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'''Charles Robert Darwin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS}}<ref name=frs /> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑr|w|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin "Darwin"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718234042/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin |date=18 July 2014 }} entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> 12 February 1809&nbsp;– 19 April 1882) was an English [[natural history#Before 1900|naturalist]], [[geologist]] and [[biologist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> best known for his contributions to the science of [[evolution]].{{Ref label|A|I|none}} His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from [[common ancestors]] is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coyne, Jerry A.|title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8 8–11]|isbn=978-0-670-02053-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8}}</ref> In a joint publication with [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], he introduced his scientific theory that this [[Phylogenetics|branching pattern]] of [[evolution]] resulted from a process that he called [[natural selection]], in which the [[struggle for existence]] has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in [[selective breeding]].<ref name="Larson79-111">{{Harvnb|Larson|2004| pp=79–111}}</ref> Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051412/http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|archivedate=11 February 2011}}</ref> and he was honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Westminster Abbey CD" />

'''Charles Robert Darwin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS}}<ref name=frs /> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑr|w|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin "Darwin"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718234042/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin |date=18 July 2014 }} entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> 12 February 1809&nbsp;– 19 April 1882) was an English [[natural history#Before 1900|naturalist]], [[geologist]] and [[biologist]],<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> best known for his contributions to the science of [[evolution]].{{Ref label|A|I|none}} His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from [[common ancestors]] is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.<ref>{{cite book|author=Coyne, Jerry A.|title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8 8–11]|isbn=978-0-670-02053-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8}}</ref> In a joint publication with [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], he introduced his scientific theory that this [[Phylogenetics|branching pattern]] of [[evolution]] resulted from a process that he called [[natural selection]], in which the [[struggle for existence]] has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in [[selective breeding]].<ref name="Larson79-111">{{Harvnb|Larson|2004| pp=79–111}}</ref> Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011|work=New Scientist|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051412/http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|archivedate=11 February 2011}}</ref> and he was honoured by [[Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey|burial in Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Westminster Abbey CD" />

Charles Robert Darwin 12 February 1809&nbsp;– 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey. By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS[2] (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/;[5] 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist,[6] best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.[I] His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science.[7] In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.[8] Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history,[9] and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.[10]

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Why Evolution is True |last=Coyne |first=Jerry A. |authorlink=Jerry Coyne |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923084-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17 17] |quote=In ''The Origin'', Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling but not completely decisive. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Forerunners of Darwin |last=Glass |first=Bentley |authorlink=Bentley Glass |year=1959 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD |isbn= 978-0-8018-0222-5|page=iv |quote=Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness}}</ref> By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted [[evolution as fact and theory|evolution as a fact]]. However, many favoured [[The eclipse of Darwinism|competing explanations]] which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.<ref name=JvW>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008}}</ref><ref name=b3847>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=178–179, 338, 347}}</ref> Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the [[life sciences]], explaining the [[diversity of life]].<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online&nbsp;– Biography.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107165048/http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html |date=7 January 2007 }} ''darwin-online.org.uk''. Retrieved 2006-12-15<br />{{Harvnb|Dobzhansky|1973}}</ref><ref>As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "''The Origin of Species'' has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." {{cite book |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection |editor=Carroll, Joseph |year=2003 |publisher=Broadview |location= Peterborough, Ontario|isbn= 978-1-55111-337-1|page=15 |url= }}</ref>

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Why Evolution is True |last=Coyne |first=Jerry A. |authorlink=Jerry Coyne |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-923084-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17 17] |quote=In ''The Origin'', Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling but not completely decisive. |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Forerunners of Darwin |last=Glass |first=Bentley |authorlink=Bentley Glass |year=1959 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD |isbn= 978-0-8018-0222-5|page=iv |quote=Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness}}</ref> By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted [[evolution as fact and theory|evolution as a fact]]. However, many favoured [[The eclipse of Darwinism|competing explanations]] which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.<ref name=JvW>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008}}</ref><ref name=b3847>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=178–179, 338, 347}}</ref> Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the [[life sciences]], explaining the [[diversity of life]].<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online&nbsp;– Biography.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107165048/http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html |date=7 January 2007 }} ''darwin-online.org.uk''. Retrieved 2006-12-15<br />{{Harvnb|Dobzhansky|1973}}</ref><ref>As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "''The Origin of Species'' has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." {{cite book |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection |editor=Carroll, Joseph |year=2003 |publisher=Broadview |location= Peterborough, Ontario|isbn= 978-1-55111-337-1|page=15 |url= }}</ref>

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science. His five-year voyage on  established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.

Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.[11][12] By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations which gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.[13][14] Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh]]; instead, he helped to investigate [[marine invertebrates]]. Studies at the [[University of Cambridge]] ([[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]) encouraged his passion for [[natural science]].<ref name=whowas>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html About Charles Darwin]}}</ref> [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|His five-year voyage]] on {{HMS|Beagle}} established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported [[Charles Lyell]]'s [[uniformitarian|conception of gradual geological change]], and publication of his [[The Voyage of the Beagle|journal of the voyage]] made him famous as a popular author.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 210, 284–285}}</ref>

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh]]; instead, he helped to investigate [[marine invertebrates]]. Studies at the [[University of Cambridge]] ([[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]) encouraged his passion for [[natural science]].<ref name=whowas>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html About Charles Darwin]}}</ref> [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|His five-year voyage]] on {{HMS|Beagle}} established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported [[Charles Lyell]]'s [[uniformitarian|conception of gradual geological change]], and publication of his [[The Voyage of the Beagle|journal of the voyage]] made him famous as a popular author.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 210, 284–285}}</ref>

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.

Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates. Studies at the University of Cambridge (Christ's College) encouraged his passion for natural science.[17] His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's conception of gradual geological change, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author.

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=263–274}}</ref> Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=184, 187}}</ref> He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|both of their theories]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beddall | first1 = B. G. | title = Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection | journal = Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–323 | year = 1968 | doi = 10.1007/BF00351923 | s2cid = 81107747 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.<ref name = JvW /> In 1871 he examined [[human evolution]] and [[sexual selection]] in ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'', followed by ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'' (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, [[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms|''The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms'']] (1881), he examined [[earthworm]]s and their effect on soil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/CD_Books.html|title=AboutDarwin.com – All of Darwin's Books|website=www.aboutdarwin.com|access-date=30 March 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401191909/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/CD_Books.html|archivedate=1 April 2016}}</ref>

Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=263–274}}</ref> Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=184, 187}}</ref> He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|both of their theories]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beddall | first1 = B. G. | title = Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection | journal = Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–323 | year = 1968 | doi = 10.1007/BF00351923 | s2cid = 81107747 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.<ref name = JvW /> In 1871 he examined [[human evolution]] and [[sexual selection]] in ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'', followed by ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'' (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, [[The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms|''The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms'']] (1881), he examined [[earthworm]]s and their effect on soil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/CD_Books.html|title=AboutDarwin.com – All of Darwin's Books|website=www.aboutdarwin.com|access-date=30 March 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401191909/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/literature/CD_Books.html|archivedate=1 April 2016}}</ref>

===Early life and education===

===Early life and education===