equilibrium" for a system "when its observables have ceased to change over time". But shortly below that definition he writes of a piece of glass that has not yet reached its "full thermodynamic equilibrium state".

J.R. Waldram writes of "a definite thermodynamic state". He defines the term "thermal equilibrium" for a system "when its observables have ceased to change over time". But shortly below that definition he writes of a piece of glass that has not yet reached its "full thermodynamic equilibrium state".

J.R. Waldram写到了“一个明确的热力学状态”。他将一个系统定义为“当其观测量随时间停止变化时”的“热平衡”。但是在这个定义之下不久，他写到一块玻璃还没有达到“完全的热力学平衡状态”。

J.R. Waldram写到了“一个明确的热力学状态”。他将一个系统定义为“当其观测量随时间停止变化时”的“热平衡”。但是在这个定义之下不久，他写到一块玻璃还没有达到“完全的热力学平衡状态”。

Considering equilibrium states, M. Bailyn writes: "Each intensive variable has its own type of equilibrium." He then defines thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, and material equilibrium. Accordingly, he writes: "If all the intensive variables become uniform, thermodynamic equilibrium is said to exist." He is not here considering the presence of an external force field.

Considering equilibrium states, M. Bailyn writes: "Each intensive variable has its own type of equilibrium." He then defines thermal equilibrium, mechanical equilibrium, and material equilibrium. Accordingly, he writes: "If all the intensive variables become uniform, thermodynamic equilibrium is said to exist." He is not here considering the presence of an external force field.

考虑到平衡状态，M.Bailyn写道: “每个强度变量都有自己的平衡类型。”然后他定义了热平衡、机械平衡和物质平衡。因此，他写道: “如果所有的强度变量都是一致的，那么热力学平衡就是存在的。”他在这里没有考虑外力场的存在。

考虑到平衡状态，M.Bailyn写道: “每个强度变量都有自己的平衡类型。”然后他定义了热平衡、机械平衡和物质平衡。因此，他写道: “如果所有的强度变量都是一致的，那么热力学平衡就是存在的。”他在这里没有考虑外力场的存在。

J.G. Kirkwood and I. Oppenheim define thermodynamic equilibrium as follows: "A system is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium if, during the time period allotted for experimentation, (a) its intensive properties are independent of time and (b) no current of matter or energy exists in its interior or at its boundaries with the surroundings." It is evident that they are not restricting the definition to isolated or to closed systems. They do not discuss the possibility of changes that occur with "glacial slowness", and proceed beyond the time period allotted for experimentation. They note that for two systems in contact, there exists a small subclass of intensive properties such that if all those of that small subclass are respectively equal, then all respective intensive properties are equal. States of thermodynamic equilibrium may be defined by this subclass, provided some other conditions are satisfied.

J.G. Kirkwood and I. Oppenheim define thermodynamic equilibrium as follows: "A system is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium if, during the time period allotted for experimentation, (a) its intensive properties are independent of time and (b) no current of matter or energy exists in its interior or at its boundaries with the surroundings." It is evident that they are not restricting the definition to isolated or to closed systems. They do not discuss the possibility of changes that occur with "glacial slowness", and proceed beyond the time period allotted for experimentation. They note that for two systems in contact, there exists a small subclass of intensive properties such that if all those of that small subclass are respectively equal, then all respective intensive properties are equal. States of thermodynamic equilibrium may be defined by this subclass, provided some other conditions are satisfied.