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达尔文 (查看源代码)

2020年12月8日 (二) 15:03的版本

添加3,013字节 、 2020年12月8日 (二) 15:03
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{{other people}}
 
{{other people}}
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{{otheruses|Darwin (disambiguation){{!}}Darwin}}
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{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
 
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
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{{pp-move-indef}}
 
{{pp-move-indef}}
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{{short description|English naturalist and biologist}}
 
{{short description|English naturalist and biologist}}
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{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}
 
{{EngvarB|date=June 2019}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
 
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
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{{featured article}}
 
{{featured article}}
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{{Infobox scientist
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{{Infobox scientist
 
{{Infobox scientist
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|name = Charles Darwin
 
|name = Charles Darwin
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|name = Charles Darwin
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|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS|size=100%}}
 
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS|size=100%}}
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|honorific_suffix =
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|birth_name = Charles Robert Darwin
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|birth_name = Charles Robert Darwin
 
|birth_name = Charles Robert Darwin
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|image = Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg
 
|image = Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg
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|image = Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg
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|alt=Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern.
 
|alt=Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern.
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|alt=Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern.
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四分之三长的工作室照片展示了达尔文特有的大额头和浓密的眉毛，深陷的眼睛，坚定的鼻子和嘴巴。他头顶秃顶，黑头发，留着长长的络腮胡，但没有胡子或小胡子。他的夹克是深色的，翻领很宽，裤子是浅格子花纹。他的衬衫有一个直立的翼领，他的领结被塞进他的背心，是一个轻微的细格子图案。
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|caption = Darwin, {{circa}} 1854, when he was preparing ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' for publication{{sfn|Freeman|2007|p=76}}
 
|caption = Darwin, {{circa}} 1854, when he was preparing ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' for publication{{sfn|Freeman|2007|p=76}}
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|caption = Darwin,  1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species for publication
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1854年，当时他正在准备出版《物种起源志
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12|df=y}}
 
|birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12|df=y}}
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|birth_date =
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出生日期
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|birth_place = [[The Mount, Shrewsbury|The Mount]], [[Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]], England
 
|birth_place = [[The Mount, Shrewsbury|The Mount]], [[Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]], England
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|birth_place = The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
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出生地: 什鲁斯伯里，希罗普郡
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|death_date = {{death date and age|1882|4|19|1809|2|12|df=yes}}
 
|death_date = {{death date and age|1882|4|19|1809|2|12|df=yes}}
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|death_date =
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死亡日期
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|death_place = [[Down House]], [[Downe]], [[Kent]], England
 
|death_place = [[Down House]], [[Downe]], [[Kent]], England
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|death_place = Down House, Downe, Kent, England
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死亡地点: 英格兰肯特郡唐恩楼
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|resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]]
 
|resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]]
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|resting_place = Westminster Abbey
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休息地点 = 西敏寺
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|fields = [[Natural history]], [[geology]]
 
|fields = [[Natural history]], [[geology]]
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|fields = Natural history, geology
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自然历史，地质学
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|workplaces ={{plainlist|'''Tertiary education:'''
 
|workplaces ={{plainlist|'''Tertiary education:'''
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|workplaces ={{plainlist|Tertiary education:
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返回文章页面工作场所高等教育:
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* [[University of Edinburgh Medical School]] (medicine, no degree)
 
* [[University of Edinburgh Medical School]] (medicine, no degree)
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* [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] [[Bachelor of Arts]] (1831)
 
* [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] [[Bachelor of Arts]] (1831)
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* [[Master of Arts]] (1836)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html|url-status=dead|title=Charles Darwin's personal finances revealed in new find|date=22 March 2009|archivedate=19 October 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
 
* [[Master of Arts]] (1836)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html|url-status=dead|title=Charles Darwin's personal finances revealed in new find|date=22 March 2009|archivedate=19 October 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
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'''Professional institution:'''
 
'''Professional institution:'''
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Professional institution:
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专业机构:
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* [[Geological Society of London]]}}
 
* [[Geological Society of London]]}}
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|doctoral_advisor = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time-->
 
|doctoral_advisor = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time-->
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|doctoral_advisor = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time-->
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当时剑桥没有博士生
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|academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
 
|academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
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|academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
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学术顾问 = { plainlist |
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* [[John Stevens Henslow]]
 
* [[John Stevens Henslow]]
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* [[Adam Sedgwick]]}}
 
* [[Adam Sedgwick]]}}
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|doctoral_students = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time-->
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|doctoral_students = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time-->
 
|doctoral_students = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time-->
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当时剑桥没有博士生
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|notable_students =
 
|notable_students =
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|notable_students =
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值得注意的学生
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|known_for = {{plainlist|
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|known_for = {{plainlist|
 
|known_for = {{plainlist|
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2009年10月11日
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* ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]''
 
* ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]''
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* ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''
 
* ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''
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* ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex|The Descent of Man]]''}}
 
* ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex|The Descent of Man]]''}}
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|author_abbrev_bot =
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|author_abbrev_bot =
 
|author_abbrev_bot =
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作者 abbrev bot =
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|author_abbrev_zoo =
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|author_abbrev_zoo =
 
|author_abbrev_zoo =
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作者 abbrev zoo =
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|influences = {{plainlist|
 
|influences = {{plainlist|
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|influences = {{plainlist|
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2009年10月11日
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* [[Charles Lyell]]
 
* [[Charles Lyell]]
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* [[Alexander von Humboldt]]
 
* [[Alexander von Humboldt]]
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* [[John Herschel]]
 
* [[John Herschel]]
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* [[Thomas Malthus]]
 
* [[Thomas Malthus]]
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* [[Gilbert White]]}}
 
* [[Gilbert White]]}}
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|influenced = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]], [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[George Romanes|Romanes]], [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Lubbock]]  
 
|influenced = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]], [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[George Romanes|Romanes]], [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]], [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Lubbock]]  
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|influenced = Hooker, Huxley, Romanes, Haeckel, Lubbock
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| influence = Hooker，赫胥黎，Romanes，Haeckel，拉伯克
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|awards = {{Plainlist|
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|awards = {{Plainlist|
 
|awards = {{Plainlist|
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2009年10月11日
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* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1839)<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=16 March 2015|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref>
 
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1839)<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=16 March 2015|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref>
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* [[Royal Medal]] (1853)
 
* [[Royal Medal]] (1853)
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* [[Wollaston Medal]] (1859)
 
* [[Wollaston Medal]] (1859)
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* [[Copley Medal]] (1864)
 
* [[Copley Medal]] (1864)
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* [[Legum Doctor|Doctor of Laws]] (Honorary), Cambridge (1877)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323205747/http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/|url-status=dead|title=Darwin Endless Forms » Darwin in Cambridge|archivedate=23 March 2017}}</ref>}}
 
* [[Legum Doctor|Doctor of Laws]] (Honorary), Cambridge (1877)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323205747/http://www.darwinendlessforms.org/darwin-in-cambridge/|url-status=dead|title=Darwin Endless Forms » Darwin in Cambridge|archivedate=23 March 2017}}</ref>}}
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|signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg
 
|signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg
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|signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg
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| signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg
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|signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"
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|signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"
 
|signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"
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| signature _ alt = “ Charles Darwin” ，姓氏下面有一条向下的曲线，模拟了初始“ c”的曲线
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|footnotes =
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|footnotes =
 
|footnotes =
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| 脚注 =
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|spouse = {{marriage|[[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]]|1839}}
 
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Emma Darwin|Emma Wedgwood]]|1839}}
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|spouse =
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配偶 =
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|children = 10
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|children = 10
 
|children = 10
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孩子 = 10
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}}
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}}
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}}
 
}}
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<!--Please consider discussing changes on the talk page, as this opening is the result of a very long consensus-building process.-->
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< ! -- 请考虑讨论演讲页面上的变化，因为这个开场是一个漫长的建立共识过程的结果。 -- >
    
'''Charles Robert Darwin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS}}<ref name=frs /> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑr|w|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin "Darwin"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718234042/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin |date=18 July 2014 }} entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> 12 February 1809&nbsp;– 19 April 1882) was an English [[natural history#Before 1900|naturalist]], [[geologist]] and [[biologist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> best known for his contributions to the science of [[evolution]].{{Ref label|A|I|none}} His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from [[common ancestors]] is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coyne, Jerry A.|title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8 8–11]|isbn=978-0-670-02053-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8}}</ref> In a joint publication with [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], he introduced his scientific theory that this [[Phylogenetics|branching pattern]] of [[evolution]] resulted from a process that he called [[natural selection]], in which the [[struggle for existence]] has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in [[selective breeding]].<ref name="Larson79-111">{{Harvnb|Larson|2004| pp=79–111}}</ref> Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051412/http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|archivedate=11 February 2011}}</ref> and he was honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Westminster Abbey CD" />
 
'''Charles Robert Darwin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS}}<ref name=frs /> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑr|w|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin "Darwin"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718234042/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin |date=18 July 2014 }} entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> 12 February 1809&nbsp;– 19 April 1882) was an English [[natural history#Before 1900|naturalist]], [[geologist]] and [[biologist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> best known for his contributions to the science of [[evolution]].{{Ref label|A|I|none}} His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from [[common ancestors]] is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coyne, Jerry A.|title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8 8–11]|isbn=978-0-670-02053-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8}}</ref> In a joint publication with [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], he introduced his scientific theory that this [[Phylogenetics|branching pattern]] of [[evolution]] resulted from a process that he called [[natural selection]], in which the [[struggle for existence]] has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in [[selective breeding]].<ref name="Larson79-111">{{Harvnb|Larson|2004| pp=79–111}}</ref> Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051412/http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|archivedate=11 February 2011}}</ref> and he was honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Westminster Abbey CD" />
Jie
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